Changes

Ureteral Stent

6,376 bytes added, 13:45, 27 July 2015

/* Dolcera Dashboard */

~~== Phase 1: Landscape overview =====~~ '''This is a landscape report on the Ureteral ~~Stent: Concept ===An antimicrobial ureteral~~ stentmarket, ~~which inhibits encrustation~~ including key company profiles, products, patents and ~~bacterial colonization while maintaining patient comfort~~relevant clinical trials.'''

* ~~Ureteral stent: resists migration, resists fragmentation,~~ '''''What is ~~kink resistant and radiopaque.~~* Bacterial colonization: antimicrobial activity for up to two weeks.* Patient Comfort: it?''''' A ureteral stent ~~has~~ is a ~~low coefficient~~ specially designed hollow tube, made of ~~fiiction (value) for ease of insertion and will soften on implant at body temperature to maintain patient comfort~~a flexible plastic material that is placed in the ureter.

~~=== Background ===~~ ~~Ureteral stents are used in urological surgery to maintain patency~~ *'''''Need for a ureteral stent:''''' In patients who have, or might have, an obstruction (blockage) of the ~~ureter to allow urine~~ kidney, an internal drainage ~~from~~ tube called a ‘stent’ is commonly placed in the ~~renal pelvis to~~ ureter, the tube between the kidney and the bladder. ~~These devices can be~~ This is placed by a number of different endourological techniques. They are typically inserted through a cystoscope and may also be inserted intraoperatively. Indwelling ureteral stents help to reduce complications and morbidity subsequent to urological and surgical procedures. Frequently, ureteral stents are used to facilitate drainage there in~~conjunction with Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) and after endoscopic procedures. They are also used~~ order to ~~internally support anastomoses and~~ prevent ~~urine leakage after surgery. Ureteral stenting may almost eliminate~~ or temporarily relieve the ~~urological complications of renal transplantation~~obstruction.

~~The advent of ESWL and the more recent barrage of endourological techniques have increased the indications for ureteral stents (Candela and Bellman 1997)~~==Background==[[Image:Ureteral_Stent. ~~Indications for use include~~png|thumb|200px|<center>[http:* Treatment of ureteral or kidney stones* Ureteral trauma or stricture* Genitourinary reconstructive surgery* Hydronephrosis during pregnancy* Obstruction due to malignancy* Retroperitoneal fibrosis//www.pnnmedical.com/urology/professionals/products/memokath%E2%84%A2-051-ureter.aspx '''Ureteric Stent''']</center>]]

~~The need for ureteral~~ Ureteral stents ~~range~~ are used in urological surgery to maintain patency of the ureter to allow urine drainage from the renal pelvis to the bladder. These devices can be placed by a ~~few days~~ number of different endourological techniques. They are typically inserted through a cystoscope and may also be inserted intraoperatively. Indwelling ureteral stents help to ~~several months~~reduce complications and morbidity subsequent to urological and surgical procedures. ~~For patients~~ Frequently, ureteral stents are used to facilitate drainage in conjunction with ~~serious~~ Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) and after endoscopic procedures. They are also used to internally support anastomoses and prevent urine leakage after surgery. Ureteral stenting may almost eliminate the urological ~~problems,~~ complications of renal transplantation.An antimicrobial ureteral stent ~~maintenance may become a life-long necessity~~, which inhibits encrustation and bacterial colonization while maintaining patient comfort. ~~Unfortunately~~* Ureteral stent: resists migration, ~~there are many problems associated with using ureteral stents~~resists fragmentation, is kink resistant and radiopaque.* Bacterial colonization: antimicrobial activity for up to two weeks.* Patient Comfort: stent has a low coefficient of friction (value) for ease of insertion and will soften on implant at body temperature to maintain patient comfort.

~~=== Ureteric stenting difficulties ===~~'''[[~~Image:Ureteral stent~~more on background...~~jpg|thumb|right|350px|Double-J and Pigtail ureteral stents~~]]~~{|border="2" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="4" width="50%"|align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|'''Common'''|align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|'''Rare~~'''~~~~

|-|* Trigonal irritation* Haematuria* Fever* Infection* Tissue inflammation* Encrustation* Biofilm formation|* Obstruction* Kinking* Ureteric rupture* Ureteric perforation* Stent misplacement* Stent migration* Stent misfit* Stent forgotten* Tissue hyperplasia|}=Market Overview=

~~Today, elastomeric materials, such as silicones, polyurethanes and hydrogel-coated polyolefins are used, with no clear winner, which~~ Market for ureteral stent can ~~withstand the urinary environment~~be analyzed by estimating market for each of Ureteral Stent’s fundamental use. * Although silicone has better longOther uses of Ureteral Stent include Post-~~term stability than other stent materials~~surgical swelling/infection of uterus, ~~its extreme flexibility makes it difficult to pass over guidewires and through narrow or tortuous ureters.~~ * Polyethylene is stiffer and easier to use for patients with strictures; however, it has been known to become brittle with time leading to breakage and is no longer commercially available. * Polyurethane has properties that fall in between polyethylene and silicone; however, stent fracture also has been an issue with polyurethanesActive kidney infection etc.

~~Attempts have been made to develop polymers with a combination of the best of all properties~~'''[[more on market overview. ~~The key players are C-Flex (Concept Polymer Technologies), Silitek and Percuflex (Boston Scientific)~~.* C-Flex is proprietary silicone oil and mineral oil interpenetrated into a styrenelolefin block copolymer with the hope of reduced encrustation.* Silitek (Medical Engineering Corporation) is another silicone-based copolymer. * Percuflex is a proprietary olefinic block copolymer. ]]'''

~~Metallic stents~~ =Interactive Mind Map=* To access the Dashboard you have ~~been used recently~~ to ~~treat extrinsic ureteric obstructions~~signup. ~~The effect of synthetic polymers~~ You can do so by clicking [https://www.dolcera.com/auth/index.php/login '''here''']*''Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the ~~urothelium of~~ detailed taxonomy''*''Click on the ~~urinary tract seems~~ red arrow adjacent to ~~be dependent on~~ the ~~bulk chemical composition of~~ node name to view the ~~polymer,~~ content for that particular node in the ~~chemical composition of its surface, coatings~~ dashboard'' *''Click on the ~~devicesurface, smoothness of~~ "+" sign to zoom the ~~surface~~ mindmap and ~~coefficient of friction.~~"-" sign to shrink the mindmap''{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"

~~Typically, most ureteral stents are made of relatively smooth catheters.~~ |<mm>[~~http://www~~[Ureteral_Stent_Patent_Categorization.~~ncbi.nlm.nih.gov~~mm|flash|Patent Categorization|600pt]]</pubmed/10772512 Koleski et al., (2000)] tested a longitudinally grooved ureteral stent made by Circon in the pig ureter. The results indicated that the grooved stent led to better drainage than a conventional stent. Their opinion is that the ureter wall has a better chance of collapsing over asmooth surface than a grooved surface, especially when debris is present. Stoller (2000) had the same experience with the SpiraStent(Urosurge Corp.). This helical stent was superior at passing stones than a conventional smooth stent.mm>

There are a variety of ureteral stent configurations with different anchoring systems. Most stents today have a double [http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067360002674X pigtail anchoring system]. (Tolley, 2000), Dunn et al, (2000) conducted a randomized, single-blind study comparing a Tail stent (proximal pigtail with a shaft which tapers to a lumenless straight tail) to a double pigtail stent. The Tail stent was found to be better tolerated than the double-pigtail concerninglower urinary tract irritative symptoms. A double-J ureteral stent and a flexible ureteropyeloscope are shown in the first diagram. The other two diagrams show a pigtail ureteral stent in place; the end of the pigtail is facing away fiom the ureteral opening in the second of these two diagrams.|}

Early adverse effects of ureteral stenting include lower abdominal pain, dysuria, fever, urinary frequency, nocturia and hematuria. Patient discomfort and microscopic hematuria happen often. Major late complications include stent migration, stent fragmentation or more serious hydronephrosis with flank pain and infections. =Patents=

