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Wind Energy

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This report presents a brief introduction to wind energy and technologies available for horizontal wind turbines. A detailed taxonomy for horizontal axis wind turbines is presented covering parts of the turbine, control systems, applications among others. A detailed landscape analysis of patent and non-patent literature is done with a focus on Doubly-fed Induction Generators (DFIG) used in the horizontal axis wind turbines for efficient power generation. The product information of major players in the market is also captured for Doubly-fed Induction Generators. The final section of the report covers the existing and future market predictions for wind energy-based power generation.
[[Image:Wind_EnergyWind_Flowchart.JPGPNG|right|600px580px|thumb|Wind EnergyProcess Flow]]
<br>
=Introduction=
* We have been using wind power at least since 5000 BC to propel sailboats and sailing ships, and architects have used wind-driven natural ventilation in buildings since similarly ancient times. The use of wind to provide mechanical power came later.
For variable-speed systems with limited variable-speed range, e.g. ±30% of synchronous speed, the doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG) can be an interesting solution. This is mainly due to the fact that the power electronic converter only has to handle a fraction (20-30%) of the total power as the converters are connected to the rotor and not to the stator. Therefore, the losses in the power electronic converter can be reduced, compared to a system where the converter has to handle the total power. The overall structure of wind power generation through DFIG as shown in the figure below.
 
=Market Research=
==The History of Wind Energy==
* '''3200 BC:''' Early Egyptians use wind to sail boats on the Nile River
* '''0 : ''' The Chinese fly kites during battle to signal their troops
* '''700s :''' People living in Sri Lanka use wind to smelt (separate) metal from rock ore. They would dig large crescent-shaped furnaces near the top of steep mountainsides. In summer, monsoon winds blow up the mountain slopes and into a furnace to create a mini-tornado. Charcoal fires inside the furnace could reach 1200°C (2200°F). Archaeologists believe the furnaces enabled Sri Lankans to make iron and steel for weapons and farming tools.
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* '''1300s :''' The Dutch invent the smock mill. The smock mill consists of a wooden tower with six or eight sides. The roof on top rotates to keep the sails in the wind.
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* '''1892 :''' Danish inventor Poul LaCour invents a Dutch-style windmill with large wooden sails that generates electricity. He discovers that fast-turning rotors with few blades generate more electricity than slow-turning rotors with many blades. By 1908, Denmark has 72 windmills providing low-cost electricity to farms and villages.
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*'''2000s :''' North Hoyle, the largest offshore wind farm in the United Kingdom, is built. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 strengthens incentives for wind and other renewable energy sources.
Source:[[Media:windenergy.pdf| Wind Energy]]<br> To know more read about '''[[the History of Wind Energy]]''', '''[http://dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=The_History_of_Wind_Energy click here]'''
==Global Wind Energy Market==
===Market Overview===
* In the year 2010, the wind capacity reached worldwide '''196’630 Megawatt''', after '''159’050 MW''' in 2009, '''120’903 MW''' in 2008, and '''93’930 MW''' in 2007.
[[Image:World_InstalledWorld_Installed2.JPGPNG|center|589*277px600px|thumb|Source: [http://www.wwindea.org/home/images/stories/pdfs/worldwindenergyreport2010_s.pdf World Wind Energy Report, 2010]]]
* Wind power showed a growth rate of '''23.6 %''', the lowest growth since 2004 and the second lowest growth of the past decade.
* For the first time in more than two decades, the market for new wind turbines was smaller than in the previous year and reached an overall size of '''37’642 MW''', after 38'312 MW in 2009.
[[Image:New.JPGPNG|center|589*277px600px|thumb|Source: [http://www.wwindea.org/home/images/stories/pdfs/worldwindenergyreport2010_s.pdf World Wind Energy Report, 2010]]]
* All wind turbines installed by the end of 2010 worldwide can generate '''430 Tera watt hours per annum''', more than the total electricity demand of the United Kingdom, the sixth largest economy of the world, and equaling 2.5 % of the global electricity consumption.
* In the year 2010, altogether '''83 countries''', one more than in 2009, used wind energy for electricity generation. 52 countries increased their total installed capacity, after 49 in the previous year.
