Difference between pages "Ureteral Stent" and "Pressure sensitive adhesives"

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−	== Phase 1: Landscape overview ==	+	==Dashboard==
−	=== Ureteral Stent: Concept ===	+	Dolcera dashboard provides quick and easy navigation through the technology segments. Below is the snapshot of how it look like. Click on the link [http://www.dolcera.com/auth/dashboard/dashboard.php?workfile_id=262 '''Dolcera Dashboard'''] for Pressure Sensitive Adhesives.
−	An antimicrobial ureteral stent, which inhibits encrustation and bacterial colonization while maintaining patient comfort.	+
−	* Ureteral stent: resists migration, resists fragmentation, is kink resistant and radiopaque.	+	[http://www.dolcera.com/auth/dashboard/dashboard.php?workfile_id=262 '''Dolcera Dashboard''']
−	* Bacterial colonization: antimicrobial activity for up to two weeks.	+
−	* Patient Comfort: stent has a low coefficient of fiiction (value) for ease of insertion and will soften on implant at body temperature to maintain patient comfort.	+
−	=== Background ===	+	[[image:dashboard.jpg|center|500 px]]
−	Ureteral stents are used in urological surgery to maintain patency of the ureter to allow urine drainage from the renal pelvis to the bladder. These devices can be placed by a number of different endourological techniques. They are typically inserted through a cystoscope and may also be inserted intraoperatively. Indwelling ureteral stents help to reduce complications and morbidity subsequent to urological and surgical procedures. Frequently, ureteral stents are used to facilitate drainage in	+
−	conjunction with Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) and after endoscopic procedures. They are also used to internally support anastomoses and prevent urine leakage after surgery. Ureteral stenting may almost eliminate the urological complications of renal transplantation.	+
−	The advent of ESWL and the more recent barrage of endourological techniques have increased the indications for ureteral stents (Candela and Bellman 1997). Indications for use include:	+	==Overview==
−	* Treatment of ureteral or kidney stones	+	Pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA, self adhesive, self stick adhesive) is adhesive that forms a bond when pressure is applied to marry the adhesive with the adherend. No solvent, water, or heat is needed to activate the adhesive. It is used in pressure sensitive tapes, labels, note pads, automobile trim, and a wide variety of other products.
−	* Ureteral trauma or stricture	+
−	* Genitourinary reconstructive surgery	+
−	* Hydronephrosis during pregnancy	+
−	* Obstruction due to malignancy	+
−	* Retroperitoneal fibrosis	+
−	The need for ureteral stents range from a few days to several months. For patients with serious urological problems, ureteral stent maintenance may become a life-long necessity. Unfortunately, there are many problems associated with using ureteral stents.	+	As the name "pressure sensitive" indicates, the degree of bond is influenced by the amount of pressure which is used to apply the adhesive to the surface.
−	=== Ureteric stenting difficulties ===	+	Surface factors such as smoothness, surface energy, removal of contaminants, etc. are also important to proper bonding.
−	[[Image:Ureteral stent.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Double-J and Pigtail ureteral stents]]	+
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="4" width="50%"	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|<font color="#993366">'''Common'''</font>	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|<font color="#993366">'''Rare'''</font>	+
−	|-	+	PSAs are usually designed to form a bond and hold properly at room temperatures. PSAs typically reduce or lose their tack at cold temperatures and reduce their shear holding ability at high temperatures: Specialty adhesives are made to function at high or low temperatures. It is important to choose an adhesive formulation which is designed for its intended use conditions.
−	|	+
−	* Trigonal irritation	+
−	* Haematuria	+
−	* Fever	+
−	* Infection	+
−	* Tissue inflammation	+
−	* Encrustation	+
−	* Biofilm formation	+
−	|	+
−	* Obstruction	+
−	* Kinking	+
−	* Ureteric rupture	+
−	* Ureteric perforation	+
−	* Stent misplacement	+
−	* Stent migration	+
−	* Stent misfit	+
−	* Stent forgotten	+
−	* Tissue hyperplasia	+
−	|}	+
−	Today, elastomeric materials, such as silicones, polyurethanes and hydrogel-coated polyolefins are used, with no clear winner, which can withstand the urinary environment.	+	===Surface Energy===
−	* Although silicone has better long-term stability than other stent materials, its extreme flexibility makes it difficult to pass over guidewires and through narrow or tortuous ureters.	+	[[Image:Surface energy.jpg|thumb|right|800|Measuring of Surface Energy]]
−	* Polyethylene is stiffer and easier to use for patients with strictures; however, it has been known to become brittle with time leading to breakage and is no longer commercially available. * Polyurethane has properties that fall in between polyethylene and silicone; however, stent fracture also has been an issue with polyurethanes.	+	# Surface energy is a measure of how well an adhesive wets out over the surface of the material to which it is applied.
		+	# The most common method of determining the surface energy is to measure the contact angle of a water droplet on the substrate surface.
		+	# The contact angle between the solid and the fluid is the angle measured within the fluid, between the solid surface and the tangent plane to the liquid surface at the point of intersection.
		+	# A contact angle of greater than 90° indicates that the fluid (which is ink or adhesive in this case) has not wet the surface. Conversely an angle of less than 90° means that the fluid has wet the surface - if the angle approaches zero then the surface is completely wetted by the fluid.
		+	# The surface energy or the wetability of a particular substrate is measured in dynes/cm. [http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pcn.org/images/Technical%2520Notes%2520-%2520Corona1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.pcn.org/Technical%2520Notes%2520-%2520Corona.html&h=327&w=370&sz=13&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=Nb4kgRrPYnxojM:&tbnh=108&tbnw=122&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsurface%2Benergy%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX Source]
		+	===Low Surface Energy Substrates===
		+	# Low energy plastics, such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and Teflon (PTFE) are essentially "non- stick" plastics.
		+	# Their molecular structure inhibits the adhesion and printing processes - this molecular structure is basically inert or inactive – these polymers are said to have a low surface energy.
		+	# Materials with low surface energy (LSE) do not allow adhesives to wet out, while materials with high surface energy (HSE) provide excellent wet-out, providing the best adhesion.
		+	# Rubber-based adhesives usually provide better adhesion to LSE surfaces.
		+	# Some substrates require special treatment such as corona treating, primers, top coating, etc., in order to achieve better adhesion.
		+	# On some LSE substrates, adhesion levels improve the longer adhesive is applied. [http://www.chemsultants.com/latestprods/adhesive_definitions.html Source]
−	Attempts have been made to develop polymers with a combination of the best of all properties. The key players are C-Flex (Concept Polymer Technologies), Silitek and Percuflex (Boston Scientific).	+	===Adhesion===
−	* C-Flex is proprietary silicone oil and mineral oil interpenetrated into a styrenelolefin block copolymer with the hope of reduced encrustation.	+	[[Image:Adhesionnew.jpg|thumb|right|800|Adhesion]]
−	* Silitek (Medical Engineering Corporation) is another silicone-based copolymer.	+	# Adhesion is the molecular force of attraction between unlike materials.
−	* Percuflex is a proprietary olefinic block copolymer.	+	# Adhesion and cohesion, attractive forces between material bodies. A distinction is usually made between an adhesive force, which acts to hold two separate bodies together (or to stick one body to another) and a cohesive force, which acts to hold together the like or unlike atoms, ions, or molecules of a single body.
		+	# For example water molecules stick to each other. This is caused by hydrogen bonds that form between the slightly positive and negative ends of neighboring molecules.
		+	# Water is found in drops; perfect spheres. It’s hard to imagine water behaving any other way due to cohesion and water molecules stick to other surfaces due to adhesion.[http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsBS/kons/kons/images/water-droplet.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsBS/kons/kons/physical_properties_of_water.htm&h=168&w=238&sz=15&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=UrmkX2TGv_os2M:&tbnh=77&tbnw=109&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwater%2Badhesion%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG Source]
−	Metallic stents have been used recently to treat extrinsic ureteric obstructions. The effect of synthetic polymers on the urothelium of the urinary tract seems to be dependent on the bulk chemical composition of the polymer, the chemical composition of its surface, coatings on the device	+	==Application of PSA==
−	surface, smoothness of the surface and coefficient of friction.	+
−	Typically, most ureteral stents are made of relatively smooth catheters. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10772512 Koleski et al., (2000)] tested a longitudinally grooved ureteral stent made by Circon in the pig ureter. The results indicated that the grooved stent led to better drainage than a conventional stent. Their opinion is that the ureter wall has a better chance of collapsing over a	+	===Application in electronics and electrical industry===
−	smooth surface than a grooved surface, especially when debris is present. Stoller (2000) had the same experience with the SpiraStent(Urosurge Corp.). This helical stent was superior at passing stones than a conventional smooth stent.	+
−	There are a variety of ureteral stent configurations with different anchoring systems. Most stents today have a double [http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067360002674X pigtail anchoring system]. (Tolley, 2000), Dunn et al, (2000) conducted a randomized, single-blind study comparing a Tail stent (proximal pigtail with a shaft which tapers to a lumenless straight tail) to a double pigtail stent. The Tail stent was found to be better tolerated than the double-pigtail concerning	+	Electrical grade PSAs are critical components in the design many of today's electrical and electronic components in the electrical industry. The construction of this type of PSA is difficult since lower concentration of conductive filler must be used in order to prevent the drying out of polymer by the conductive filler, with attendant loss of tack. The conductivity of electrically conductive PSA in the direction of pressure action is to a certain extend depend on the direction of pressure applied [http://www.springerlink.com/content/j5448654801gg60q/ Florian, 2003]
−	lower urinary tract irritative symptoms. A double-J ureteral stent and a flexible ureteropyeloscope are shown in the first diagram. The other two diagrams show a pigtail ureteral stent in place; the end of the pigtail is facing away fiom the ureteral opening in the second of these two diagrams.	+
−	Early adverse effects of ureteral stenting include lower abdominal pain, dysuria, fever, urinary frequency, nocturia and hematuria. Patient discomfort and microscopic hematuria happen often. Major late complications include stent migration, stent fragmentation or more serious hydronephrosis with flank pain and infections.	+	Electrical grade PSAs are designed and manufactured using materials using material that are physically and chemically stable in the presence of humidity and electrical stress. The acrylic high tack PSAs works very well in static and dynamic joints. The PSA agents are used in three forms i.e. modified aqueous dispersions or solutions in different solvents and as hot melts adhesives. PSA tapes find application in electronic assemblies [http://www.calce.umd.edu/articles/abstracts/2004/assemblies.htm Reliability of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Tapes for Heat Sink Attachment in Air-Cooled Electronic Assemblies]
−	Late complications occurred in one third of the patients in a prospective study using both silicone and polyurethane double pigtail stents (110 stents) in 90 patients. Stent removal was necessary in these patients. Others also have found this percentage of late complications. Device-related urinary tract infection and encrustation can lead to significant morbidity and even death and are the primary factors limiting long-term use of indwelling devices in the urinary tract. Microbial biofilm and encrustation may lead to stone formation. This is typically not a problem when stents are used	+	[[Image: PSA tapes.jpg|thumb|center|800px|[http://www.biztrademarket.com/User/166116/bb/insulation_tape_eho.jpg PSA tapes]]]
−	for short-term indications. Problems of biofilm formation, encrustation and stent fracture occur in patients with long-term indwelling stents.	+
−	Typically, manufacturers advise periodic stent evaluation. Cook polyurethane stent removal is recommend at 6 months and 12 months for silicone (Cook product literature). However, stents that are intended for long-term use are usually changed at regular intervals, as frequently as every 3 months.	+	===Application in automobile industry===
		+	While mechanical fasteners will always be the choice when maximum torque and linear force are required in automobile industry, pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) can often provide a better method of joining or bonding than traditional screws, nuts, bolts, rivets and welds.