Late complications occurred in one third of the patients in a prospective study using both silicone and polyurethane double pigtail stents (110 stents) in 90 patients. Stent removal was necessary in these patients. Others also have found this percentage of late complications. Device-related urinary tract infection and encrustation can lead to significant morbidity and even death and are the primary factors limiting long-term use of indwelling devices in the urinary tract. Microbial biofilm and encrustation may lead to stone formation. This is typically not a problem when stents are used

~~for short-term indications. Problems of biofilm formation, encrustation and stent fracture occur in patients with long-term indwelling stents.~~

Typically, manufacturers advise periodic stent evaluation. Cook polyurethane stent removal is recommend at 6 months and 12 months for silicone (Cook product literature). However, stents that are intended for long-term use are usually changed at regular intervals, as frequently as every 3 months==Patent Search Strategy==[[Image:Patent Search Strategy.jpg|700px]]

Forgotten stents are a problem. Monga et al., 1995 found that 68% of stents forgotten more than 6 months were calcified and 10% were fragmented. Multiple urologic procedures were necessary to remove the stones. Long-term effects of these forgotten stents may lead to voiding dysfunction and renal insufficiency. Schlick, et al., 1998 are developing a biodegradable stent that will preclude the need for stent removal.

~~==== Encrustation ====~~

The urinary system presents a challenge because of its chemically unstable environment. Long-term biocompatibility and biodurability of devices have been problems due to the supersaturation of uromucoids and crystalloids at the interface between urine and the device. Encrustation of ureteral stents is a well-known problem, which can be treated easily if recognized early. However, severe encrustation leads to renal failure and is difficult to manage (Mohan-Pillai et al., 1999). All biomaterials currently used become encrusted to some extent when exposed to urine.

The encrusted deposits can harbor bacterial biofilms. In addition, they can render the biomaterial brittle which causes fracture in-situ, a serious problem especially associated with the use of polyethylene and polyurethane ureteral stents (although silicone stents have also been~~reported to fracture). Stent fragments can migrate to the bladder or renal pelvis with serious repercussions.~~== Dolcera Dashboard ==

Surface science techniques were used to study three stent types after use in patients. The stent type, duration of insertion and age or sex of the patient did not correlate significantly with the amount of encrustation (Wollin et al., 1998). However, it has been suggested that factors which affect the amount of encrustation include the composition or the urine, the type of invading and colonizing bacteria and the structure and surface properties of the biomaterial used (Gorman 1995). A low surface energy surface seems to resist encrustation compared with a high surface energy surface (Denstedt et al., 1998).

~~Many different types of stone can form in the urinary tract~~'''Dashboard Link''' {|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"|'''[https://www. ~~Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid and cystine stones are metabolic stones because they form as a result of metabolic dysfunction~~dolcera. ~~They usually are excreted from the urinary tract~~com/auth/dashboard/dashboard. ~~Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) and hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate) are associated with infection (infection stones)~~php?workfile_id=1008 Ureteral Stent - Dashboard] '''|width="100"|[[Image:dashboard_thumb. ~~These account for 1520% of urinary calculi. ESWL~~ png|center|100px|]]|-|}*Flash Player is ~~used~~ essential to ~~break up~~ view the ~~larger infection stones because they don't pass; recurrence of~~ Dolcera Dashboard* To access the ~~problem occurs with incomplete removal~~Dashboard you have to signup. ~~Infection stones~~ You can ~~manifest as poorly mineralized matrix stones, highly mineralized staghorn calculi or as bladder stones which often form in the presence of ureteral stents~~do so by clicking [https://www. ~~Urea-splitting bacteria colonize the surface and cause alkalinization of the urine, which lowers the solubility of struvite and hydroxyapatite, and they deposit on the surface~~dolcera. Bacterial biofilm associated with encrustation is a common clinical occurrence. (Gorman and Tunney, 1997). It has been suggested that prevention of bacterial colonization would prevent encrustation because of their ultimate responsibility for its formation (Bibby et al., 1995)com/auth/index.php/login '''here''']

An in vitro model was developed that produces encrustation similar to those seen in vivo (Tunney et al., 1996a). An experiment was conducted to compare the encrustation potential of various ureteral stent materials. The long-term struvite and hydroxyapatite encrustation of silicone, polyurethane, hydrogel-coated polyurethane, Silitek and Percuflex were compared. All of the materials developed encrustation, however, it was found by image analysis that the rates of encrustation varied on the different materials. Silicone had less encrustation (69% at 10 weeks) compared to the other materials (1 00%) at the same time point (Tunney et al., 1996b). Continuous flow models have also been developed which are more representative of conditions in the upper urinary tract. They are discussed by Gorman and Tunney, (1 997). Efforts to reduce encrustation using new materials, smoother~~surfaces and hydrogel coatings have been attempted.~~ = Clinical Trials =

A hydrogel-coated C-flex stent (Hydroplus, Boston Scientific) was shown to have less epithelial cell damage and encrustation than other biomaterials and was recommended by the investigators for long-term use (Cormio, 1995). In addition, a poly(ethy1ene oxide)/polyurethane composite hydrogel (Aquavenem, J & J) resisted intraluminal blockage in a urine flow model compared with silicone and polyurethane (Gorman et al., 1997a). Another advantage with Aquavene is that it is rigid in the dry state, which facilitates insertion past obstructions in the ureter and becomes soft on hydration providing comfort (Gorman and Tunney, 1997). Gorman et al. (1997b) concluded that the chance of stent fracture would be reduced if the ureteral stent side holes were eliminated. Urinary tract infection is another common major problem with the usage of ureteral stents. Initially, a conditioning film is deposited on the ureteral stent surface. The film is made up of proteins, electrolyte materials and other unidentified materials that obscure the surface properties of the stent material. Electrostatic interactions, the ionic strength and pH of the urine and differences in fluid surface tensions affect bacterial adhesion to the conditioning film. Subsequently, a microbial biofilm forms over time. The biofilm is composed of bacterial cells embedded in a hydrated, predominantly anionic mixture of bacterial exopolysaccharides and trapped host extracellular macromolecules.==New trials ==