* The following chart shows the Global Cumulative Wind Power Capacity Forecast,under the different scenarios:
[[Image:Global_Forecast.JPGPNG|center|618*363px1080px|thumb|Global Cumulative Wind Power Capacity Forecast, Source: [http://www.gwec.net/fileadmin/documents/Publications/GWEO%202010%20final.pdf Global Wind Energy Outlook 2010]]]
* With '''23.6 %''', the year 2010 showed the second lowest growth rate of the last decade.
[[Image:World_Market_Growth Rates.JPGPNG|center|594*345px600px|thumb|World Market Growth Rates, Source: [http://www.wwindea.org/home/images/stories/pdfs/worldwindenergyreport2010_s.pdf World Wind Energy Report, 2010]]]
* Before 2010, the annual growth rate had continued to increase since the year 2004, '''peaking in 2009 at 31.7%''', the highest rate since 2001.
* The Top 10 countries by Growth Rate are shown in the figure listed below (only markets bigger than 200 MW have been considered):
[[Image:Top_Growth_Countries.JPGPNG|center|606*428px600px|thumb|Top Countries by Market Growth Rates, Source: [http://www.wwindea.org/home/images/stories/pdfs/worldwindenergyreport2010_s.pdf World Wind Energy Report, 2010]]]
==Geographical Market Distribution==
;# [[Regional Breakdown: Advanced scenario (GWEO 2010)]]
''Note: To know more about the '''[[Forecast Scenarios]]''', [http://dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Forecast_Scenarios click here]''
==Country-wise Market Distribution==
The top 10 countries by Total Installed Capacity for the year 2010, is illustrated in the chart below:
[[Image:Top_Installed_Countries.JPGPNG|center|702*434px600px|thumb|Top Countries by Market Growth Rates, Source: [http://www.wwindea.org/home/images/stories/pdfs/worldwindenergyreport2010_s.pdf World Wind Energy Report, 2010]]]
To view the Top 10 countries by different other parameters for the year 2010, click on the links below:
===India===
India had a record year for new wind energy installations in2010, with 2,139 MW of new capacity added to reach a totalof 13,065 MW at the end of the year. Renewable energy isnow 10.9% of installed capacity, contributing about 4.13% tothe electricity generation mix, and wind power accounts for70% of this installed capacity. Currently the wind powerpotential estimated by the Centre for Wind EnergyTechnology (C-WET) is 49.1 GW, but the estimations ofvarious industry associations and the World Institute forSustainable Energy (WISE) and wind power producers aremore optimistic, citing a potential in the range of 65-100 GW.<br>Historically, actual power generation capacity additions inthe conventional power sector in India been fallensignificantly short of government targets. For the renewableenergy sector, the opposite has been true, and it has shown atendency towards exceeding the targets set in the five-yearplans. This is largely due to the booming wind power sector.Given that renewable energy was about 2% of the energymix in 1995, this growth is a significant achievement even incomparison with most developed countries. This was mainlyspurred by a range of regulatory and policy support measuresfor renewable energy development that were introducedthrough legislation and market based instruments over thepast decade.<br>The states with highest wind power concentration are TamilNadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, MadhyaPradesh and Andhra Pradesh. <br>'''Wind Energy Main market developments in 2010'''
<br>Today the Indian market is emerging as one of the major
manufacturing hubs for wind turbines in Asia. Currently,
depreciation before this option is phased out.