−	Forgotten stents are a problem. Monga et al., 1995 found that 68% of stents forgotten more than 6 months were calcified and 10% were fragmented. Multiple urologic procedures were necessary to remove the stones. Long-term effects of these forgotten stents may lead to voiding dysfunction and renal insufficiency. Schlick, et al., 1998 are developing a biodegradable stent that will preclude the need for stent removal.	+	The design, performance, and production reasons for replacing mechanical or fusion fastening methods with PSAs include, but are not limited to:
−	==== Encrustation ====	+	# Distributing stress over the entire bonded area: The concentrated stress of mechanical fasteners can be eliminated and design engineers can specify lighter, thinner materials without sacrificing durability and product integrity.
−	The urinary system presents a challenge because of its chemically unstable environment. Long-term biocompatibility and biodurability of devices have been problems due to the supersaturation of uromucoids and crystalloids at the interface between urine and the device. Encrustation of ureteral stents is a well-known problem, which can be treated easily if recognized early. However, severe encrustation leads to renal failure and is difficult to manage (Mohan-Pillai et al., 1999). All biomaterials currently used become encrusted to some extent when exposed to urine.	+	# Bonding dissimilar materials: The ability to bond two totally different substrates can yield a superior combination for product strength and performance. PSAs are an ideal counterbalance for varying factors of expansion between surfaces, such as laminating layers of metal.
		+	# Maintaining assembled substrate integrity: Less machining and finishing means more latitude for design engineers and improved aesthetics for greater consumer appeal.
		+	# Incorporating fatigue resistance: PSAs bring great flexibility, allowing for high extension and recovery under heavy loads.
		+	# Durability by design: PSAs fill voids and gaps and can bond loose-fitting parts.
		+	Increasing production efficiency: PSAs reduce material requirements, provide product weight reduction, require fewer assembly and finishing steps, and minimize training [http://www.flexcon.com/Resource-Center/~/media/Files/PDFs/Website/Resource%20Center/White%20Papers/design%20engineering%20aspects%20of%20pressure-sensitive%20adhesives.ashx FLEXcon white paper]
−	The encrusted deposits can harbor bacterial biofilms. In addition, they can render the biomaterial brittle which causes fracture in-situ, a serious problem especially associated with the use of polyethylene and polyurethane ureteral stents (although silicone stents have also been
−	reported to fracture). Stent fragments can migrate to the bladder or renal pelvis with serious repercussions.
−	Surface science techniques were used to study three stent types after use in patients. The stent type, duration of insertion and age or sex of the patient did not correlate significantly with the amount of encrustation (Wollin et al., 1998). However, it has been suggested that factors which affect the amount of encrustation include the composition or the urine, the type of invading and colonizing bacteria and the structure and surface properties of the biomaterial used (Gorman 1995). A low surface energy surface seems to resist encrustation compared with a high surface energy surface (Denstedt et al., 1998).	+	===Medical applications===
−	Many different types of stone can form in the urinary tract. Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid and cystine stones are metabolic stones because they form as a result of metabolic dysfunction. They usually are excreted from the urinary tract. Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) and hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate) are associated with infection (infection stones). These account for 1520% of urinary calculi. ESWL is used to break up the larger infection stones because they don't pass; recurrence of the problem occurs with incomplete removal. Infection stones can manifest as poorly mineralized matrix stones, highly mineralized staghorn calculi or as bladder stones which often form in the presence of ureteral stents. Urea-splitting bacteria colonize the surface and cause alkalinization of the urine, which lowers the solubility of struvite and hydroxyapatite, and they deposit on the surface. Bacterial biofilm associated with encrustation is a common clinical occurrence. (Gorman and Tunney, 1997). It has been suggested that prevention of bacterial colonization would prevent encrustation because of their ultimate responsibility for its formation (Bibby et al., 1995).	+	There are two essential requirements of medical PSAs, that they should stick firmly to a difficult substrate (skin) and that they should be easily and cleanly removed from that substrate when desired. These requirements would seem to be in conflict: a high peel force usually signals the ability to stick firmly, while a low force is needed when removing dressings by peeling.
−	An in vitro model was developed that produces encrustation similar to those seen in vivo (Tunney et al., 1996a). An experiment was conducted to compare the encrustation potential of various ureteral stent materials. The long-term struvite and hydroxyapatite encrustation of silicone, polyurethane, hydrogel-coated polyurethane, Silitek and Percuflex were compared. All of the materials developed encrustation, however, it was found by image analysis that the rates of encrustation varied on the different materials. Silicone had less encrustation (69% at 10 weeks) compared to the other materials (1 00%) at the same time point (Tunney et al., 1996b). Continuous flow models have also been developed which are more representative of conditions in the upper urinary tract. They are discussed by Gorman and Tunney, (1 997). Efforts to reduce encrustation using new materials, smoother	+	A number of ways have been considered to resolve this conflict. These may be divided into two broad categories: those that make the best of existing PSA technology, broadly taking a physical approach, and those that introduce novel chemistry into the process. Physical approaches consider such details as the dependence of peel force on peel angle, peel rate, backing materials, the deformation of the skin during peeling and use of barrier films and solvents. As an alternative to simply making the best of the physics of the peeling process, various workers have devised chemical systems for making the adhesive less strongly adhering at the time of removal. These systems usually consist of introducing a ‘switch’ mechanism into a strongly adhering adhesive so that its adherence may be reduced significantly at the time of removal by operation of the ‘switch’. Means of activating the ‘switch’ include: heat (warming or cooling), application of water via an absorbent backing and exposure to visible light. These may produce physical or chemical changes in the adhesive [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-43W00T1-3&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2001&_alid=1598193691&_rdoc=3&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=15397&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=17b33208ec83c0db321e3d3882e5ffe3&searchtype=a Chivers, 2001]
−	surfaces and hydrogel coatings have been attempted.	+
−	A hydrogel-coated  C-flex stent (Hydroplus, Boston Scientific) was shown to have less epithelial cell damage and encrustation than other biomaterials and was recommended by the investigators for long-term use (Cormio, 1995). In addition, a poly(ethy1ene oxide)/polyurethane composite hydrogel (Aquavenem, J & J) resisted intraluminal blockage in a urine flow model compared with silicone and polyurethane (Gorman et al., 1997a). Another advantage with Aquavene is that it is rigid in the dry state, which facilitates insertion past obstructions in the ureter and becomes soft on hydration providing comfort (Gorman and Tunney, 1997). Gorman et al. (1997b) concluded that the chance of stent fracture would be reduced if the ureteral stent side holes were eliminated. Urinary tract infection is another common major problem with the usage of ureteral stents. Initially, a conditioning film is deposited on the ureteral stent surface. The film is made up of proteins, electrolyte materials and other unidentified materials that obscure the surface properties of the stent material. Electrostatic interactions, the ionic strength and pH of the urine and differences in fluid surface tensions affect bacterial adhesion to the conditioning film. Subsequently, a microbial biofilm forms over time. The biofilm is composed of bacterial cells embedded in a hydrated, predominantly anionic mixture of bacterial exopolysaccharides and trapped host extracellular macromolecules.	+	===PSAs drive transdermal delivery===
		+	Transdermal or through-the-skin delivery of drugs has assumed an important place in drug therapy, eliminating many of the shortcomings of syringes and pills. [http://www.adhesivesresearch.com/Pharmaceutical_ARx_LLC/Pharmaceutical/Component_Applications_And_Technologies/ActiveTransdermalDeliverySystems.aspx Active Transdermal Delivery Systems] The three most commonly used adhesives used for transdermal delivery are polyisobutylenes, polyacrylates and silicones [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VJY-3WRB3HM-6&_user=10&_coverDate=02%2F01%2F1999&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1598124405&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f7968d61a743de54de6d04fb28c0cf00&searchtype=a Tan and Pfister, 1999]
−	====Obstruction====
−	Obstruction of urine flow and urinary tract sepsis can result in continued growth of the biofilm. Colonization of devices implanted in the urinary tract can lead to dysfunction, tissue intolerance, pain, subclinical or overt infection and even urosepsis. Device related infections are difficult to
−	treat and device removal is usually necessary. The biofilm has been found to impede the diffusion of antibiotics; in addition, the bacteria in the biofilm have a decreased metabolic rate , which also protects them against the effects of antibiotics (Wollin et al., 1998). Riedl, et al. (1 999) found 100% ureteral stent colonization rates in permanent and 69.3% in temporary stents. Antibiotic prophylaxis did not prevent bacterial colonization and it was recommended that it not be used.
−	On the other hand, Tieszer, et al. (1 998) believe that fluoroquinolones can prevent infection. They also have found that some stents have denser encrustation than others, however, the stent material did not change the elements of the "conditioning film" adsorbed or alter its receptivity to
−	bacterial biofilms.
−	====Infection====	+	[[Image: Transdermal.jpg|thumb|center|600px|[http://www.qmed.com/files/ck_images/images/Nusil.jpg Delivery to skin]]]
−	The predictive value of urine cultures in the assessment of stent colonization was examined in 65 patients with indwelling ureteral stents. It was found that a sterile urine culture did not rule out the stent itself being colonized (Lifshitz, et al., 1999). Patients with sterile urine culture	+
−	may benefit from prophylactic antibiotics; however, the authors contended that the antibiotics must work against gram-negative uropathogens and gram-positive bacteria including enterococci.	+
−	It is obvious that there is controversy in the literature whether prophylactic systemic antibiotics are useful with ureteral stent implant. However, antibiotics do not seem to prevent stent colonization. Denstedt et al. (1998) have found that ciprofloxacin, with a 3 day burst every 2	+
−	weeks, actually is adsorbed onto the stent which makes longer term treatment possible with reduced risk of bacterial resistance. There has been research targeted at coating or impregnating urinary catheters with antimicrobials and products are on the market, however, there are no antimicrobial ureteral stents approved by the FDA.	+
−	=== The market need ===	+	* In a typical '''disk drive''', PSAs are applied to the base casting to secure the motor-mounting flange and motor assembly
−	It is clear that there is a need for a new material that will be able to resist encrustation and infection in the urinary tract. According to Merrill Lynch, ureteral stents represent an $80 MM	+
−	US market. Boston Scientific is in the lead with ~50% of the market followed by Maxxim (Circon), Cook and Bard is a smaller player. There are a number of other small contenders.	+
−	The use of ureteral stents is increasing; the indications for ureteral stenting have broadened from temporary or permanent relief or ureteric obstruction to include temporary urinary diversion following surgical procedures such as endopyelotomy and ureteroscopy and facilitation of stone clearance after ESWL (Tolley, 2000).	+	===Application in aerospace industry===
−	The use of ureteral stents for patients having ESWL for renal calculi is however controversial and seems to be related to the size of the stones and invasiveness of the procedure. According to survey results reported by Hollowell, et al. (2000), there is a significant difference in opinion concerning the use of stents with ESWL.	+	Aerospace manufacturers uses PSAs to assemble sheet-metal components into sub assemblies. The aerospace industry, primarily satellite manufacturers, have expressed the need for a low outgas, thermally stable, adhesive tape which can work at both high, 175ºC, and low, -100ºC, temperatures. New silicone PSA was fabricated to pass, low outgassing requirements of 1% or less Total Mass Loss (TML) and 0.1% or less Collectable Volatile Condensable Materials (CVCM) [http://www.polytec-pt.de/ger/_files/24_LowOutgasSiliconePressureSensitiveAdhesiveForAerospaceApplications2%281%29.pdf Riegler, 2005].
−	The number of ureteral stents used in patients with stones 2 cm or less treated with ESWL is significant in spite of the lack scientific evidence in support of this practice. Of 1,029 urologists returning surveys, for patients with renal pelvic stones 10, 15 or 20 rnm treated with ESWL, routine stent placement was preferred by 25.3%, 57.1 % and 87.1 %, respectively. Urologists recommend using ureteroscopy rather than ESWL for distal ureteral calculi 5-1 0 mm.	+	==Making of PSAs==