{|border "1" style=~~===Obstruction====~~Obstruction of urine flow and urinary tract sepsis can result in continued growth of the biofilm. Colonization of devices implanted in the urinary tract can lead to dysfunction, tissue intolerance, pain, subclinical or overt infection and even urosepsis. Device related infections are difficult to~~treat and device removal is usually necessary. The biofilm has been found to impede the diffusion of antibiotics~~"border-spacing:0; in addition, the bacteria in the biofilm have a decreased metabolic rate , which also protects them against the effects of antibiotics (Wollin et al., 1998). Riedl, et al. (1 999) found 100% ureteral stent colonization rates in permanent and 69.3% in temporary stents. Antibiotic prophylaxis did not prevent bacterial colonization and it was recommended that it not be used.On the other hand, Tieszer, et al. (1 998) believe that fluoroquinolones can prevent infection. They also have found that some stents have denser encrustation than others, however, the stent material did not change the elements of the "~~conditioning film" adsorbed or alter its receptivity tobacterial biofilms.~~ | style=~~===Infection====~~The predictive value of urine cultures in the assessment of stent colonization was examined in 65 patients with indwelling ureteral stents. It was found that a sterile urine culture did not rule out the stent itself being colonized (Lifshitz, et al., 1999). Patients with sterile urine culture~~may benefit from prophylactic antibiotics; however, the authors contended that the antibiotics must work against gram~~"background-~~negative uropathogens and gram-positive bacteria including enterococci.~~It is obvious that there is controversy in the literature whether prophylactic systemic antibiotics are useful with ureteral stent implant. However, antibiotics do not seem to prevent stent colonization. Denstedt et al. (1998) have found that ciprofloxacin, with a 3 day burst every 2weeks, actually is adsorbed onto the stent which makes longer term treatment possible with reduced risk of bacterial resistance. There has been research targeted at coating or impregnating urinary catheters with antimicrobials and products are on the market, however, there are no antimicrobial ureteral stents approved by the FDA. ~~=== The market need ===It is clear that there is a need for a new material that will be able to resist encrustation and infection in the urinary tract. According to Merrill Lynch, ureteral stents represent an $80 MMUS market. Boston Scientific is in the lead with ~50% of the market followed by Maxxim (Circon), Cook and Bard is a smaller player. There are a number of other small contenders.~~ ~~The use of ureteral stents is increasing~~color:#4f81bd; the indications for ureteral stenting have broadened from temporary or permanent relief or ureteric obstruction to include temporary urinary diversion following surgical procedures such as endopyelotomy and ureteroscopy and facilitation of stone clearance after ESWL (Tolley, 2000). The use of ureteral stents for patients having ESWL for renal calculi is however controversial and seems to be related to the size of the stones and invasiveness of the procedure. According to survey results reported by Hollowell, et al. (2000), there is a significant difference in opinion concerning the use of stents with ESWL. The number of ureteral stents used in patients with stones 2 cm or less treated with ESWL is significant in spite of the lack scientific evidence in support of this practice. Of 1,029 urologists returning surveys, for patients with renal pelvic stones 10, 15 or 20 rnm treated with ESWL, routine stent placement was preferred by 25.3%, 57.1 % and 87.1 %, respectively. Urologists recommend using ureteroscopy rather than ESWL for distal ureteral calculi 5-1 padding:0 mm. =079cm;"|<center>'''S.* This data is for women in US in different age groups and having different level of severityNo.'''</center>* Prevalence increased with age, from 28% for 30| style="background- ~~to 39-year-old women to 55% for 80- to 90-year-old women~~color:#4f81bd;padding:0.* 18% of respondents reported severe UI.* The prevalence of severe UI also increased notably with age, from 8% for 30- to 39-year-old women to 33% for 80- to 90-year-old women.* Among all, 9% reported slight UI, 15% reported moderate UI, 18% reported severe UI, and 58% reported no UI.079cm;"| <BRcenter>'''Title '''</center>{|~~border~~style="2background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;" ~~cellspacing~~|<center>'''Conditions '''</center>| style="4background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;" ~~width~~| <center>'''Intervention: Device'''</center>|~~align~~ style= "background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center~~" colspan~~ >'''~~Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in US Women~~Sponsors and Collaborators '''</center>

|~~align~~ style= "background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|~~'''Age (in yrs)'''~~[http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00250406?term=ureteral+stent&rank=1 Assessment of Drug-Eluting Ureteral Stent on Bacterial Adherence and Biofilm Formation]|~~align~~ style= "~~center~~background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Renal Calculi, Ureteral Obstruction| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Ureteral Stent| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|~~'''Population with Urinary incontinence (in %)'''~~Lawson Health Research Institute, Boston Scientific Corporation

|~~align~~ style= "background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|40[http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00581178?term=urologic+stent&rank=3 Study to Determine if There Are Specific Clinical Factors to Determine Stent Encrustation]| style="background-49color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Kidney Stones|~~align~~ style= "~~center~~background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| N\A| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|~~41%~~University of California, Irvine

|~~align~~ style= "background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|60[http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00166361?term=urologic+stent&rank=1 Drainage of Malignant Extrinsic Ureteral Obstruction Using the Memokath Ureteral Stent]| style="background-69color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Ureteral Obstruction|~~align~~ style= "~~center~~background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Memokath 051 Ureteral Stent| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|~~51%~~Mayo Clinic Engineers & Doctors Wallsten Medical Group

|~~align~~ style= "padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>| style="padding:0.079cm;"|70[http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00739284?term=urologic+stent&rank=15 A Prospective Comparison Between Ureteral Stent and Nephrostomy Tube for an Urgent Drainage of Obstructed Kidney (JJVsPCN08)]| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Kidney Disease| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Nephrostomy tube and ureteral stent| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Rabin Medical Center |} == Concluded trials =={| {{table}}| style="background-79color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''S.No. '''</center>|~~align~~ style= "background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''Title'''</center>|~~55%~~style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''Abstract'''</center>| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''Enrollment'''</center>| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''Disorder'''</center>| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''Conclusion'''</center>

|~~align~~ style= "background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>1</center>| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|80Long-90term outcome of permanent urethral stents in the treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia |~~align~~ | style= "~~center~~background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|~~54%~~To evaluate the long-term efficacy of a permanently implanted urethral stent in the treatment of spinally injured patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|13|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Stenting is an effective alternative to sphincterotomy in the long-term, although secondary bladder neck obstruction is a frequent problem.

| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>

| Nephrostomy Tube or 'JJ' Ureteric Stent in Ureteric Obstruction: Assessment of Patient Perspectives Using Quality-of-Life Survey and Utility Analysis||Upper urinary tract obstruction is often relieved by either a percutaneous nephrostomy tube (PCN) or a ureteric stent. Both can cause considerable morbidity and reduce patient's health-related quality of life (QoL). We have compared the QoL in these 2 groups.||34||Upper urinary tract obstruction||Patients with 'JJ' stents have significantly more irritative urinary symptoms and a high chance of local discomfort than patients with nephrostomy tubes (PCN). However, based on the EuroQol analysis, there is no significant difference in the gross impact on the health-related QoL or the utility between these groups indicating no patient preference for either modality of treatment.

| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>

| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Impact of stents on urological complications and health care expenditure in renal transplant recipients: results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial.|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|A randomized, prospective trial to compare the incidence of early urological complications and health care expenditures in renal transplant recipients with or without ureteral stenting.|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|201|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Renal transplant recipient|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Using a ureteral stent at renal transplantation significantly decreases the early urinary complications of urine leakage and obstruction. However, there is a significant increase in urinary tract infections, primarily beyond 30 days after transplantation. Stent removal within 4 weeks of insertion appears advisable.

~~[http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/165/5/537 Source]~~

~~'''Urinary incontinence severity among different age groups in US women:''' ~~

~~[[Image:urinary incontinence severity.jpg|center|500px|thumb|[http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/165/5/537 Source]]]~~

~~'''~~==Pre-Market ~~potential for~~ Notification== Some of the companies active in the field of ureteral stents~~:'''~~have been represented in the table below.

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"|~~align~~ style= "background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''S.No. '''</center>| style= "6background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>'''~~Market potential for ureteral stents in US, 2009~~Company '''</center>| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Device '''</center>| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Approval '''</center>| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Date of Approval '''</center>| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Material '''</center>| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Technology '''</center>| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Indwelling Time (days) '''</center>

|~~Age groups~~style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>|~~Female population~~style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <brcenter>[http://www.bardurological.com/products/categoryTwo.aspx?bUnitID=3&catOneID=71 Bard Urological]</center>~~(from US census data)~~|~~Prevalence rate in female~~ style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[[Image:InLay_Optima.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>InLay Optima</center>|[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3∏ID=225 <center>InLay Optima</center>]]]| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=16869 FDA 510(%k)]</center>|~~Market potential~~style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Dec 2004</center>|~~Catherization rate (%)~~style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Silicone|~~Stent market based on catherization rate~~style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Double pigtail with monofilament suture loop| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>365</center>

|40style="background-49color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>|~~22074384~~style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/familyListingAction.do?family=Ureteral+Stents Cook Medical]</center>|~~41%~~style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| [[Image:Resonance.png|thumb|center|100px|[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=4418 <center>Resonance</center>]]]|~~9050497~~style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=23620 FDA 510(k)]</center>|style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.~~123%~~079cm;"| <center>May 2007</center>|~~11132~~style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Metal| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Temporary stenting| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>365</center>

|~~60-69|14605565|51%|7448838~~|style="padding:0.~~160%~~079cm;"|~~11918~~|-~~|70-79|9046207|55%|4975414~~|0<center>[http://www.fossamedical.~~172%|8558~~|-~~|≥ 80|7216598|54%|3896963~~com/news.htm CE Mark]</center>|style="padding:0.~~044%|1715~~|-~~|Total|&nbsp~~079cm;"|~~ ~~<center>Sep 2005</center>~~|41053950| |48203~~

| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>

| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pnnmedical.com/urology/professionals/products/memokath™-051-ureter.aspx Pnn Medical A/S]</center>

| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| [[Image:Memokath_051.png|thumb|center|100px|[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CC4QFjAD&url=http://www.hammer.pl/pliki/147_2.pdf&rct=j&q=memokath%20051&ei=MfhATezNIoaqvQP-_ZGtAw&usg=AFQjCNFR-ZFsu33rk6B9Flq1tCsYBZyXMw&cad=rja <center>Memokath 051</center>]]]

| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pnnmedical.com/about-pnn-medical/company-history.aspx CE Mark]</center>

| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1995</center>

| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Nickel-titanium shape memory alloy

| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Double fluted ended spiral stent

| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>240</center>

* Prevalence rate in US female is growing at a CAGR of 1.19%* Ureteral stent market is growing at a CAGR of 1.47%~~ '''Ureteral stent market forecast in US (female)'''[[Image:stent market forecast.jpg|center|600px]]~~=Products=