For a detailed country profile of India please visit this [[Image:India_capacity.JPG|thumb|centre|1000px|Total Installed Capacity for IndiaWind Energy Profile Link]] <br>'''Policy support for wind power in India'''<br>Since the 2003 Electricity Act, the wind sector has registereda compound annual growth rate of about 29.5%. The centralgovernment policies have provided policy support for bothforeign and local investment in renewable energytechnologies. The key financial incentives for spurring windpower development have been the possibility to claimaccelerated depreciation of up to 80% of the project costwithin the first year of operation and the income tax holidayon all earnings generated from the project for tenconsecutive assessment years.<br>In December 2009 the Ministry for New and RenewableEnergy (MNRE) approved a Generation Based Incentive (GBI)scheme for wind power projects, which stipulated that anincentive tariff of Rs 0.50/kWh (EUR 0.8 cents/USD 1.1 cents)would be given to eligible projects for a (maximum) period often years. This scheme is currently valid for wind farmsinstalled before 31 March 2012. However, the GBI and theaccelerated depreciation are mutually exclusive and adeveloper can only claim concessions under one of them for the same project. Although the projected financial outlay forthis scheme under the 11th Plan Period (2007-2012) isRs 3.8 billion (EUR 61 million/USD 84 million), the uptake ofthe GBI has been slow due to the fact that at the current rateit is still less financially attractive than accelerateddepreciation.<br>Currently 18 of the 25 State Electricity RegulatoryCommissions (SERCs) have issued feed-in tariffs for windpower. Around 17 SERCs have also specified state-wideRenewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs). Both of thesemeasures have helped to create long-term policy certaintyand investor confidence, which have had a positive impact onthe wind energy capacity additions in those states. <br>'''Support framework for wind energy'''<br>There has been a noticeable shift in Indian politics since theadoption of the Electricity Act in 2003 towards supportingresearch, development and innovation in the country’srenewable energy sector. In 2010, the Indian governmentclearly recognised the role that renewable energy can play inreducing dependence on fossil fuels and combating climatechange, and introduced a tax (“cess”) of Rs.50 (~USD1.0) onevery metric ton of coal produced or imported into India. Thismoney will be used to contribute to a new Clean Energy Fund.In addition, the MNRE announced its intention to establish aGreen Bank by leveraging the Rs 25 billion (EUR 400 million /USD 500 million) expected to be raised through the nationalClean Energy Fund annually. The new entity would likely workin tandem with the Indian Renewable Energy DevelopmentAgency (IREDA), a government-owned non-banking financialcompany.<br>In keeping with the recommendations of the National ActionPlan on Climate Change (NAPCC) the MNRE and the CentralElectricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) have evolved aframework for implementation of the Renewable EnergyCertificate (REC) Mechanism for India.1 This is likely to giverenewable energy development a further push in the comingyears, as it will enable those states that do not meet theirRPOs through renewable energy installations to fill the gapthrough purchasing RECs. <br>'''Obstacles for wind energy development'''<br>With the introduction of the Direct Tax Code2, thegovernment aims to modernize existing income tax laws.Starting from the fiscal year 2011-12, accelerateddepreciation, the key instrument for boosting wind powerdevelopment in India, may no longer be available.Another limitation to wind power growth in India isinadequate grid infrastructure, especially in those states withsignificant wind potential, which are already struggling tointegrate the large amounts of wind electricity produced. Asa result, the distribution utilities are hesitant to accept morewind power. This makes it imperative for CERC and SERCs totake immediate steps toward improved power evacuationsystem planning and providing better interface betweenregional grids. The announcement of India’s Smart Grid TaskForce by the Ministry of Power is a welcome first step in thisdirection.