−	=== Intellectual property ===	+	Although PSPs can be obtained by different polymerization processes (i.e., emulsion, solution, hot-melt, or radiation curing), much attention has recently been devoted to the utilization of more environmentally friendly processes such as emulsion polymerization. Soft polymer networks are commonly used as previous termpressure sensitive adhesivesnext term (PSAs). This is due to their unique ability to deform and yet to resist flow. These contradictory requirements indicate that the mechanical properties are finely tuned, and that the types of deformation upon application are carefully considered. Variety of PSAs can be prepared by mixing a linear vinyl terminated polymer with a silane terminated f-functional cross-linker. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4VJ4WRW-1&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2009&_alid=1598127284&_rdoc=6&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=20058&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=31aa31be0a41e917372805a44d352007&searchtype=a Jensen et al., 2009]
−	==== Search strategy ====	+
−	* Databases searched: US-G, US-A, EP-A, EP-B, WO, JP, DE, GB, FR	+
−	* Search scope: Title, Abstract or Claims	+
−	* Years: 1981-July 2008	+
−	* Search query: (ureter* OR urether* OR ureth* OR uretr*) AND (stent*) AND (*microb* OR *bacter*)	+
−	* Results: '''177 patents (82 unique patent families)'''	+
−	==== Sample patents ====	+
−	{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"	+
−	|- style="background:lightgrey"	+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="70%"
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|Patent	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Sr. No.'''
−	!bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|Assignee	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''PSA process'''
−	!bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|Title	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Chemical composition'''
−	!bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|Abstract	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Time of launch'''
	|-		|-
−	![http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6468649.PN.&OS=PN/6468649&RS=PN/6468649 US6468649 B1]	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''1'''
−	| SCIMED LIFE SYSTEMS INC	+	|align = "center"|'''Solvent-based'''
−	| Antimicrobial adhesion surface	+	|align = "center"|Rubber/resin, acrylics, silicones
−	| The present invention provides an implantable medical device having a substrate with a hydrophilic coating composition to limit in vivo colonization of bacteria and fungi. The hydrophilic coating composition includes a hydrophilic polymer with a molecular weight in the range from about 100, 000 to about 15 million selected from copolymers acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, isocrotonic acid and combinations thereof.	+	|align = "center"|Since 19th century
	|-		|-
−	![http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5554147.PN.&OS=PN/5554147&RS=PN/5554147 US5554147 A]	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2'''
−	| CApHCO, Inc.	+	|align = "center"|'''Hot-melt'''
−	| Compositions and devices for controlled release of active ingredients	+	|align = "center"|Block copolymers, acrylics
−	| A method for the controlled release of a biologically active agent wherein the agent is released from a hydrophobic, pH-sensitive polymer matrix is disclosed and claimed. The polymer matrix swells when the environment reaches pH 8.5, releasing the active agent. A polymer of hydrophobic and weakly acidic comonomers is disclosed for use in the controlled release system. Further disclosed is a specific embodiment in which the controlled release system may be used. The pH-sensitive polymer is coated onto a latex catheter used in ureteral catheterization. A common problem with catheterized patients is the infection of the urinary tract with urease-producing bacteria. In addition to the irritation caused by the presence of the bacteria, urease produced by these bacteria degrade urea in the urine, forming carbon dioxide and ammonia. The ammonia causes an increase in the pH of the urine. Minerals in the urine begin to precipitate at this high pH, forming encrustations which complicate the functioning of the catheter. A ureteral catheter coated with a pH-sensitive polymer having an antibiotic or urease inhibitor trapped within its matrix will release the active agent when exposed to the high pH urine as the polymer gel swells. Such release can be made slow enough so that the drug remains at significant levels for a clinically useful period of time.	+	|align = "center"|1940s
	|-		|-
−	![http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030153983%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030153983&RS=DN/20030153983 US20030153983 A1]	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''3'''
−	| SCIMED LIFE SYSTEMS INC	+	|align = "center"|'''Emulsion (water)-based'''
−	|Implantable or insertable medical device resistant to microbial growth and biofilm formation	+	|align = "center"|Acrylics, natural and synthetic rubber, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
−	| Disclosed are implantable or insertable medical devices that provide resistance to microbial growth on and in the environment of the device and resistance to microbial adhesion and biofilm formation on the device. In particular, the invention discloses implantable or insertable medical devices that comprise at least one biocompatible matrix polymer region, an antimicrobial agent for providing resistance to microbial growth and a microbial adhesion/biofilm synthesis inhibitor for inhibiting the attachment of microbes and the synthesis and accumulation of biofilm on the surface of the medical device. Also disclosed are methods of manufacturing such devices under conditions that substantially prevent preferential partitioning of any of said bioactive agents to a surface of the biocompatible matrix polymer and substantially prevent chemical modification of said bioactive agents	+	|align = "center"|1970s
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''4'''
		+	|align = "center"|'''Radiation-cured'''
		+	|align = "center"| Acrylics, rubber
		+	|align = "center"|1970s
	|-		|-
	|}		|}
−	==<span style="color:#C41E3A">Like this report?</span>==	+
−	<p align="center"> '''This is only a sample report with brief analysis''' <br>	+
−	'''Dolcera can provide a comprehensive report customized to your needs'''</p>	+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="80%"
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" "	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Sr. No.'''
−	|style="background:lightgrey" align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''[mailto:info@dolcera.com <span style="color:#0047AB">Buy the customized report from Dolcera</span>]'''	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Properties'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Solvent-based: acrylic'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Hot-melt: styrene-isobutylene-styrene.'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Emulsion based: acrylics'''
	|-		|-
−	| align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services Patent Analytics Services]	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''1'''
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/business-research-services Market Research Services]	+	|align = "center"|PS performance
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools/patent-dashboard Purchase Patent Dashboard]	+	|align = "center"|Excellent
		+	|align = "center"|Excellent
		+	|align = "center"|Very good
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Landscape Services]	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2'''
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/research-processes Dolcera Processes]	+	|align = "center"|Ease of compounding
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/industries Industry Focus]	+	|align = "center"|Moderate
		+	|align = "center"|Difficult
		+	|align = "center"|Easy
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Search Services]	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''3'''
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/alerts-and-updates Patent Alerting Services]	+	|align = "center"|Formulation flexibility
−	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools Dolcera Tools]	+	|align = "center"|Limited
		+	|align = "center"|Excellent
		+	|align = "center"|Moderate
	|-		|-
−	|}	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''4'''
−	<br>	+	|align = "center"|Coating method flexibility
−	=== Clinical Trials ===	+	|align = "center"|Limited
−	====New trials ====	+	|align = "center"|Poor
−	{| {{table}}	+	|align = "center"|Excellent
−	| align="center"|'''Title'''	+
−	| align="center"|'''Conditions'''	+
−	| align="center"|'''Intervention'''	+
−	| align="center"|'''Sponsors and Collaborators'''	+
	|-		|-
−	| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00250406?term=ureteral+stent&rank=1 Assessment of Drug-Eluting Ureteral Stent on Bacterial Adherence and Biofilm Formation]||Renal Calculi, Ureteral Obstruction||Device: Ureteral Stent||Lawson Health Research Institute, Boston Scientific Corporation	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''5'''
		+	|align = "center"|Ease of changeover
		+	|align = "center"|Limited
		+	|align = "center"|Poor
		+	|align = "center"|Excellent
	|-		|-
−	| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00270504?term=urethral+stent&rank=1 Memokath® 044TW Stent for Treatment of Urethral Stricture]||Urethral Stricture||Device: Memokath stenting||Engineers & Doctors Wallsten Medical Group	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''6'''
		+	|align = "center"|PSA reproducibility
		+	|align = "center"|Excellent
		+	|align = "center"|Limited
		+	|align = "center"|Excellent
	|-		|-
−	| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00581178?term=urologic+stent&rank=3 Study to Determine if There Are Specific Clinical Factors to Determine Stent Encrustation]||Kidney Stones||N\A||University of California, Irvine	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''7'''
		+	|align = "center"|Aging properties
		+	|align = "center"|Excellent
		+	|align = "center"|Poor
		+	|align = "center"|Excellent
	|-		|-
−	| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00288457?term=urologic+stent&rank=14 Ureteral Stent Length and Patient Symptoms]||Kidney Stones||Device: Ureteral Stent||Emory University	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''8'''
		+	|align = "center"|Clarity/color
		+	|align = "center"|Excellent
		+	|align = "center"|Poor
		+	|align = "center"|Excellent
	|-		|-
−	| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00166361?term=urologic+stent&rank=1 Drainage of Malignant Extrinsic Ureteral Obstruction Using the Memokath Ureteral Stent]||Ureteral Obstruction||Device: Memokath 051 Ureteral Stent||Mayo Clinic Engineers & Doctors Wallsten Medical Group	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''9'''
		+	|align = "center"|Safety/toxicity
		+	|align = "center"|Poor
		+	|align = "center"|Poor
		+	|align = "center"|Excellent
	|-		|-
−	| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00739284?term=urologic+stent&rank=15 A Prospective Comparison Between Ureteral Stent and Nephrostomy Tube for an Urgent Drainage of Obstructed Kidney (JJVsPCN08)]||Kidney Disease||Device: nephrostomy tube and ureteral stent||Rabin Medical Center	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''10'''
		+	|align = "center"|Raw material costs
		+	|align = "center"|High
		+	|align = "center"|Low
		+	|align = "center"|Medium
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''11'''
		+	|align = "center"|Coating/compounding costs
		+	|align = "center"|High
		+	|align = "center"|Medium
		+	|align = "center"|Low
	|-		|-
	|}		|}
−	==== Concluded trials ====	+
−	{| {{table}}	+	===Effect of important parameters on PSA making and performance===
−	| align="center" |'''Title'''	+
−	| align="center" |'''Abstract'''	+	====Effect of polymer molecular weight and crosslinking reactions on the end-use properties of PSAs====
−	| align="center" |'''Enrollment'''	+	In a study wherein polymer molecular weight and polymer microstructure were regulated using different chain transfer agent (CTA) concentrations and by addition of a diacrylic monomer (MM) it was shown that all of the measured adhesion properties strongly depend on molecular weight of the synthesized polymer and on the amount of gel phase [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4SH0Y17-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2009&_alid=1598127284&_rdoc=8&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=20058&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0c2fe11851b57347e066ff78a975a690&searchtype=a Kajtna et al., 2009]
−	| align="center" |'''Disorder'''	+
−	| align="center" |'''Conclusion'''	+	====Effect of composition on Mechanical behaviours and fracture energy of PSAs====
		+	In a study it was shown that the mechanical behaviour depend on their composition but majority of fracture energy is dissipated on the first millimetre near the bending zone where fibrils elongation is maximum. Observations of interfaces between PSAs and glass substrate underline that fracture energy varies linearly according to the contact area [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4N2D2V9-2&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2007&_alid=1598127284&_rdoc=16&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=20058&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6021375899d8929d9ec349bc3fd3c01d&searchtype=a Horgnies et al., 2007]
		+
		+	====Effect of tackifier on PSAs====
		+	To study the effect of tackifier (such as hydrogenated cyclo-aliphatic resin) a model system consisting of polystyrene-b-polyisoprene-b-polystyrene triblock copolymer was prepared. Tackifier increased the peel adhesion significantly and the increase became stronger above 40 wt% tackifier. The higher peel adhesion was obtained in the system with the larger amount of agglomerates of tackifier in the polyisoprene matrix. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4RJKX1T-1&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2008&_alid=1598155857&_rdoc=4&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=18242&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=41c38a7bf066473704bf91918b843915&searchtype=a Sasaki et al., 2008]