The FDA classifies a ureteric stent as follows: * TITLE 21 - FOOD AND DRUGS* CHAPTER I - FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES* SUBCHAPTER H - MEDICAL DEVICES* PART 876 - GASTROENTEROLOGY-UROLOGY DEVICES* Subpart E - Surgical Devices* Sec. 876.4620 - Ureteral stent. * Classification - class II device [~~[Detailed calculation workbook]~~http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/SCRIPTS/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFR.cfm?fr=876.4620&Term=ureter%20stent Code of Federal Regulations]

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding= ~~Intellectual property~~ "4" width="100%"|align ="center" bgcolor ="#4f81bd"|'''Sr. No.'''|align ="center" bgcolor ="#4f81bd"|'''Company'''|align ="center" bgcolor = ~~Search strategy~~ "#4f81bd"|'''Device(s)'''|align ="center" bgcolor ="#4f81bd"|'''Approval'''|align ="center" bgcolor ="#4f81bd"|'''Approval Date'''* Databases searched|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Material'''|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Technology'''|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Indwelling Time (days)'''|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Image'''|-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|'''1'''|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http: US//www.allium-Gmedical.com/?categoryId=64772 Allium, USIsrael]|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.allium-~~A, EP-A, EP-B, WO, JP, DE, GB, FR~~medical.com/?categoryId=64772 URS]* Search scope|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http: ~~Title~~//www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-165990208.html CE Mark]|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Jul, ~~Abstract or Claims~~2007* Years: 1981|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Nickel-~~July 2008~~titanium shape memory alloy covered by polymer* Search query: (ureter* OR urether* OR ureth* OR uretr*) AND (|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Self-expanding stent*) AND (*microb* OR *bacter*)* Results|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| |bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image: ~~'''177 patents (82 unique patent families)'''~~656px-Allium.jpg|thumb|center|100px|<center>Allium</center>]]

~~==== Sample patents ====~~

~~{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"~~

~~|- style="background:lightgrey"~~

~~!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|Patent~~

~~!bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|Assignee~~

~~!bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|Title~~

~~!bgcolor = "#00CCFF"|Abstract~~

!|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|[http://~~patft~~www.~~uspto~~pnnmedical.~~gov~~com/~~netacgi~~urology/~~nph~~professionals/products/memokath™-~~Parser~~051-ureter.aspx Pnn Medical A/S]|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|[http://www.google.com/url?~~Sect1~~sa=~~PTO1~~t&~~Sect2~~source=~~HITOFF~~web&dcd=~~PALL~~4&pved=10CC4QFjAD&uurl=~~%2Fnetahtml%2Fsrchnum~~http://www.hammer.pl/pliki/147_2.~~htm~~pdf&rrct=1j&fq=Gmemokath%20051&lei=50MfhATezNIoaqvQP-_ZGtAw&s1usg=~~6468649.PN.~~AFQjCNFR-ZFsu33rk6B9Flq1tCsYBZyXMw&OScad=~~PN/6468649&RS~~rja Memokath 051]|align =PN"center"|[http:/~~6468649 US6468649 B1~~/www.pnnmedical.com/about-pnn-medical/company-history.aspx CE Mark]| ~~SCIMED LIFE SYSTEMS INC~~align = "center"|1995| ~~Antimicrobial adhesion surface~~rowspan = "2"|Nickel-titanium shape memory alloy| The present invention provides an implantable medical device having a substrate with a hydrophilic coating composition to limit in vivo colonization of bacteria and fungi. The hydrophilic coating composition includes a hydrophilic polymer with a molecular weight in the range from about 100, 000 to about 15 million selected from copolymers acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, isocrotonic acid and combinations thereofrowspan = "2"|Double fluted ended spiral stent|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|240|rowspan = "2"|[[Image:Memokath_051.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Memokath 051</center>]]

!|align = "center"|[http://~~patft~~www.~~uspto~~zapconnect.~~gov~~com/~~netacgi~~products/~~nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2Fsrchnum~~index.~~htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5554147~~cfm/fuseaction/products_display_detail/eregnum/8021561/owner_operator_number/8021561/product_code/FAD/8021561.~~PN.&OS=PN~~html FDA Listing]</~~5554147&RS=PN~~u></~~5554147 US5554147 A]~~font>| ~~CApHCO, Inc.~~ align = "center"| ~~Compositions and devices for controlled release of active ingredients~~ ~~| A method for the controlled release of a biologically active agent wherein the agent is released from a hydrophobic~~Mar, pH-sensitive polymer matrix is disclosed and claimed. The polymer matrix swells when the environment reaches pH 8.5, releasing the active agent. A polymer of hydrophobic and weakly acidic comonomers is disclosed for use in the controlled release system. Further disclosed is a specific embodiment in which the controlled release system may be used. The pH-sensitive polymer is coated onto a latex catheter used in ureteral catheterization. A common problem with catheterized patients is the infection of the urinary tract with urease-producing bacteria. In addition to the irritation caused by the presence of the bacteria, urease produced by these bacteria degrade urea in the urine, forming carbon dioxide and ammonia. The ammonia causes an increase in the pH of the urine. Minerals in the urine begin to precipitate at this high pH, forming encrustations which complicate the functioning of the catheter. A ureteral catheter coated with a pH-sensitive polymer having an antibiotic or urease inhibitor trapped within its matrix will release the active agent when exposed to the high pH urine as the polymer gel swells. Such release can be made slow enough so that the drug remains at significant levels for a clinically useful period of time. 2004

!|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "5"|'''3'''|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "5"|[http://~~appft1~~www.~~uspto~~fossamedical.~~gov~~com/~~netacgi~~news.htm Fossa Medical]</~~nph-Parser?Sect1~~u>|align =~~PTO1&Sect2~~"center" bgcolor =~~HITOFF&d~~"#dce6f1" rowspan =~~PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum~~"2"|[http://dolcera.~~html&r~~com/upload/files/stonesweeper_fossa_trial.pdf Stone Sweeper]|align =~~1&f~~"center" bgcolor =~~G&l~~"#dce6f1"|[http://www.~~PGNR~~fossamedical.~~&OS=DN~~com/~~20030153983&RS=DN/20030153983 US20030153983 A1~~news.htm CE Mark]| ~~SCIMED LIFE SYSTEMS INC~~align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Sep, 2005|~~Implantable or insertable medical device resistant to microbial growth and biofilm formation~~ bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|Polyurethane| Disclosed are implantable or insertable medical devices that provide resistance to microbial growth on and in the environment of the device and resistance to microbial adhesion and biofilm formation on the devicebgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|Radially expanding stent|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|13|rowspan = "2" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Stone_Sweeper. In particular, the invention discloses implantable or insertable medical devices that comprise at least one biocompatible matrix polymer region, an antimicrobial agent for providing resistance to microbial growth and a microbial adhesionpng|thumb|center|100px|<center>Stone Sweeper</biofilm synthesis inhibitor for inhibiting the attachment of microbes and the synthesis and accumulation of biofilm on the surface of the medical device. Also disclosed are methods of manufacturing such devices under conditions that substantially prevent preferential partitioning of any of said bioactive agents to a surface of the biocompatible matrix polymer and substantially prevent chemical modification of said bioactive agents center>]]

|}align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.fossamedical.com/news.htm FDA 510(k)]|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Aug, 2002