==Market Share Analysis==
The chart given below illustrates the Global Market Share Comparison of Major Wind Energy Companies for the period 2008-2010, as provided by two different agencies, Make Consulting and BTM Consulting:
[[Image:Market_Share_Comparison.JPG|center|1171*459px1080px|thumb|Global Market Share Comparison of Major Companies for the period 2008-2010
, Source: [http://www.make-consulting.com Make Consulting], [http://www.btmgcs.com/ BTM Global Consulting]]]
==Major Wind Turbine Suppliers==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="10050%" align="center"|align = "center" bgcolor = "#538ED54F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Turbine maker'''</font>|align = "center" bgcolor = "#538ED54F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Rotor blades'''</font>|align = "center" bgcolor = "#538ED54F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Gear boxes'''</font>|align = "center" bgcolor = "#538ED54F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Generators'''</font>|align = "center" bgcolor = "#538ED54F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Towers'''</font>|align = "center" bgcolor = "#538ED54F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Controllers'''</font>
|-
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Vestas|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Vestas, LM|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Bosch Rexroth,<br>Hansen, Wingery,<br>Moventas|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Weier, Elin,<br>ABB,<br>LeroySomer|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Vestas, NEG,<br>DMI|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Cotas (Vestas),<br>NEG<br>(Dancontrol)
|-
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|GE energy|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|LM, Tecsis|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Wingery, Bosch,<br>Rexroth, Eickhoff,<br>GE|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Loher, GE|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|DMI,<br>Omnical,<br>SIAG|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|GE
|-
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Gamesa|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Gamesa, LM|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Echesa (Gamesa),<br>Winergy, Hansen|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Indar<br>(Gamesa),<br>Cantarey|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Gamesa|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Ingelectric<br>(Gamesa)
|-
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Enercon|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Enercon|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Direct drive|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Enercon|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|KGW, SAM|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Enercon
|-
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Siemens<br>wind|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Siemens, LM|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Winergy|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|ABB|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Roug, KGW|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Siemens, KK<br>Electronic
|-
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Suzlon|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Suzlon|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Hansen, Winergy|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Suzlon,<br>Siemens|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Suzlon|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Suzlon, Mita<br>Teknik
|-
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Repower|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|LM|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Winergy, Renk,<br>Eickhoff|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|N/A|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|N/A|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Mita Teknik,<br>ReGuard
|-
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Nordex|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Nordex|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Winergy,<br>Eickhoff, Maag|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Loher|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Nordex,<br>Omnical|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Nordex, Mita<br>Teknik
|-
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1" colspan = "6"|''Source: BTM Consult''|-|}<br clear="all">
==Products of Top Companies==
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" width=”38””42”|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''S. No.'''</font>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Company'''</font>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Product'''</font>
===Patent Analysis===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "2" width="38"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''S. No.'''</font>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "2" |<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Patent/Publication No.'''</font>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "2" width="105"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Publication Date<br>'''(mm/dd/yyyy)</font>
===Article Analysis===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" width="38"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''S .No.'''</font>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Title'''</font>
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" width="105"|<font color="#FFFFFF">'''Publication Date<br>'''(mm/dd/yyyy)</font>
Click '''[[Media:Doublyfed_induction_generators1.xls| here]]''' to view the detailed analysis sheet for doubly-fed induction generators article analysis.
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===Top Cited Patents===
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
* Below table shows a sample representation of white space analysis for controlling DFIG parameters with converters, based on the sample analysis.
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="14" width="20%"
| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''White Space of converters used to control'''</font></center>| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Active power'''</font></center>| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Reactive Power'''</font></center>| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Decoupled P-Q control'''</font></center>| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Field oriented control'''</font></center>| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Direct torque control'''</font></center>| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Speed control'''</font></center>| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Frequency Control'''</font></center>| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Pitch control'''</font></center>| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''PWM Technique'''</font></center>| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Low voltage ride through'''</font></center>| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Network fault/Grid fault'''</font></center>| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Faults'''</font></center>| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Temp control'''</font></center>
|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Grid Side active converters'''</font></center>
|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070052394%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070052394&RS=DN/20070052394 US20070052394A1]
[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060028025%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060028025&RS=DN/20060028025 US20060028025A1]
[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220090008938%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090008938&RS=DN/20090008938 US20090008938A1]
|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Grid side passive converters'''</font></center>
|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030151259%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030151259&RS=DN/20030151259 US20030151259A1]
|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030151259%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030151259&RS=DN/20030151259 US20030151259A1]
|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Rotor side converter'''</font></center>
|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220100142237%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20100142237&RS=DN/20100142237 US20100142237A1]
[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070052394%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070052394&RS=DN/20070052394 US20070052394A1]
[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220090008938%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20090008938&RS=DN/20090008938 US20090008938A1]
|-
| style="background-color:#99ccff4F81BD;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Matrix converters'''</font></center>
|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;"| [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020079706%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020079706&RS=DN/20020079706 US20020079706A1]
'''Dashboard Link'''<br>
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|'''[httphttps://clientwww.dolcera.com/auth/dashboard/dashboard.htmlphp?workfile_id=825 Doubly Fed Induction Generator - Dashboard] '''
|width="100"|[[Image:dashboard_thumb.png|center|100px|]]
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==Key Findings==
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