		+
		+	====Effect of chain transfer agent and cross-linker concentration in making of PSAs====
		+	In a study it was shown that a constant cross-linker concentration, one can manipulate the polymer micro-structure by adding varying amounts of chain transfer agent. Three examples of these micro-structures are depicted below which show a tight gel network with long-chain sol polymers, a loose gel network with shorter sol polymers, and an imperfect gel structure with highly branched sol polymers. By manipulating the micro-structure, previous termpressure-sensitive adhesivenext term performance can be affected. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TWW-4YG1M1T-3&_user=10&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2010&_alid=1598155857&_rdoc=10&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5573&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=18242&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=9b4d65da1531e13c4a9e3f5a986b03e4&searchtype=a Qie and Dube, 2010]
		+
		+	[[Image:Effect of CTA.jpg| thumb|center|300px|Effect of chain transfer agent and cross-linker concentration in making of PSAs]]
		+
		+	====Effect of flexible substrates on PSAs performance====
		+	The fracture energy (fracture toughness) of tapes during globally elastic unpeeling is often calculated from the relation G=P/b(1−cos θ). A study suggested that this expression is correct for elastic peeling from rigid substrates but it gives misleading results when peeling from reversible flexible substrates. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-46RKMVR-1&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2002&_alid=1598155857&_rdoc=14&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=18242&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=5a2c01b1375cc8e2d6e2d69ed8cd8aa4&searchtype=a Steven-Fountain et al., 2002]
		+
		+	==PSA performance measurement==
		+
		+	PSAs polymeric materials effect  tack, peel and shear strength . Inherent properties such as copolymer composition and microstructure, molecular weight and distribution are among the most influential factors affecting PSA properties directly as well as indirectly through their influence on physical properties (e.g., the glass transition temperature, Tg) and thus, rheological properties of the polymer (e.g., viscoelastic regions, moduli).
		+
		+	Therefore, PSA is the result of a fine balance between these three major, interrelated properties.
		+
		+	===Tack===
		+	It is a measure of the force required to remove, say a foam gasket and its adhesive, from the substrate. It usually refers to the initial attraction of the adhesive to the substrate. Tack can be measured by four basic methods these are loop tack, rolling ball, Quick stick and probe measurement devices. [http://www.adhesivestoolkit.com/Docu-Data/NPLDocuments/P%20A%20J/PAJ%20Reports/PAJ1%20Reports/PAJ1%20Report%205.pdf Review Of Methods For The Measurement Of Tack]
		+
		+	===Peel strength===
		+
		+	Peel strength is measured as a force required to remove a standard PSA strip from a specified test surface under a standard test angle (e.g., 90° or 180°) under standard conditions. Much like tack, manufacturers control adhesion to create different products based on user requirements. After a PSA has been applied to the substrate, adhesion continues to increase for a period of time — typically 24 hr.
		+
		+	===Shear strength===
		+	Shear strength is the internal or cohesive strength of the adhesive mass. Usually, it is determined as the length of time it takes for a standard strip of PSA to fall from a test panel after application of a load. Usually, tack and adhesion decrease as shear strength increases. [http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a713642457&fulltext=713240928 Emulsion-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives: A Review]
		+
		+
		+
		+	==PSA products==
		+
		+	The most common products that utilize PSAs are tapes, labels, and protective films. The PSA sector is among the fastest growing in the adhesive market, making the search for new pressure-sensitive products (PSP) and applications highly competitive.
		+
		+	* '''PSA tapes:''' Self-adhesive materials usually produced by coating an adhesive onto a carrier and used as a continuous web.
		+
		+	* '''PSA labels:''' Self-adhesive laminated carrier materials. The self-adhesive layer is protected with a supplemental material (release liner).
		+
		+	* '''Protective films:''' Carrier material possesses built-in or built-on self-adhesive properties.
		+
		+	==Recycling issues with PSA==
		+
		+	PSAs exact a considerable cost on the paper recycling industry, an estimated $700 million per year. Most paper recycling systems converts paper into pulp in presence of water, which is then transformed back into paper. PSAs do not dissolve in water, but rather fragment into smaller particles during the repulping process. These particles are known as stickies, get deformed under heat and pressure, making them difficult to screen or filter out of the pulp. Stickies can become lodged on papermaking and can cause damage to equipment or even in the paper.  [http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ReduceWaste/Business/officepaper/PSAFacts.htm Source]
		+
		+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="90%"
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Sr. No.'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''"Sticky" PSA Product'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Alternative Product/Procedure'''
	|-		|-
−	| Long-term outcome of permanent urethral stents in the treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia ||To evaluate the long-term efficacy of a permanently implanted urethral stent in the treatment of spinally injured patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.||13||Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia||Stenting is an effective alternative to sphincterotomy in the long-term, although secondary bladder neck obstruction is a frequent problem.	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''1'''
		+	|align = "center"|Address Labels
		+	|align = "left"|1. Print addresses directly on envelopes<br>2. Using glassine (cellulose) film window or filmless window envelopes, and print mailing addresses directly on the letter to show through the window.<br>3. Handprint addresses directly on large mailing envelopes..
	|-		|-
−	| Nephrostomy Tube or 'JJ' Ureteric Stent in Ureteric Obstruction: Assessment of Patient Perspectives Using Quality-of-Life Survey and Utility Analysis||Upper urinary tract obstruction is often relieved by either a percutaneous nephrostomy tube (PCN) or a ureteric stent. Both can cause considerable morbidity and reduce patient's health-related quality of life (QoL). We have compared the QoL in these 2 groups.||34||Upper urinary tract obstruction||Patients with 'JJ' stents have significantly more irritative urinary symptoms and a high chance of local discomfort than patients with nephrostomy tubes (PCN). However, based on the EuroQol analysis, there is no significant difference in the gross impact on the health-related QoL or the utility between these groups indicating no patient preference for either modality of treatment.	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2'''
		+	|align = "center"|Sticky Notes
		+	|align = "left"|1.Use scratch paper for notes and secure with paper clips.
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''3'''
		+	|align = "center"|Postage Stamps
		+	|align = "left"|1. Use moisture-activated postage stamps<br>2. Postal meter that prints postage directly on envelopes or that uses moisture-activated meter tape
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''4'''
		+	|align = "center"|File Folder Index Labels
		+	|align = "left"|1. Handprint file subjects directly on index tabs, instead of using an index label. When recycling file folders with index labels, tear off the index tab.
		+	|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''5'''
		+	|align = "center"|Closure Tabs
		+	|align = "left"|1. Sharply folding fliers and newsletters is often sufficient to send them safely and securely through the mail.
	|-		|-
−	| Impact of stents on urological complications and health care expenditure in renal transplant recipients: results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial.||A randomized, prospective trial to compare the incidence of early urological complications and health care expenditures in renal transplant recipients with or without ureteral stenting.||201||Renal transplant recipient||Using a ureteral stent at renal transplantation significantly decreases the early urinary complications of urine leakage and obstruction. However, there is a significant increase in urinary tract infections, primarily beyond 30 days after transplantation. Stent removal within 4 weeks of insertion appears advisable.
	|}		|}
−	====Adverse Events====	+
−	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"	+	==Search strategy==
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|'''S. No.'''	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|'''Brand Name'''	+	Search strategy last updated on: 7th January 2011
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|'''Adverse Event'''	+
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|'''Date FDA Received'''	+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="60%"
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''Sr. No.'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''Search string'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''Hits'''
		+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|'''1'''	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Google'''
−	|align = "justify"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfMAUDE/Detail.cfm?MDRFOI__ID=660847 Cook Urologicals Cook Urological Stent]</u></font>	+
−	|align = "justify"|Stent broke into  pieces while removing it from the patients body.	+
−	|align = "center"|12/14/2005	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|'''2'''	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''
−	|align = "justify"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfMAUDE/Detail.CFM?MDRFOI__ID=930422 Boston Scoientific Boston Scientific Ureteral stent System]</u></font>	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making
−	|align = "justify"|Fractured stent seen under Fluroscopy	+	|align = "center"|7,510,000
−	|align = "center"|10/17/2007	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|'''3'''	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''
−	|align = "justify"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfMAUDE/Detail.CFM?MDRFOI__ID=755260 Boston Scoientific Boston Scientific Ureteral Stent System Kit 8 FR X 24 CM]</u></font>	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application
−	|align = "justify"|During insertion of ureteral stent, the stent broke into multiple parts which were retained in the patient.	+	|align = "center"|7,650,000
−	|align = "center"|10/14/2005	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|'''4'''	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''
−	|align = "justify"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfMAUDE/Detail.CFM?MDRFOI__ID=564910 Boston Scientific Corp  Boston Scientific 8 FR X 28 CM Ureteral Stent System Kit]</u></font>	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automobile
−	|align = "justify"|Breakage of the upper loop of the ureteral stent while trying to insert it.	+	|align = "center"|436,000
−	|align = "center"|1/5/2005	+
	|-		|-
−	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|'''5'''	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''4'''
−	|align = "justify"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfMAUDE/Detail.CFM?MDRFOI__ID=522129 Boston Scientific Bostoon Scientific Micro Vasive Contour VL Ureteral Stent]</u></font>	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automotive
−	|align = "justify"|Broken stent observed during x-ray procedure.	+	|align = "center"|479,000
−	|align = "center"|12/12/2003	+
	|-		|-
−	|}	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''5'''
−	[[Media: non patent upload.xls|'''Review Articles''']]<br>	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive drug delivery
−	[[Media: non patent upload1.xls|'''Non Patent Analysis''']]	+	|align = "center"|275,000
−	=== Products ===
−	{| {{table}}
−	| align="center"|'''Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc.'''
−	| align="center"|'''Cook Urological Incorporated'''
−	| align="center"|'''OptiMed Global Care'''
	|-		|-
−	| Polaris™ Ultra Ureteral Stent	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''6'''
−	| Firlit-Kluge Urethral Stent	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive tack*
−	| Opti-J Ureteral Stent System	+	|align = "center"|354,000
		+
	|-		|-
−	| Polaris™ Loop Ureteral Stent	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''7'''
−	| Koyle Diaper Stent	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive product
−	| Ureteral Stent Sets, ureterorenoscope	+	|align = "center"|8,120,000
		+
	|-		|-
−	| Stretch™ VL Variable Length Flexima® Stents	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''8'''
−	| Silicone Universal Drainage Stent	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive recycl*
−	| Extra Strong Stent Sets (-Tumor)	+	|align = "center"|447,000
		+
	|-		|-
−	|	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Google scholar'''
−	| Tarkington Urethral Stent Set	+
−	| Steerable Ureteral Stent Sets	+
	|-		|-
−	|	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''
−	| Zaontz Urethral Stent	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making
−	| Multilength	+	|align = "center"|21,50,000
		+
	|-		|-
−	|	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''
−	| Pediatric Urethral C-Stent	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application
−	|	+	|align = "center"|21,50,000
		+
	|-		|-
−	|}	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Scirus'''
−	=== Startup activity ===	+	|-