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| align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"| [http://www.~~dolcera~~accessdata.~~com~~fda.gov/~~website_prod~~scripts/~~services~~cdrh/~~ip-patent-analytics-services Patent Analytics Services~~cfdocs/cfPMN/PMNSimple.cfm?db=PMN&ID=K033368 Open lumen stent]|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| [http://www.~~dolcera~~accessdata.~~com~~fda.gov/~~website_prod~~scripts/~~services~~cdrh/~~business-research-services Market Research Services~~cfdocs/cfPMN/PMNSimple.cfm?db=PMN&ID=K033368 FDA 510(k)]|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| ~~[http:~~Nov, 2003|bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|Polyurethane|bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|Pigtail-tipped stent with <nowiki>’</nowiki>Pusher<nowiki>’</~~www~~nowiki>|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"| |align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"| [[Image:Open_Lumen.~~dolcera.com~~png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Open_lumen</~~website_prod/tools/patent-dashboard Purchase Patent Dashboard~~center>]]

|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| [http://www.~~dolcera~~fossamedical.com/~~website_prod~~news.htm CE Mark]</~~services~~u></~~ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Landscape Services]~~font>|align = "center"~~| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/research-processes Dolcera Processes]|align~~ bgcolor = "~~center~~#dce6f1"| ~~[http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/industries Industry Focus]~~Sep, 2005

|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| [http://www.~~dolcera~~accessdata.~~com~~fda.gov/~~website_prod~~scripts/~~services~~cdrh/~~ip-patent-analytics-services~~cfdocs/~~patent-search~~cfPMN/~~patent-landscapes Patent Search Services~~PMNSimple.cfm?db=PMN&ID=K021140 Expanding Ureteral Stent]|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| [http://www.~~dolcera~~accessdata.~~com~~fda.gov/~~website_prod~~scripts/~~services~~cdrh/~~ip-patent-analytics-services~~cfdocs/~~alerts-and-updates Patent Alerting Services~~cfPMN/PMNSimple.cfm?db=PMN&ID=K021140 FDA 510(k)]|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| ~~[http:~~Jun, 2002|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Polyurethane|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Double pigtail stent with <nowiki>’</nowiki>Pusher<nowiki>’</~~www.dolcera.com~~nowiki>|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| |align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| N/~~website_prod/tools Dolcera Tools]~~A

|}~~ ~~align ="center" rowspan ="7"|'''4'''|align = ~~Clinical Trials =~~"center" rowspan ="7"|[http://www.bostonscientific.com/Device.bsci/,,/method/DevHome/navRelId/1000.1003/seo.serve Boston Scientific]|align ="center"|Contour| align="center"|~~'''Title'''~~| align="center"|~~'''Conditions'''~~|Percuflex - proprietary polyolefin copolymer; Hydroplus coating|Fixed and variable length; Tapered tip| align="center"|~~'''Intervention'''~~365| align="center"|~~'''Sponsors and Collaborators'''~~[[Image:Contour.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Contour</center>]]

| ~~[http:~~align = "center"|Percuflex</~~clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00250406?term~~font>|align =~~ureteral+stent&rank~~"center"| |align =~~1 Assessment of Drug-Eluting Ureteral Stent on Bacterial Adherence and Biofilm Formation]~~"center"||~~Renal Calculi, Ureteral Obstruction~~align = "center"|Percuflex|~~Device~~Pigtail|align = "center"|365|align = "center" |[[Image: ~~Ureteral Stent~~Percuflex.png|thumb|~~Lawson Health Research Institute, Boston Scientific Corporation~~center|100px|<center>Percuflex</center>]]

| align = "center"|[http://~~clinicaltrials~~www.~~gov~~google.com/~~ct2~~url?sa=t&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CCkQFjAD&url=http:/~~show~~/~~NCT00288457?term~~www.bostonscientific.com/templatedata/imports/Microsite/Stone-EU/collateral/stone-eu-percuflex-brochure-eng.pdf&rct=~~urologic+stent~~j&~~rank~~q=~~14 Ureteral Stent Length and Patient Symptoms~~percuflex%20brochure&ei=bIE-Tb79HMnqrAf5-_HRCA&usg=AFQjCNEJ-JOc Retromax Plus]|align = "center"|~~Kidney Stones~~|align = "center"|~~Device~~|Percuflex material and Hydroplus coating|Endopyelotomy stent|align = "center"|Post-procedure healing|align = "center" |[[Image: ~~Ureteral Stent~~Retromax_plus.png|thumb|~~Emory University~~center|100px|<center>Retromax Plus</center>]]

| align = "center"|[http://~~clinicaltrials~~www.~~gov~~google.com/~~ct2~~url?sa=t&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CCkQFjAD&url=http:/~~show~~/~~NCT00166361?term~~www.bostonscientific.com/templatedata/imports/Microsite/Stone-EU/collateral/stone-eu-percuflex-brochure-eng.pdf&rct=~~urologic+stent~~j&~~rank~~q=~~1 Drainage of Malignant Extrinsic Ureteral Obstruction Using the Memokath Ureteral Stent~~percuflex%20brochure&ei=bIE-Tb79HMnqrAf5-_HRCA&usg=AFQjCNEJ-JOc Stretch VL Flexima]|align = "center"|~~Ureteral Obstruction~~|align = "center"|~~Device~~|Hydroplus Coating|Variable length coil on distal and proximal ends|align = "center"|90|align = "center" |[[Image: ~~Memokath 051 Ureteral Stent~~Stretch_VL_Flexima.png|thumb|~~Mayo Clinic Engineers & Doctors Wallsten Medical Group~~center|100px|<center>Stretch VL Flexima</center>]]

|align = "center"| [http://~~clinicaltrials~~dolcera.~~gov~~com/~~ct2~~upload/~~show~~files/~~NCT00739284?term=urologic+stent&rank=15 A Prospective Comparison Between Ureteral~~ drug_eluting_ureteral_stent.pdf Drug-Eluting Stent ~~and Nephrostomy Tube for an Urgent Drainage of Obstructed Kidney (JJVsPCN08)~~]|align = "center"|~~Kidney Disease~~|align = "center"|~~Device: nephrostomy tube and ureteral~~ |Percuflex - proprietary polyolefin copolymer|Ketorolac trimethamine loaded stent|align = "center"|~~Rabin Medical Center~~|align = "center"| N/A

|}align ="center" bgcolor ="#dce6f1" rowspan ="6"|'''5'''|align = ~~Concluded trials~~ "center" bgcolor ="#dce6f1" rowspan ="6"|[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/familyListingAction.do?family=~~{| {{table}}~~Ureteral+Stents Cook Medical]| align="center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" |~~'''Title'''~~[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=4418 Resonance]| align="center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" |~~'''Abstract'''~~[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=23620 FDA 510(k)]| align="center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|May, 2007|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Metal|bgcolor = "#dce6f1" |~~'''Enrollment'''~~| align="center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" |~~'''Disorder'''~~365| align="center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" |~~'''Conclusion'''~~[[Image:Resonance.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Resonance</center>]]

| ~~Long-term outcome of permanent urethral stents in the treatment of detrusor~~align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=2055 Sof-~~sphincter dyssynergia~~ flex]|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|~~To evaluate the long-term efficacy of a permanently implanted urethral stent in the treatment of spinally injured patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.~~|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|13|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|~~Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia~~AQ® Hydrophilic Coating|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|~~Stenting is an effective alternative to sphincterotomy in the long-term, although secondary bladder neck obstruction is a frequent problem~~Radiopaque tip and tether for repositioning |align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|180|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Sof_flex.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Sof-flex</center>]]