−	* [http://twincities.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/2008/07/28/story8.html AbbeyMoor Medical Inc.], a med-tech firm that’s developed devices for treating urological disorders, has raised $2.7 million in bridge financing.	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''
		+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making
		+	|align = "center"|130,055
−	== Phase 2: Deeper Dive ==	+	|-
−	=== Scenario ===	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''
−	Client wishes to acquire a ureteral stent company.	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application
		+	|align = "center"|200,950
−	=== Deal analysis for a target company ===	+	|-
−	[[Image:DealImplications.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Deal implications]]	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''
		+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive product
		+	|align = "center"|136,169
−	=== Design History File Review: Review components ===
−	{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
−	|- style="background:lightgrey"
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="15%"|Review
−	!bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="30%"|Verification
−	!bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="40%"|Tasks
−	!bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="15%"|Expertise
	|-		|-
−	!rowspan="2"|Design Input	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Sciencedirect'''
−	| Design input documents for sufficiency	+
−	|	+
−	# Access electronic data room.	+
−	# Check what documents are provided.	+
−	# Compare document list with standard client document list.	+
−	# Check whether each specified document has appropriate content.	+
−	| rowspan="2"|Quality systems	+
	|-		|-
−	| Design input documents linked to the product performance specifications	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''
−	|	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive electronics
−	# Compare product specifications to design inputs	+	|align = "center"|2,450
−	# Check whether appropriate verifications and validations are performed	+
−	# Establish if all specifications are linked to design inputs	+
	|-		|-
−	!rowspan="3"|Product Performance Specifications (PPS)	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''
−	| Design inputs correlate adequately to the specifications; DV&V (design verification and validation) criteria are based on risk management documentation or if the criteria are based on sound statistical sampling plans	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making
−	|	+	|align = "center"|7,212
−	# Compare product specifications to design inputs	+
−	# Check whether appropriate verifications and validations are performed	+
−	# Establish if all specifications are linked to design inputs	+
−	| rowspan="3"|Quality systems, CAD	+
	|-		|-
−	| Appropriate design verification and validations (DV&V) are performed	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''
−	|	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application
−	# Show DV&V criteria are based on risk management requirements	+	|align = "center"|15,405
		+
	|-		|-
−	| Product performance specifications correspond to appropriate design output documents	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''4'''
−	|	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automobile
−	# Correlate design drawings with the specifications	+	|align = "center"|951
−	# Check whether maximum dimensions, sizes etc. (with tolerances) are within the specified range	+
	|-		|-
−	!rowspan="4"|Risk Management Documents	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''5'''
−	| Risk Analysis, Design Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (DFMEA), Process FMEA, other risk management documentation	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automotive
−	|	+	|align = "center"|1,406
−	# Check whether documentation is available	+
−	# Check whether it adheres to appropriate ISO 14971 standards	+
−	# Check whether it adheres to appropriate client standards	+
−	|rowspan="4"| Quality systems	+
	|-		|-
−	| DFMEA links appropriately to the PPS	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''6'''
−	|	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive drug delivery
−	# Verify whether DFMEA and product specifications are correlated	+	|align = "center"|2,876
		+
	|-		|-
−	| Appropriate DV&V reports and design output documents are referenced correctly as risk mitigation activities in the DFMEA	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Springerlink'''
−	|	+
−	# Validate the process and correlate with design inputs	+
−	# Validate that sizes used are within range of risk mitigation criteria	+
	|-		|-
−	| PFMEA links appropriately to the process validation protocol acceptance criteria; In-process inspection procedures and/or manufacturing procedures are recorded as appropriate risk mitigation activities in the PFMEA	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''
−	|	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making
−	# Validate the process protocol	+	|align = "center"|2,149
−	# Validate the inspection procedures used	+
	|-		|-
−	!rowspan="2"|Design Output Documents	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''
−	| Completeness of drawings	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application
−	|	+	|align = "center"|3,901
−	# Check if the CAD diagrams overlay and "fit" perfectly	+
−	# Check tolerance stackups	+
−	|rowspan="2"| Quality systems, CAD	+
	|-		|-
−	| Correlate First Article Inspection data to the dimensions on the drawings	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Google images'''
−	|	+
−	# Obtain First Article Inspection data	+
−	# Check if this data correlates with the completeness of drawings	+
	|-		|-
−	!rowspan="4"|Manufacturing Documents	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''
−	| Manufacturing procedures, component specifications, raw material specifications, incoming and in-process inspection procedures for completeness	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making
−	|	+	|align = "center"|3,580,000
−	# Verify the Bill of Materials corresponds to raw materials and manufacturing procedures	+
−	# Correlate incoming and in-process inspection procedures with the process specifications	+
−	| rowspan="4"|Material science, manufacturing engineering, quality systems	+
	|-		|-
−	| Linkage between component and raw material specifications and appropriate incoming inspection procedures	+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''
−	|	+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application
−	# Identify any missing documentation for inspection procedures	+	|align = "center"|2,210,000
		+
	|-		|-
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''
		+	|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive electronics
		+	|align = "center"|1,690,000
		+
		+	|}
		+
		+	==Market Information==
		+	* According to a report from the Business Communications Company, the 2001 US market for specialty adhesives was about $5.7 billion, and is forecast to grow at 4.3% per year, with medical and dental applications being the fastest-growing sector at 5.9% per year. [http://www.marketfile.com/print/paint/title5/index.htm Source]
		+	* Frost and Sullivan report the size of the European PSA market (medical and non-medical) to be $620 million in 2000, forecast to grow to $796 million in 2007. [http://www.engineeringtalk.com/news/fro/fro122.html Source]
		+	* The world value of the overall adhesives market is estimated at US $22 billion.
		+	* '''Total Market Expected to Grow at a CAGR of 9 Percent''': The U.S. PSA markets for labels and narrow-web graphics is expected to growth with a CAGR of 9 percent during the years 2006–2012. The total U.S. PSA markets for labels and narrow-web graphics unit shipments are expected to continue to growth at a CAGR of 6.6 percent due to high end-user growth. The UV technology is a new technology that have started to receive wide acceptance in the industry and that segment of the industry is a fragmented and developing segment with growth rates in double digits. While the solvent-based PSAs are expected to show decreasing growth percents, the water-based and solvent-based segments are expected to growth in the lines of the total industry. [http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/report-brochure.pag?id=F652-01-00-00-00 Source]
		+
		+	* According to '''World Adhesives File 2000-2005''', the leading handful of adhesives suppliers, including pressure sensitive companies, already controlled almost half the global market in 1999. Henkel leads the way with an estimated 12% global market share, which will probably increase to around 14% with the purchase of Dexter’s adhesives interests. Pressure sensitive suppliers 3M and Avery Dennison are ranked second and third, with 9% and 7% shares respectively, followed jointly by National Starch and H.B. Fuller — both at 6%. The newly enlarged Atofina and Rohm and Haas follow closely behind.” [http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=60487 Source]
		+	* Growth of the world market averages about 2-3% per year.
		+	* Packaging adhesives make up the majority of the market.
		+	* The electronic and medical adhesives market is currently experiencing the most rapid growth.
		+
		+	* Market leaders by country are as follows:
		+	** United States - approximately 2.6 tonnes annually
		+	** China
		+	** Japan
		+	** Germany
		+	** UK [[image:players_logo.jpg|right|500 px]]
		+	* Market leaders by company(which account for one-third of the market share)  are:
		+	** Henkel
		+	** 3M
		+	** Avery Denison
		+	** HB Fuller
		+	** National Starch
		+	** Atofina
		+
		+	==Intellectual Property==
		+
		+	===Patent Search Table===
		+	{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
		+	|colspan = "5"|
		+	* Patent search on Micropat
		+	* Databases searched: '''USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA'''
	|-		|-
−	| Inspection procedures have adequate sampling plans based on PFMEA risk mitigation levels – this includes packaging and labeling materials	+	|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Query.No.'''
−	|	+	|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Searched Sections'''
−	# Review supplier audit reports for compliance	+	|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Years Searched'''
		+	|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Query'''
		+	|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Hits'''
	|-		|-
−	| Calibration records and preventive maintenance records; in-process / incoming inspection test methods and related test method validations	+	|1
−	|	+	|Claims, Title or Abstract
−	# Check the entire equipment-related lifecycle	+	|1836 – Date
−	# Check if machine operational qualification was performed	+	||(rubber OR acryl* OR silicone OR oil*1 OR resin*1 OR ethylen* OR isoprene OR terpene OR copolymer* OR vinyl* OR siloxane* ((acid OR anhydride) ADJ1 (acrylic OR crotonic OR (vinyl ADJ1 acetic) OR fumaric OR maleic OR malonic OR succinic OR itaconic OR citraconic)) OR polymer* OR styrene OR ester*) SAME (((pressure ADJ1 sensitive) NEAR2 (adhesive* OR glue OR paste OR (binding ADJ1 agent) OR (epoxy ADJ1 resin*) OR film) OR PSA OR PSAs) OR (adhesion* WITH (peel OR tensile OR shear) OR stick*) OR (radical* ADJ1 (initiator* OR maker*)))
−	# Check if the measurement equipment was validated	+	|76006
	|-		|-
−	!rowspan="2"|Validation Report	+	|2
−	| DV&V reports, Shelf-life reports, Biocompatibility test reports, Sterilization reports, Packaging Validation reports, Process Validation Reports	+	|Claims, Title or Abstract
−	|	+	|1836 – Date
−	# Ensure all reports are available and linked together appropriately	+	|(((low ADJ surface ADJ energy) WITH (substrate*1 OR polymer OR compound* OR material OR film)) OR (surface ADJ1 tension) OR (surface ADJ1 rough*) OR viscosity OR (oily ADJ surface) OR (low ADJ1 energy ADJ1 surface*)) AND (polyolefin*1 OR polyethylene*1 OR polypropylene*1 OR (polyvinyl ADJ1 chloride ADJ1 film) OR (oil ADJ1 contaminated ADJ1 metal) OR polybutene OR polyisoprene*1 OR (polyvinylidene ADJ1 fluoride*) OR polytetrafluoroethylene*1 OR polyester*1 OR polyamide*1 OR polyacetal*1 OR polystyrene*1 OR polyurethane* OR polyurea OR silan* OR polycarbonate*)
−	# Identify all inconsistencies across different reports	+	|75602
−	| rowspan="2"| Quality systems	+
	|-		|-
−	| Design test methods and related test method validations	+	|3
−	|	+	|Claims, Title or Abstract
−	# Compare test methods used to those in client and ISO standards	+	|1836 – Date
−	# Identify inconsistencies across test methods	+	|1 AND 2
		+	|2272
	|-		|-
	|}		|}
		+	* Total number of patents - 2272
		+	* Total number of unique patent families - 1483
−	=== Sample report ===	+	==<span style="color:#C41E3A">Like this report?</span>==
−	==== Performance/Functional Characteristics ====	+	<p align="center"> '''This is only a sample report with brief analysis''' <br>
−	{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"	+	'''Dolcera can provide a comprehensive report customized to your needs'''</p>
−	|- style="background:lightgrey"	+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" "
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" colspan = "4" |Design Input	+	|style="background:lightgrey" align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''[mailto:info@dolcera.com <span style="color:#0047AB">Buy the customized report from Dolcera</span>]'''
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="5%" rowspan="2"|Design Output	+
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="5%" rowspan="2"|Design Verification Report #	+
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="5%" rowspan="2"|Status (P/F/R)	+
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="5%" rowspan="2"|Design Validation Report #	+
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="5%" rowspan="2"|Status (P/F/R)	+
	|-		|-
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="20%"|User Needs	+	| align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services Patent Analytics Services]
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="15%"|User Need Rationale	+	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/business-research-services Market Research Services]
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="20%"|Engineering Specification	+	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools/patent-dashboard Purchase Patent Dashboard]
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="20%"|Engineering Specification Rationale	+
	|-		|-
−	|Provide antimicrobial resistance for up to 2 weeks	+	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Landscape Services]
−	|Ureteral Stent User Survey (Document #XXXXX)	+	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/research-processes Dolcera Processes]
−	|Stent must have chlorohexadine surface concentration of 10-20 mg/cm2 for 3 weeks	+	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/industries Industry Focus]
−	|Document #XXXXX	+	|-
−	|Test Document #XXXXX	+	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Search Services]
−	|Report 01-005-06-007	+	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/alerts-and-updates Patent Alerting Services]
−	|P	+	|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools Dolcera Tools]
−	|Report 01-005-06-007	+
−	|P	+
	|-		|-
	|}		|}
		+	<br>
−	=== Potential DHF Review Outcomes ===	+	===Taxonomy for analysis===
−	Based on a review of the above DHF documents a potential outcome for the uretral stent acquisition project could involve the following:	+	[[Image:adhesion-3Mnew2.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Taxonomy map - Adhesion]]
−	# Better explanation of existing design input documents and also better linkage between the design inputs and product specifications.	+
−	# Creation of some new test methods for design, incoming and in-process inspections and also include recommendations for the test method validations. Creation of any new DV&V data would be highly unlikely as it could potentially trigger a new submission or a note-to-file to the regulatory agencies.	+
−	# Change in raw materials to better grade materials e.g. Switching resin to a USP Class VI biocompatible resin. This would eliminate some on-going testing but require additional upfront one time biocompatibility testing.	+
−	# Updating drawings based on results from the FAI data.	+
−	# Converting existing Company Y documents into Company X format and identifying potential gaps and streamlining linkage between raw material specifications and inspection procedures.	+
−	# Identifying installation, operational and process qualification requirements with the assumption that no additional design verification and validation activities are required based on the fact that the device is currently approved for sale in the US and ROW.	+
−	# Recommend activities necessary for completing packaging, labeling, ship testing and shelf-life testing. Stress should be on being able to leverage existing data for shelf-life without changing the regulatory status of the device.	+
−	# Company X may want to perform additional biocompatibility testing to create an internal baseline and also update their biocompatibility files.	+
−	# Help streamline suppliers for components when switching over from Company Y to Company X. Search for existing Company X suppliers that can supply off the shelf items that Company Y may be sourcing from other vendors / suppliers.	+
−	# Identify process improvements that can be rolled into the manufacturing transfer without changing the design and impacting the existing regulatory status for the device e.g. instead of hand mixing pigment to resin use a pre-mixer to control quality of mixing and resulting extrusion or perform the molding and over-molding steps in 1 machine instead of 2 separate molding machines.	+
−	== Phase 3: Post-acquisition integration ==	+	===Taxonomy for PSA composition===
−	=== Deadlines ===	+	[[Image:adhesion-final version.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Taxonomy map - Adhesion]]
−	'''Goal''': Switch production transparently to new facilities transparently to the distribution system	+
−	{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"	+	===IP Activity===
−	|- style="background:lightgrey"	+	[[image:Priority year_PSA.jpg|center|600 px|thunb|Competitors]]
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" |Stage	+
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" |Tasks	+	===Major Competitors===
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" |Milestone payment	+	[[image:competitors_PSA.jpg|center|600 px|thunb|Competitors]]
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" |Date	+
		+	===Composition components matrix===
		+	{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Assignees'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Rubber'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Silicone'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Polymers'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Acrylic'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Tackifying resin'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Plasticizer oil'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Carboxylic acids'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Acid Esters'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Priority Year'''
		+	|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Patent numbers'''
	|-		|-
−	|Design center integration plan	+	|rowspan = "5"|3M Innovative Properties Company
−	|	+	|align = "center"|x
−	* Gap analysis completion (acquiree)	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	* Gap analysis completion (acquirer)	+	|align = "center"|x
−	|	+	|align = "center"|x
−	|September 15, 2008	+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|2000
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6630531 US6630531]</u></font>
	|-		|-
−	|Design to manufacturing transfer	+	|align = "center"|x
−	|	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	|	+	|align = "center"|x
−	|December 15, 2008	+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|2000
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6632872 US6632872]</u></font>
	|-		|-
−	|Equipment transfer	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	|	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	|Milestone I payment	+	|align = "center"|x
−	|Jan 7, 2009	+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|2000
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6455634 US6455634]</u></font>
	|-		|-
−	|Shut production at acquiree facility	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	|Negotiation for contract extension	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	|Milestone II payment	+	|align = "center"|x
−	|Feb 15, 2009	+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|1993
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5612136 US5612136]</u></font>
	|-		|-
−	|Start production in acquirer facility	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	|	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	|	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	|Feb 7, 2009	+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|1993
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5602221 US5602221]</u></font>
	|-		|-
−	|Switch to new SKU	+	|American Tape Company
−	|	+	|align = "center"|x
−	|	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	|Feb 15, 2009	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1997
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5798175 US5798175]</u></font>
	|-		|-
−	|End development of new generation product/s in old facility	+	|Ashland Oil, Inc.
−	|	+	|align = "center"|x
−	|	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	|Feb 7, 2009	+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1991
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5434213 US5434213]</u></font>
	|-		|-
−	|Restart development of new generation product/s post-acquisition	+	|rowspan = "4"|Atlantic Richfield Company
−	|	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	|Final milestone payment	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	|Mar 1, 2009	+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1984
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4656213 US4656213]</u></font>
		+	|-
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1996
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5817426 US5817426]</u></font>
		+	|-
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1996
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5817426 US5817426]</u></font>
	|-		|-
−	|}
−	=== Documents and Ownership ===	+	|align = "center"|x
−	{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	|- style="background:lightgrey"	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" |Document	+	|align = "center"|x
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" |Owner	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" |Last update date	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1997
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6461707 US6461707]</u></font>
	|-		|-
−	|Product performance specifications	+	|Coloplast
−	|Paul Swain	+	|align = "center"|x
−	|07/27/2008 08:15:35 PST	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1980
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6437038 US6437038]</u></font>
	|-		|-
−	|Component specifications	+	|rowspan = "5"|Dow Corning Corporation
−	|Kevin Teller	+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
−	|06/12/2008 12:22:07 PST	+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1970
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5916981 US5916981]</u></font>
	|-		|-
−	|Preclinical test results	+	|&nbsp;
−	|Joanne Krannert	+	|align = "center"|x
−	|07/03/2008 14:17:00 PST	+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1990
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6337086 US6337086]</u></font>
	|-		|-
−	|Clinical tests	+
−	|Joanne Krannert	+	|&nbsp;
−	|08/01/2008 08:00:55 PST	+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1990
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6121368 US6121368]</u></font>
		+	|-
		+
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		+	|1994
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5561203 US5561203]</u></font>
		+	|-
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1996
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5861472 US5861472]</u></font>
		+	|-
		+	|Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1993
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5714254 US5714254]</u></font>
		+	|-
		+	|Fujikura Ltd.
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|2000
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6388556 US6388556]</u></font>
		+	|-
		+	|General Electric Company
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|2000
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6387487 US6387487]</u></font>
		+	|-
		+	|H Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|x
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1996
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5741840 US5741840]</u></font>
		+	|-
		+	|H. B. Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1997
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5869562 US5869562]</u></font>
		+	|-
		+	|Johnson & Johnson Products Inc.
		+	|align = "center"|x
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		+	|align = "center"|x
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1981
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4335026 US4335026]</u></font>
		+	|-
		+
		+
		+	|Nichiban Company Limited
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1997
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6274235 US6274235]</u></font>
		+	|-
		+	|None
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
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		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|1996
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030136510%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030136510&RS=DN/20030136510 US20030136510]</u></font>
		+	|-
		+	|PPG Industries, Inc.
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1996
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5776548 US5776548]</u></font>
		+	|-
		+	|Ralf Korpman Associates, Inc.
		+	|align = "center"|x
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
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		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|align = "center"|&nbsp;
		+	|1992
		+	|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5760135 US5760135]</u></font>
	|-		|-
	|}		|}
		+
		+	===Technology Tree===
		+
		+	As it is evident from the the technology tree below, although the IP activity in the area of Pressure sensitive adhesive was initiated during 1970s, companies are continuously trying new combinations of different components.
		+	[[image:Technology tree.jpg|center|500 px]]
		+
		+	==Key findings==
		+	* In the medical field, pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are used for many different applications in the hospital and health areas and also they can be used to adhere two surfaces together such as the flaps of packing material or fabric to a surface
		+	* In many commercial applications of pressure-sensitive adhesives, it would be preferred to use an acrylate polymer or copolymer having an intrinsic viscosity of at least about 2.5 dl/g
		+	* Ideally, a process for producing an acrylate-based polymer for a pressure-sensitive adhesive provides a means for controlling both molecular weight, i.e., intrinsic viscosity, and molecular weight distribution.
		+	* Pressure-sensitive adhesives require a delicate balance of viscous and elastic properties that result in a four-fold balance of adhesion, cohesion, stretchiness and elasticity. Pressure-sensitive adhesives generally comprise elastomers that are either inherently tacky, or elastomers or thermoplastic elastomers that are tackified with the addition of tackifying resins.
		+
		+	==Analysis Sheet==
		+	[[Media:Sample analysis sheet.xls|Sample Analysis Sheet]]
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	==Contact Dolcera==		==Contact Dolcera==
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−	! style="background:lightgrey" | Samir Raiyani	+	! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera
	|-		|-
	| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]		| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]