| ~~Nephrostomy Tube or 'JJ' Ureteric Stent in Ureteric Obstruction: Assessment of Patient Perspectives Using Quality-of-Life Survey and Utility Analysis~~align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|~~|Upper urinary tract obstruction is often relieved by either a percutaneous nephrostomy tube (PCN) or a ureteric stent~~[http://www. ~~Both can cause considerable morbidity and reduce patient's health-related quality of life (QoL)~~cookmedical. ~~We have compared the QoL in these 2 groups~~com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=3627 Endo-Sof]|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|34|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|~~Upper urinary tract obstruction~~|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|~~Patients with 'JJ' stents have significantly more irritative urinary symptoms and a high chance of local discomfort than patients with nephrostomy tubes (PCN)~~AQ® Hydrophilic Coating|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Double pigtail|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|365|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Endo_Sof. ~~However, based on the EuroQol analysis, there is no significant difference in the gross impact on the health~~png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Endo-~~related QoL or the utility between these groups indicating no patient preference for either modality of treatment.~~Sof</center>]]

| ~~Impact of stents on urological complications and health care expenditure in renal transplant recipients~~align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http: ~~results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial~~//www.~~||A randomized, prospective trial to compare the incidence of early urological complications and health care expenditures in renal transplant recipients with or without ureteral stenting~~cookmedical.~~||201||Renal transplant recipient||Using a ureteral stent at renal transplantation significantly decreases the early urinary complications of urine leakage and obstruction~~com/uro/dataSheet. ~~However, there is a significant increase in urinary tract infections, primarily beyond 30 days after transplantation. Stent removal within 4 weeks of insertion appears advisable.~~|}~~====Adverse Events===~~do?id=3643 C-Flex]{|~~border~~align ="2center" ~~cellspacing~~bgcolor ="~~0" cellpadding="4" width="100%~~#dce6f1"| |align = "center" bgcolor = "#~~00CCFF~~dce6f1"|~~'''S. No.'''~~|~~align~~ bgcolor = "~~center~~#dce6f1" | |bgcolor = "#~~00CCFF~~dce6f1"|~~'''Brand Name'''~~Double Pigtail|align = "center" bgcolor = "#~~00CCFF~~dce6f1"|~~'''Adverse Event'''~~180|align = "center" bgcolor = "#~~00CCFF~~dce6f1"|~~'''Date FDA Received'''~~[[Image:C_Flex.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>C-Flex</center>]]

|align = "center" bgcolor = "#~~00CCFF~~dce6f1"|~~'''2'''~~[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/90717.php Endo-Sof Radiance]|align = "~~justify~~center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.~~accessdata~~medicalnewstoday.~~fda.gov/scripts/cdrh~~com/~~cfdocs~~articles/~~cfMAUDE/Detail~~90717.~~CFM?MDRFOI__ID=930422 Boston Scoientific Boston Scientific Ureteral stent System~~php Launch]|align = "~~justify~~center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|~~Fractured~~ Dec, 2007|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Heparin-bonded stent ~~seen under Fluroscopy~~|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| |align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| |bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|~~10/17/2007~~

|align = "center" ~~bgcolor~~ rowspan = "~~#00CCFF~~4"|'''58'''|align = "~~justify~~center" rowspan = "4"|[http://www.appliedmed.com/products/product_card.aspx?section=professionals&proceGroupID=4&groupName=Urology&catID=37&Name=Ureteral+stents Applied Medical Resources, CA, USA]|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/~~cfMAUDE~~cfPMN/~~Detail~~pmn.~~CFM~~cfm?~~MDRFOI__ID~~ID=~~522129 Boston Scientific Bostoon Scientific Micro Vasive Contour VL Ureteral Stent~~4353 Mesh]|align = "~~justify~~center"|~~Broken stent observed during x-ray procedure~~[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=4353 FDA 510(k)]|align = "center"|~~12/12~~Jul, 2001|Polyester mesh|Double-pigtail|align = "center"| |align = "center"| N/~~2003~~A

|}~~[[Media: non patent upload.xls~~align = "center"|~~'''Review Articles''']]~~<brfont color="#0000FF">[[~~Media~~http: ~~non patent upload1~~//www.~~xls|'''Non Patent Analysis''']]~~ appliedmed.com/products/product_card.aspx?section=professionals&proceGroupID=4&groupName= ~~Products =~~Urology&catID=37&Name=Ureteral+stents Silhouette ]{| ~~{{table}}~~align = "center"| | align="center"|~~'''Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc.'''~~|Coil-reinforced; SL-6® hydrophilic coating|Patency Device| align="center"|~~'''Cook Urological Incorporated'''~~| align="center"|~~'''OptiMed Global Care'''~~[[Image:silhouette.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Silhouette</center>]]

| ~~Polaris™ Ultra~~ align = "center"|[http://www.appliedmed.com/products/product_card.aspx?section=professionals&proceGroupID=4&groupName=Urology&catID=37&Name=Ureteral ~~Stent~~ +stents Applied Standard]| ~~Firlit-Kluge Urethral Stent~~align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=124645 FDA 510(k)]| ~~Opti~~align = "center"|Jun, 1999|Proprietary thermoplastic elastomer material; SL-~~J Ureteral Stent System~~ 6® hydrophilic coating|Unique wall construction and enlarged drainage holes |align = "center"| |align = "center" |[[Image:Applied_Std1.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Applied Standard</center>]]

|} align ="center" bgcolor ="#dce6f1"|[http://~~twincities~~www.~~bizjournals~~bardurological.com/~~twincities~~products/~~stories/2008/07/28/story8~~loadProduct.~~html AbbeyMoor Medical Inc.], a med-tech firm that’s developed devices for treating urological disorders, has raised $2.7 million in bridge financing.~~ aspx?bUnitID=3&prodID= ~~Phase 2: Deeper Dive ===== Scenario ===Client wishes to acquire a ureteral stent company.~~ ~~=== Deal analysis for a target company ===[[Image:DealImplications.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Deal implications]~~226 InLay Ureteral Stent] ~~=== Design History File Review: Review components ===~~{| ~~class~~align ="~~wikitable~~center" ~~style~~bgcolor ="~~font-size:90%~~#dce6f1" ~~border~~|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=~~"5" cellspacing="0"~~ 122796 FDA 510(k)]|~~- style="background:lightgrey"~~!align = "center" bgcolor = "#~~00CCFF~~dce6f1" ~~width~~|Dec, 1998|bgcolor ="~~15%~~#dce6f1"|~~Review~~ Silicone!|bgcolor = "#~~00CCFF~~dce6f1" ~~width~~|Tapered tip and lubricious hydrophilic coating |align ="~~30%~~center"~~|Verification~~!bgcolor = "#~~00CCFF~~dce6f1" ~~width~~| |align ="~~40%~~center"~~|Tasks~~!bgcolor = "#~~00CCFF" width="15%~~dce6f1"|~~Expertise~~[[Image:InLay.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>InLay</center>]]

~~!rowspan~~|align ="2center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|~~Design Input~~[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3&prodID=229 Urinary Diversion Stent]| ~~Design input documents for sufficiency~~align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| [http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=86128 FDA 510(k)]|align = "center" bgcolor = "# ~~Check what documents are provided.~~dce6f1"|Apr, 1991|bgcolor = "# ~~Compare document list with standard client document list.~~dce6f1"|Silicone|bgcolor = "# ~~Check whether each specified document has appropriate content.~~dce6f1"| | ~~rowspan~~align ="2center"bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| |align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Urinary_Diversion_Stent.png|thumb|center|100px|~~Quality systems~~<center>Urinary Diversion Stent</center>]]

~~!rowspan~~|align ="3center"|~~Product Performance Specifications (PPS)~~ [http://www.porges.ru/catalog.html?cid=248 Biosoft]| ~~Design inputs correlate adequately to the specifications; DV&V~~ align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=121312 FDA 510(~~design verification and validation~~k) ~~criteria are based on risk management documentation or if the criteria are based on sound statistical sampling plans~~]| align = "center"|Oct, 1998~~# Compare product specifications to design inputs~~|Silicone~~# Check whether appropriate verifications and validations are performed~~|Extreme flexibility~~# Establish if all specifications are linked to design inputs~~|align = "center"| | ~~rowspan~~align ="3center"|~~Quality systems, CAD~~[[Image:Biosoft.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Biosoft</center>]]