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Latest revision as of 05:43, 27 July 2015

Dashboard

Dolcera dashboard provides quick and easy navigation through the technology segments. Below is the snapshot of how it look like. Click on the link Dolcera Dashboard for Pressure Sensitive Adhesives.

Dolcera Dashboard

Overview

Pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA, self adhesive, self stick adhesive) is adhesive that forms a bond when pressure is applied to marry the adhesive with the adherend. No solvent, water, or heat is needed to activate the adhesive. It is used in pressure sensitive tapes, labels, note pads, automobile trim, and a wide variety of other products.

As the name "pressure sensitive" indicates, the degree of bond is influenced by the amount of pressure which is used to apply the adhesive to the surface.

Surface factors such as smoothness, surface energy, removal of contaminants, etc. are also important to proper bonding.

PSAs are usually designed to form a bond and hold properly at room temperatures. PSAs typically reduce or lose their tack at cold temperatures and reduce their shear holding ability at high temperatures: Specialty adhesives are made to function at high or low temperatures. It is important to choose an adhesive formulation which is designed for its intended use conditions.

Surface Energy

1. Surface energy is a measure of how well an adhesive wets out over the surface of the material to which it is applied.
2. The most common method of determining the surface energy is to measure the contact angle of a water droplet on the substrate surface.
3. The contact angle between the solid and the fluid is the angle measured within the fluid, between the solid surface and the tangent plane to the liquid surface at the point of intersection.
4. A contact angle of greater than 90° indicates that the fluid (which is ink or adhesive in this case) has not wet the surface. Conversely an angle of less than 90° means that the fluid has wet the surface - if the angle approaches zero then the surface is completely wetted by the fluid.
5. The surface energy or the wetability of a particular substrate is measured in dynes/cm. Source

Low Surface Energy Substrates

1. Low energy plastics, such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and Teflon (PTFE) are essentially "non- stick" plastics.
2. Their molecular structure inhibits the adhesion and printing processes - this molecular structure is basically inert or inactive – these polymers are said to have a low surface energy.
3. Materials with low surface energy (LSE) do not allow adhesives to wet out, while materials with high surface energy (HSE) provide excellent wet-out, providing the best adhesion.
4. Rubber-based adhesives usually provide better adhesion to LSE surfaces.
5. Some substrates require special treatment such as corona treating, primers, top coating, etc., in order to achieve better adhesion.
6. On some LSE substrates, adhesion levels improve the longer adhesive is applied. Source

Adhesion

1. Adhesion is the molecular force of attraction between unlike materials.
2. Adhesion and cohesion, attractive forces between material bodies. A distinction is usually made between an adhesive force, which acts to hold two separate bodies together (or to stick one body to another) and a cohesive force, which acts to hold together the like or unlike atoms, ions, or molecules of a single body.
3. For example water molecules stick to each other. This is caused by hydrogen bonds that form between the slightly positive and negative ends of neighboring molecules.
4. Water is found in drops; perfect spheres. It’s hard to imagine water behaving any other way due to cohesion and water molecules stick to other surfaces due to adhesion.Source

Application of PSA

Application in electronics and electrical industry

Electrical grade PSAs are critical components in the design many of today's electrical and electronic components in the electrical industry. The construction of this type of PSA is difficult since lower concentration of conductive filler must be used in order to prevent the drying out of polymer by the conductive filler, with attendant loss of tack. The conductivity of electrically conductive PSA in the direction of pressure action is to a certain extend depend on the direction of pressure applied Florian, 2003

Electrical grade PSAs are designed and manufactured using materials using material that are physically and chemically stable in the presence of humidity and electrical stress. The acrylic high tack PSAs works very well in static and dynamic joints. The PSA agents are used in three forms i.e. modified aqueous dispersions or solutions in different solvents and as hot melts adhesives. PSA tapes find application in electronic assemblies Reliability of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Tapes for Heat Sink Attachment in Air-Cooled Electronic Assemblies

Application in automobile industry

While mechanical fasteners will always be the choice when maximum torque and linear force are required in automobile industry, pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) can often provide a better method of joining or bonding than traditional screws, nuts, bolts, rivets and welds.

The design, performance, and production reasons for replacing mechanical or fusion fastening methods with PSAs include, but are not limited to:

1. Distributing stress over the entire bonded area: The concentrated stress of mechanical fasteners can be eliminated and design engineers can specify lighter, thinner materials without sacrificing durability and product integrity.
2. Bonding dissimilar materials: The ability to bond two totally different substrates can yield a superior combination for product strength and performance. PSAs are an ideal counterbalance for varying factors of expansion between surfaces, such as laminating layers of metal.
3. Maintaining assembled substrate integrity: Less machining and finishing means more latitude for design engineers and improved aesthetics for greater consumer appeal.
4. Incorporating fatigue resistance: PSAs bring great flexibility, allowing for high extension and recovery under heavy loads.
5. Durability by design: PSAs fill voids and gaps and can bond loose-fitting parts.

Increasing production efficiency: PSAs reduce material requirements, provide product weight reduction, require fewer assembly and finishing steps, and minimize training FLEXcon white paper

Medical applications

There are two essential requirements of medical PSAs, that they should stick firmly to a difficult substrate (skin) and that they should be easily and cleanly removed from that substrate when desired. These requirements would seem to be in conflict: a high peel force usually signals the ability to stick firmly, while a low force is needed when removing dressings by peeling.

A number of ways have been considered to resolve this conflict. These may be divided into two broad categories: those that make the best of existing PSA technology, broadly taking a physical approach, and those that introduce novel chemistry into the process. Physical approaches consider such details as the dependence of peel force on peel angle, peel rate, backing materials, the deformation of the skin during peeling and use of barrier films and solvents. As an alternative to simply making the best of the physics of the peeling process, various workers have devised chemical systems for making the adhesive less strongly adhering at the time of removal. These systems usually consist of introducing a ‘switch’ mechanism into a strongly adhering adhesive so that its adherence may be reduced significantly at the time of removal by operation of the ‘switch’. Means of activating the ‘switch’ include: heat (warming or cooling), application of water via an absorbent backing and exposure to visible light. These may produce physical or chemical changes in the adhesive Chivers, 2001

PSAs drive transdermal delivery

Transdermal or through-the-skin delivery of drugs has assumed an important place in drug therapy, eliminating many of the shortcomings of syringes and pills. Active Transdermal Delivery Systems The three most commonly used adhesives used for transdermal delivery are polyisobutylenes, polyacrylates and silicones Tan and Pfister, 1999

• In a typical disk drive, PSAs are applied to the base casting to secure the motor-mounting flange and motor assembly

Application in aerospace industry

Aerospace manufacturers uses PSAs to assemble sheet-metal components into sub assemblies. The aerospace industry, primarily satellite manufacturers, have expressed the need for a low outgas, thermally stable, adhesive tape which can work at both high, 175ºC, and low, -100ºC, temperatures. New silicone PSA was fabricated to pass, low outgassing requirements of 1% or less Total Mass Loss (TML) and 0.1% or less Collectable Volatile Condensable Materials (CVCM) Riegler, 2005.

Making of PSAs

Although PSPs can be obtained by different polymerization processes (i.e., emulsion, solution, hot-melt, or radiation curing), much attention has recently been devoted to the utilization of more environmentally friendly processes such as emulsion polymerization. Soft polymer networks are commonly used as previous termpressure sensitive adhesivesnext term (PSAs). This is due to their unique ability to deform and yet to resist flow. These contradictory requirements indicate that the mechanical properties are finely tuned, and that the types of deformation upon application are carefully considered. Variety of PSAs can be prepared by mixing a linear vinyl terminated polymer with a silane terminated f-functional cross-linker. Jensen et al., 2009

Sr. No.	PSA process	Chemical composition	Time of launch
1	Solvent-based	Rubber/resin, acrylics, silicones	Since 19th century
2	Hot-melt	Block copolymers, acrylics	1940s
3	Emulsion (water)-based	Acrylics, natural and synthetic rubber, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer	1970s
4	Radiation-cured	Acrylics, rubber	1970s

Sr. No.	Properties	Solvent-based: acrylic	Hot-melt: styrene-isobutylene-styrene.	Emulsion based: acrylics
1	PS performance	Excellent	Excellent	Very good
2	Ease of compounding	Moderate	Difficult	Easy
3	Formulation flexibility	Limited	Excellent	Moderate
4	Coating method flexibility	Limited	Poor	Excellent
5	Ease of changeover	Limited	Poor	Excellent
6	PSA reproducibility	Excellent	Limited	Excellent
7	Aging properties	Excellent	Poor	Excellent
8	Clarity/color	Excellent	Poor	Excellent
9	Safety/toxicity	Poor	Poor	Excellent
10	Raw material costs	High	Low	Medium
11	Coating/compounding costs	High	Medium	Low

Effect of important parameters on PSA making and performance

Effect of polymer molecular weight and crosslinking reactions on the end-use properties of PSAs

In a study wherein polymer molecular weight and polymer microstructure were regulated using different chain transfer agent (CTA) concentrations and by addition of a diacrylic monomer (MM) it was shown that all of the measured adhesion properties strongly depend on molecular weight of the synthesized polymer and on the amount of gel phase Kajtna et al., 2009

Effect of composition on Mechanical behaviours and fracture energy of PSAs

In a study it was shown that the mechanical behaviour depend on their composition but majority of fracture energy is dissipated on the first millimetre near the bending zone where fibrils elongation is maximum. Observations of interfaces between PSAs and glass substrate underline that fracture energy varies linearly according to the contact area Horgnies et al., 2007

Effect of tackifier on PSAs

To study the effect of tackifier (such as hydrogenated cyclo-aliphatic resin) a model system consisting of polystyrene-b-polyisoprene-b-polystyrene triblock copolymer was prepared. Tackifier increased the peel adhesion significantly and the increase became stronger above 40 wt% tackifier. The higher peel adhesion was obtained in the system with the larger amount of agglomerates of tackifier in the polyisoprene matrix. Sasaki et al., 2008

Effect of chain transfer agent and cross-linker concentration in making of PSAs

In a study it was shown that a constant cross-linker concentration, one can manipulate the polymer micro-structure by adding varying amounts of chain transfer agent. Three examples of these micro-structures are depicted below which show a tight gel network with long-chain sol polymers, a loose gel network with shorter sol polymers, and an imperfect gel structure with highly branched sol polymers. By manipulating the micro-structure, previous termpressure-sensitive adhesivenext term performance can be affected. Qie and Dube, 2010

Effect of flexible substrates on PSAs performance

The fracture energy (fracture toughness) of tapes during globally elastic unpeeling is often calculated from the relation G=P/b(1−cos θ). A study suggested that this expression is correct for elastic peeling from rigid substrates but it gives misleading results when peeling from reversible flexible substrates. Steven-Fountain et al., 2002

PSA performance measurement

PSAs polymeric materials effect tack, peel and shear strength . Inherent properties such as copolymer composition and microstructure, molecular weight and distribution are among the most influential factors affecting PSA properties directly as well as indirectly through their influence on physical properties (e.g., the glass transition temperature, Tg) and thus, rheological properties of the polymer (e.g., viscoelastic regions, moduli).