~~!rowspan~~|align ="4center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|~~Risk Management Documents~~ '''11'''| ~~Risk Analysis, Design Failure Modes and Effects Analysis~~ align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.teleflex.com/en/emea/productAreas/urology/index.html Teleflex Medical]|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CCQQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myrusch.com%2Fimages%2Frusch%2Fdocs%2FU62C.pdf&rct=j&q=DD%2Bureteral%2Bstent&ei=CcY-TeDWHcrirAfyr4naCA&usg=AFQjCNHSSc9r_DBwotSa_oszWLYMPRuoYg&cad=rja Rüsch Superglide DD]|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=122381 FDA 510(~~DFMEA~~k)~~, Process FMEA, other risk management documentation~~]| align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Jul, 1999|bgcolor = "# ~~Check whether documentation is available~~dce6f1"| WIRUTHAN® (polyurethane) with hydrogel coating|bgcolor = "# ~~Check whether it adheres to appropriate ISO 14971 standards~~dce6f1"| Directable and detachable|align = "center" bgcolor = "# ~~Check whether it adheres to appropriate client standards~~dce6f1"| |~~rowspan~~align ="4center"bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Superglide_DD.png|thumb|center|100px| ~~Quality systems~~<center>Superglide DD</center>]]

| ~~DFMEA links appropriately to the PPS~~align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''12'''|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=cat_menu&maincat=Stone%20Management&catid=122 Gyrus ACMI/Cabot/Acromed/Circon/Surgitek]|align = "center"|[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9257&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Classic closed-tip]|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=68160 FDA 510(k)]|align = "center"|Dec, 1986

| ~~Appropriate DV~~align = "center"|[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&~~V reports and design output documents are referenced correctly as risk mitigation activities in the DFMEA~~pid=9252&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Classic Double pigtail]| align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=111987 FDA 510(k)]|align = "center"|Mar, 1996|Tecoflex® construction|Balanced-curled double pigtail design ~~inputs# Validate that sizes used are within range of risk mitigation criteria~~|align = "center"| |align = "center"|[[Image:Gyrus_Pigtail.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Double Pigtail</center>]]

| ~~PFMEA links appropriately to the process validation protocol acceptance criteria; In~~align = "center"|[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9256&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Double-~~process inspection procedures and~~J]</~~or manufacturing procedures are recorded as appropriate risk mitigation activities in the PFMEA~~u>| align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=74392 FDA 510(k)]~~# Validate the inspection procedures used~~ |align = "center"|Apr, 1988|Silicone|Double-J closed-tip |align = "center"| |align = "center"|[[Image:Gyrus_Double_J.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Double_J</center>]]

~~!rowspan~~|align ="4center"|~~Manufacturing Documents~~ [http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9250&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Multi-flex]| ~~Manufacturing procedures, component specifications, raw material specifications, incoming and in-process inspection procedures for completeness~~align = "center"| |align = "center"| ~~# Verify the Bill of Materials corresponds to raw materials and manufacturing procedures~~|Tecoflex®~~# Correlate incoming and in-process inspection procedures~~ |Two durometers with ~~the process specifications~~helical kidney curls| ~~rowspan~~align ="4center"|~~Material science, manufacturing engineering, quality systems~~|align = "center"|[[Image:Multi_Flex.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Multi-flex</center>]]

|align = "center"|[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9249&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Sof-curl]

|align = "center"|

|Tecoflex®

|Dual-durometer design and exclusive soft bladder helix

|align = "center"|

| ~~Calibration records and preventive maintenance records; in-process / incoming inspection test methods and related test method validations~~align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| '''13'''|align = "center" bgcolor = "# ~~Check the entire equipment-related lifecycle~~dce6f1"|[http://www.amecath.com/ Ameco Medical Industries]|align = "center" bgcolor = "# ~~Check if machine operational qualification was performed~~dce6f1"|[http://www.amecath.com/ Amecath]|bgcolor = "# ~~Check if the measurement equipment was validated~~dce6f1"|-~~!rowspan~~|bgcolor ="2#dce6f1"|~~Validation Report~~| ~~DV&V reports, Shelf-life reports, Biocompatibility test reports, Sterilization reports, Packaging Validation reports, Process Validation Reports~~bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Nitinol; Available with hydrophilic coating|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Double loop stent|align = "center" bgcolor = "# ~~Ensure all reports are available~~ dce6f1"|Short-term and ~~linked together appropriately# Identify all inconsistencies across different reports~~long-term| ~~rowspan~~align ="2center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| ~~Quality systems~~[[Image:Amecath.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Amecath</center>]]

| ~~Design test methods and related test method validations~~align = "center"|'''14'''|align = "center"|[http://www.zapconnect.com/companies/index.cfm/fuseaction/companies_detail/eregnum/9681442.html Angiomed-Movaco (C.R. Bard subsidiary)]|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/devicesatfda/index.cfm?db=pmn&id=K864225 Ureteral Stent Set]|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/devicesatfda/index.cfm?db=pmn&id=K864225 FDA 510(k)]|align = "center"|Jan, 1987|Nitinol|Self-expanding stent

~~# Compare test methods used to those in client and ISO standards# Identify inconsistencies across test methods~~|align = "center"|N/A

=~~== Sample report ==~~Product to Clinical Trial Mapping=~~==== Performance/Functional Characteristics ===={| class~~=~~"wikitable" style~~=~~"font-size:90%" border~~Clinical Timeline Visualization =~~"1" cellpadding~~=~~"5" cellspacing="0"~~ ~~|- style="background~~[[Image:~~lightgrey"~~Timeline.jpg]]~~!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" colspan = "4" |Design Input!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="5%" rowspan="2"~~[[Media:Ureteral_Stents_Timeline dw.xls|~~Design Output~~Ureteral Stent Timeline]]~~!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="5%" rowspan="2"|Design Verification Report #!align~~ = ~~"center" bgcolor~~ Product to Patent Mapping = ~~"#00CCFF" width="5%" rowspan="2"|Status (P/F/R)!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="5%" rowspan="2"|Design Validation Report #!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="5%" rowspan="2"~~[[Image:Product_Patent_Mapping_Screen_Shot.png|~~Status~~ 1000px|centre|thumb|'''Screenshot for the product to patent mapping(~~P/F/R~~Bard and Boston)''']]* Click [[Media:Product_Patent_Mapping_Bard_Boston.xls|-'''Products from Boston Scientific and C R Bard ''']]to download the excel file.~~!align~~ = ~~"center" bgcolor~~ = ~~"#00CCFF" width~~Mapped Patent vs Not Mapped Patents ==~~"20%"|User Needs!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF" width="15%"~~{|~~User Need Rationale!align~~ border= "~~center~~0" ~~bgcolor~~ cellspacing= "~~#00CCFF~~0" ~~width~~cellpadding="~~20%"|Engineering Specification!align = "center" bgcolor = "#00CCFF~~4" width="20100%"~~|Engineering Specification Rationale~~|-[[Image:CRB_Pat.png|~~Provide antimicrobial resistance for up to 2 weeks~~center|~~Ureteral Stent User Survey (Document #XXXXX)~~500px|~~Stent must have chlorohexadine surface concentration of 10-20 mg/cm2 for 3 weeks~~thumb|~~Document #XXXXX~~'''C R Bard''']]|~~Test Document #XXXXX~~[[Image:BS_pat.png.png|~~Report 01-005-06-007~~center|P500px|~~Report 01-005-06-007~~thumb|P'''Boston Scientific''']]

=~~== Potential DHF Review Outcomes ===Based on a review of the above DHF documents a potential outcome for the uretral stent acquisition project could involve the following:# Better explanation of existing design input documents and also better linkage between the design inputs and product specifications.# Creation of some new test methods for design, incoming and in~~Patent-~~process inspections and also include recommendations for the test method validations. Creation of any new DV&V data would be highly unlikely as it could potentially trigger a new submission or a note~~Product-~~to-file to the regulatory agencies.~~# Change in raw materials to better grade materials e.g. Switching resin to a USP Class VI biocompatible resin. This would eliminate some on-going testing but require additional upfront one time biocompatibility testing.~~# Updating drawings based on results from the FAI data.# Converting existing Company Y documents into Company X format and identifying potential gaps and streamlining linkage between raw material specifications and inspection procedures.~~# Identifying installation, operational and process qualification requirements with the assumption that no additional design verification and validation activities are required based on the fact that the device is currently approved for sale in the US and ROW.# Recommend activities necessary for completing packaging, labeling, ship testing and shelf-life testing. Stress should be on being able to leverage existing data for shelf-life without changing the regulatory status of the device. ~~# Company X may want to perform additional biocompatibility testing to create an internal baseline and also update their biocompatibility files.~~# Help streamline suppliers for components when switching over from Company Y to Company X. Search for existing Company X suppliers that can supply off the shelf items that Company Y may be sourcing from other vendors / suppliers.# Identify process improvements that can be rolled into the manufacturing transfer without changing the design and impacting the existing regulatory status for the device e.g. instead of hand mixing pigment to resin use a pre-mixer to control quality of mixing and resulting extrusion or perform the molding and over-molding steps in 1 machine instead of 2 separate molding machines.Clinical Trial Mapping=

~~== Phase 3~~* To access the Dashboard you have to signup. You can do so by clicking [https: ~~Post-acquisition integration ==~~//www.dolcera.com/auth/index.php/login '''here''']~~=== Deadlines ===~~*''Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the detailed taxonomy''*''Click on the red arrow adjacent to the node name to view the content for that particular node in the dashboard'~~Goal~~'*''~~: Switch production transparently~~ Click on the "+" sign to ~~new facilities transparently~~ zoom the mindmap and "-" sign to shrink the ~~distribution system~~mindmap''{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"

{| ~~class~~<mm>[[ureteral_stent_mapping1.mm|flash|Ureteral Stent mindmap|600pt]]</mm> |} =~~"wikitable" style~~Insights=~~"font-size:90%"~~ {|border="~~1" cellpadding="5~~2" cellspacing="0" ~~|- style~~cellpadding="~~background:lightgrey~~4"~~!align~~ width= "~~center~~100%" |bgcolor = "#~~00CCFF~~538ED5" |~~Stage!align~~ ''' '''|bgcolor = "#~~00CCFF~~538ED5" |~~Tasks!align~~ ''' '''|bgcolor = "#~~00CCFF~~538ED5" |~~Milestone payment!align~~ '''Boston Scientific'''|bgcolor = "#~~00CCFF~~538ED5" |~~Date~~'''C R BARD'''

|~~Design~~ align = "center ~~integration plan~~" bgcolor = "#538ED5" rowspan = "4"|'''Products'''|* Gap analysis completion (acquiree)* Gap analysis completion (acquirer)'''Portfolio'''|8 Products|~~September 15, 2008~~6 Products

|~~Design to manufacturing transfer~~'''Material'''|Percuflex - Biocompatible Polymer|~~|December 15, 2008~~Silicone

|~~Equipment transfer~~'''Coating'''|Hydroplus|~~Milestone I payment|Jan 7, 2009~~Licensed from pHreecoat

|~~Shut production at acquiree facility~~'''Shape'''|~~Negotiation for contract extension~~Pigtailed and More|~~Milestone II payment|Feb 15, 2009~~Figure 4 and more

|~~Start production in acquirer facility~~align = "center" bgcolor = "#538ED5"|'''Clinical Trials'''|'''Current Trials'''|Truimph Ureteral stent - Loaded with Triclosan Currently in Phase II (Canada)|~~Feb 7, 2009~~None

|~~Switch to new SKU~~align = "center" bgcolor = "#538ED5" rowspan = "3"|'''Patents'''|'''Coating'''|Therapeutic / Medicinal coatings Magnetic nano particles for MRI Imaging Lubricious coatings helping easy insertion|~~Feb 15, 2009~~Therapeutic coatings

|~~End development of new generation product/s in old facility~~|'''Structure'''|Multiple channels filled with therapeutic agent Multiple collapsible segments preventing fluid passing Renal coil with wick to prevent reflux Stent with beads on its surface Stent with reservoir indicating its release with change in color of urine Expandable and collapsible stent Stents with degradable barbs|~~Feb 7, 2009~~Expandable stents for reducing discomfort

|~~Restart development of new generation product/s post-acquisition~~'''Material'''|Elastically deformable stents Biodegradable polymer based stents Porous polymer for long term implantation Stent with variable hardness|~~Final milestone payment|Mar 1, 2009~~Biodegradable polymers Shape memory alloys General polymer based

==~~= Documents and Ownership =~~Inference == {| ~~class~~border="~~wikitable~~2" ~~style~~cellspacing="~~font-size:90%" border="1~~0" cellpadding="54" ~~cellspacing~~width="082%" |~~- style="background:lightgrey"!align = "center"~~ bgcolor = "#~~00CCFF~~538ED5" |~~Document!align~~ '''Boston Scientific'''|bgcolor = "#~~00CCFF~~538ED5" |~~Owner!align~~ '''C R BARD'''

|~~Product performance specifications~~Relatively late entrant with patents filed post mid 90s|~~Paul Swain|07/27/2008 08:15:35 PST~~Early mover with patents filed in mid 80s

|~~Component specifications~~Increased patent activity since 2000|~~Kevin Teller|06/12/2008 12:22:07 PST~~Patent activity never gained traction

|~~Preclinical test results~~Large number of patents yet to be "productized"|~~Joanne Krannert|07/03/2008 14:17:00 PST~~Few patents yet to be "productized"

|~~Clinical tests~~Some products undergoing clinical trails|~~Joanne Krannert~~No products undergoing clinical trails|~~08/01/2008 08:00:55 PST~~-|Diverse range of products with variation in material and structure|Small product portfolio|-|Seem to be strengthening they market position|Seem to be moving focus away from Ureteral stents market

= Competitive Landscape =

==Major Players==

*Boston Scientific Limited, Abbott, Medtronic and Cook Inc. are the major players in ureteral stent research field.

[[Image:Major playersnew.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Major Players]]

==IP Activity==

*Patenting activity has been high growth rate during the period 2001 to 2005 with a peak no. of patents in year 2005, followed by saturation during the period 2006 to 2008 and after that a gradual declination upto year 2010 in the ureteral stent research area.

[[Image:IPactivity3.png|thumb|center|1000px| IP activity over the years]]

==Sales ==

Total Sales in 2010 - 4.04 Billion USD

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"

|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Company'''

|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Total Sales in 2010'''

|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Urological sales'''

|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Percentage share'''

|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Product portfolio'''

|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Boston Scientific'''

|7800

|661

|8.48

|[http://www.bostonscientific.com/templatedata/imports/Microsite/Stone/collateral/Percuflex-Brochure.pdf Boston_portfolio]

|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''CR BARD'''

|2700

|702

|26.00

|[https://dolcera.net/teamwiki_prod/index.php/BARD_portfolio BARD_portfolio]

|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Cook Medical'''

|1700

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

|[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/familyListingAction.do?family=Ureteral+Stents Cook_portfolio]

|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Medline'''

|4040

|<nowiki>-</nowiki>

|[http://www.medline.com/irj/catalog/search?initialSearchTerms=ureteral%20stent Medline_portfolio]

=[[image:stentshare.jpg |thumb|center|1000px| All figures in USD million ]] =Like this report?==

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~~{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"~~|-~~! style~~=~~"background:lightgrey" | Samir Raiyani~~|-~~| '''Email''':~~ [~~mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com~~[Backup]|-~~| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952~~|}]=

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