Therefore, PSA is the result of a fine balance between these three major, interrelated properties.

Tack

It is a measure of the force required to remove, say a foam gasket and its adhesive, from the substrate. It usually refers to the initial attraction of the adhesive to the substrate. Tack can be measured by four basic methods these are loop tack, rolling ball, Quick stick and probe measurement devices. Review Of Methods For The Measurement Of Tack

Peel strength

Peel strength is measured as a force required to remove a standard PSA strip from a specified test surface under a standard test angle (e.g., 90° or 180°) under standard conditions. Much like tack, manufacturers control adhesion to create different products based on user requirements. After a PSA has been applied to the substrate, adhesion continues to increase for a period of time — typically 24 hr.

Shear strength

Shear strength is the internal or cohesive strength of the adhesive mass. Usually, it is determined as the length of time it takes for a standard strip of PSA to fall from a test panel after application of a load. Usually, tack and adhesion decrease as shear strength increases. Emulsion-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives: A Review

PSA products

The most common products that utilize PSAs are tapes, labels, and protective films. The PSA sector is among the fastest growing in the adhesive market, making the search for new pressure-sensitive products (PSP) and applications highly competitive.

• PSA tapes: Self-adhesive materials usually produced by coating an adhesive onto a carrier and used as a continuous web.

• PSA labels: Self-adhesive laminated carrier materials. The self-adhesive layer is protected with a supplemental material (release liner).

• Protective films: Carrier material possesses built-in or built-on self-adhesive properties.

Recycling issues with PSA

PSAs exact a considerable cost on the paper recycling industry, an estimated $700 million per year. Most paper recycling systems converts paper into pulp in presence of water, which is then transformed back into paper. PSAs do not dissolve in water, but rather fragment into smaller particles during the repulping process. These particles are known as stickies, get deformed under heat and pressure, making them difficult to screen or filter out of the pulp. Stickies can become lodged on papermaking and can cause damage to equipment or even in the paper. Source

Sr. No.	"Sticky" PSA Product	Alternative Product/Procedure
1	Address Labels	1. Print addresses directly on envelopes 2. Using glassine (cellulose) film window or filmless window envelopes, and print mailing addresses directly on the letter to show through the window. 3. Handprint addresses directly on large mailing envelopes..
2	Sticky Notes	1.Use scratch paper for notes and secure with paper clips.
3	Postage Stamps	1. Use moisture-activated postage stamps 2. Postal meter that prints postage directly on envelopes or that uses moisture-activated meter tape
4	File Folder Index Labels	1. Handprint file subjects directly on index tabs, instead of using an index label. When recycling file folders with index labels, tear off the index tab.
5	Closure Tabs	1. Sharply folding fliers and newsletters is often sufficient to send them safely and securely through the mail.

Search strategy

Search strategy last updated on: 7th January 2011

Sr. No.	Search string	Hits
Google
1	Pressure sensitive adhesive making	7,510,000
2	Pressure sensitive adhesive application	7,650,000
3	Pressure sensitive adhesive automobile	436,000
4	Pressure sensitive adhesive automotive	479,000
5	Pressure sensitive adhesive drug delivery	275,000
6	Pressure sensitive adhesive tack*	354,000
7	Pressure sensitive adhesive product	8,120,000
8	Pressure sensitive adhesive recycl*	447,000
Google scholar
1	Pressure sensitive adhesive making	21,50,000
2	Pressure sensitive adhesive application	21,50,000
Scirus
1	Pressure sensitive adhesive making	130,055
2	Pressure sensitive adhesive application	200,950
3	Pressure sensitive adhesive product	136,169
Sciencedirect
1	Pressure sensitive adhesive electronics	2,450
2	Pressure sensitive adhesive making	7,212
3	Pressure sensitive adhesive application	15,405
4	Pressure sensitive adhesive automobile	951
5	Pressure sensitive adhesive automotive	1,406
6	Pressure sensitive adhesive drug delivery	2,876
Springerlink
1	Pressure sensitive adhesive making	2,149
2	Pressure sensitive adhesive application	3,901
Google images
1	Pressure sensitive adhesive making	3,580,000
2	Pressure sensitive adhesive application	2,210,000
3	Pressure sensitive adhesive electronics	1,690,000

Market Information

• According to a report from the Business Communications Company, the 2001 US market for specialty adhesives was about $5.7 billion, and is forecast to grow at 4.3% per year, with medical and dental applications being the fastest-growing sector at 5.9% per year. Source
• Frost and Sullivan report the size of the European PSA market (medical and non-medical) to be $620 million in 2000, forecast to grow to $796 million in 2007. Source
• The world value of the overall adhesives market is estimated at US $22 billion.
• Total Market Expected to Grow at a CAGR of 9 Percent: The U.S. PSA markets for labels and narrow-web graphics is expected to growth with a CAGR of 9 percent during the years 2006–2012. The total U.S. PSA markets for labels and narrow-web graphics unit shipments are expected to continue to growth at a CAGR of 6.6 percent due to high end-user growth. The UV technology is a new technology that have started to receive wide acceptance in the industry and that segment of the industry is a fragmented and developing segment with growth rates in double digits. While the solvent-based PSAs are expected to show decreasing growth percents, the water-based and solvent-based segments are expected to growth in the lines of the total industry. Source

• According to World Adhesives File 2000-2005, the leading handful of adhesives suppliers, including pressure sensitive companies, already controlled almost half the global market in 1999. Henkel leads the way with an estimated 12% global market share, which will probably increase to around 14% with the purchase of Dexter’s adhesives interests. Pressure sensitive suppliers 3M and Avery Dennison are ranked second and third, with 9% and 7% shares respectively, followed jointly by National Starch and H.B. Fuller — both at 6%. The newly enlarged Atofina and Rohm and Haas follow closely behind.” Source
• Growth of the world market averages about 2-3% per year.
• Packaging adhesives make up the majority of the market.
• The electronic and medical adhesives market is currently experiencing the most rapid growth.

• Market leaders by country are as follows:
  • United States - approximately 2.6 tonnes annually
  • China
  • Japan
  • Germany
  • UK
    
• Market leaders by company(which account for one-third of the market share) are:
  • Henkel
  • 3M
  • Avery Denison
  • HB Fuller
  • National Starch
  • Atofina

Intellectual Property

Patent Search Table

Patent search on Micropat Databases searched: USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
Query.No.	Searched Sections	Years Searched	Query	Hits
1	Claims, Title or Abstract	1836 – Date	(rubber OR acryl* OR silicone OR oil*1 OR resin*1 OR ethylen* OR isoprene OR terpene OR copolymer* OR vinyl* OR siloxane* ((acid OR anhydride) ADJ1 (acrylic OR crotonic OR (vinyl ADJ1 acetic) OR fumaric OR maleic OR malonic OR succinic OR itaconic OR citraconic)) OR polymer* OR styrene OR ester*) SAME (((pressure ADJ1 sensitive) NEAR2 (adhesive* OR glue OR paste OR (binding ADJ1 agent) OR (epoxy ADJ1 resin*) OR film) OR PSA OR PSAs) OR (adhesion* WITH (peel OR tensile OR shear) OR stick*) OR (radical* ADJ1 (initiator* OR maker*)))	76006
2	Claims, Title or Abstract	1836 – Date	(((low ADJ surface ADJ energy) WITH (substrate*1 OR polymer OR compound* OR material OR film)) OR (surface ADJ1 tension) OR (surface ADJ1 rough*) OR viscosity OR (oily ADJ surface) OR (low ADJ1 energy ADJ1 surface*)) AND (polyolefin*1 OR polyethylene*1 OR polypropylene*1 OR (polyvinyl ADJ1 chloride ADJ1 film) OR (oil ADJ1 contaminated ADJ1 metal) OR polybutene OR polyisoprene*1 OR (polyvinylidene ADJ1 fluoride*) OR polytetrafluoroethylene*1 OR polyester*1 OR polyamide*1 OR polyacetal*1 OR polystyrene*1 OR polyurethane* OR polyurea OR silan* OR polycarbonate*)	75602
3	Claims, Title or Abstract	1836 – Date	1 AND 2	2272

• Total number of patents - 2272
• Total number of unique patent families - 1483

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Taxonomy for analysis

Taxonomy for PSA composition

IP Activity

Major Competitors

Composition components matrix

Assignees	Rubber	Silicone	Polymers	Acrylic	Tackifying resin	Plasticizer oil	Carboxylic acids	Acid Esters	Priority Year	Patent numbers
3M Innovative Properties Company	x		x	x	x	x			2000	US6630531
	x		x	x	x				2000	US6632872
			x	x					2000	US6455634
			x	x				x	1993	US5612136
				x			x	x	1993	US5602221
American Tape Company	x					x			1997	US5798175
Ashland Oil, Inc.	x		x	x					1991	US5434213
Atlantic Richfield Company			x	x	x	x			1984	US4656213
	x		x	x	x				1996	US5817426
			x	x	x				1996	US5817426
	x			x					1997	US6461707
Coloplast	x		x		x				1980	US6437038
Dow Corning Corporation		x	x			x			1970	US5916981
		x	x						1990	US6337086
		x							1990	US6121368
		x	x						1994	US5561203
		x	x						1996	US5861472
Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.			x		x				1993	US5714254
Fujikura Ltd.									2000	US6388556
General Electric Company		x	x						2000	US6387487
H Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.	x		x	x	x	x			1996	US5741840
H. B. Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.	x		x		x				1997	US5869562
Johnson & Johnson Products Inc.	x		x		x	x			1981	US4335026
Nichiban Company Limited	x								1997	US6274235
None	x			x	x			x	1996	US20030136510
PPG Industries, Inc.	x		x	x			x		1996	US5776548
Ralf Korpman Associates, Inc.	x								1992	US5760135

Technology Tree

As it is evident from the the technology tree below, although the IP activity in the area of Pressure sensitive adhesive was initiated during 1970s, companies are continuously trying new combinations of different components.

Key findings

• In the medical field, pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are used for many different applications in the hospital and health areas and also they can be used to adhere two surfaces together such as the flaps of packing material or fabric to a surface
• In many commercial applications of pressure-sensitive adhesives, it would be preferred to use an acrylate polymer or copolymer having an intrinsic viscosity of at least about 2.5 dl/g
• Ideally, a process for producing an acrylate-based polymer for a pressure-sensitive adhesive provides a means for controlling both molecular weight, i.e., intrinsic viscosity, and molecular weight distribution.
• Pressure-sensitive adhesives require a delicate balance of viscous and elastic properties that result in a four-fold balance of adhesion, cohesion, stretchiness and elasticity. Pressure-sensitive adhesives generally comprise elastomers that are either inherently tacky, or elastomers or thermoplastic elastomers that are tackified with the addition of tackifying resins.

Analysis Sheet

Sample Analysis Sheet

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