Changes
/* Univ Louisiana State */
Univ Louisiana State in 1992 stimulated water, oil or gas production by pressure pulses which are generated by the chemical reaction which produces heat and gas using Aluminum alkyls.
==Propellant Fracturing==
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|align = "center" bgcolor = "#9BBB59" colspan = "4"|'''Propellant Fracturing'''
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|align = "center" bgcolor = "#9BBB59"|'''S.No'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#9BBB59"|'''Inventor'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#9BBB59"|'''Patent'''
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#9BBB59"|'''Comment'''
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|align = "center" bgcolor = "#9BBB59"|1
|align = "center"|'''Carter E. E'''
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5083615.PN.&OS=PN/5083615&RS=PN/5083615 US20110247816A1]</u></font>
|align = "center"|Method and apparatus for increasing well productivity by using solid rocket propellant in the slots.
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|}
'''Carter E. E'''
[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220110247816%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20110247816&RS=DN/20110247816 US20110247816A1] titled "Method and Apparatus for Increasing Well Productivity" by Carter E. E., Hydraulic fracturing is not effective due to the difficulty of controlling the orientation, thickness, and magnitude of the fractures. It also uses very large volumes of chemically treated water which potentially pollute fresh water or cause earth tremors, damage natural impermeable barriers underground allowing water to intrude into new areas. Thus fracturing the wells too vigorously may also risk creating flow paths to adjacent formation layers containing water.
Method and apparatus for increasing well productivity by using explosives such as '''solid rocket propellant''' are typically a mixture of ammonium perchlorate and aluminum powder in a synthetic rubber base. Propellant material were placed in the slot is cut in the wellbore by means of abrasive member. Combustible mixture is placed within the slot at a predetermined pressure such that when ignited, the mixture generates a deflagration gas pulse of suitable pressure, rise time and duration within slot which temporarily alters the orientation of the fracture gradient and hence fractures are created. The created slot is helpful in extracting mineral resources such as natural gas and thermal energy resources from hot rock.
==High pressure & high temperature (HPHT) fracturing==
'''Information from the Articles'''
Bartko et.al., 2009 of '''Saudi Aramco '''studied first application of high density fracturing fluid to stimulate a high pressure & high temperature tight gas producer sandstone formation of Saudi Arabia. High pressure and High Temperature fracturing was performed by using a new fluid system containing '''sodium bromide (Nabr brine), carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG) gelling agent, zirconium cross linker and gel stabilizer'''. The new high density fracturing fluid can be used for high temperature fracturing as it can be stable upto 350 oF. Positive results obtained on field application of this new fluid system in Sarah and Qusaiba formation basin like lower injection rates, delay crosslinking time, good proppant transport capabilities, lower horsepower requirements and a safer work environment....[Contd]
Table shows the comparison made by the author between different fracturing fluids. High density weighted fracs (Sodium bromide frac fluid <nowiki>+</nowiki> special cross linker) shows higher conductivity and lower fracture complex growth as compared to other fluids while high rate water frac shows lower fracture conductivity and higher fracture complex growth.
[[Image:Comparison between different fracturing fluids.jpg|centre|thumb|800px|Comparison between different fracturing fluids]]
'''Summary of High pressure & high temperature (HPHT) fracturing'''
'''High pressure & high temperature (HPHT) '''wells were fractured by''' Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development '''in 2008 using finely processed guar whereas alongwith guar (Carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG) gelling agent), '''Saudi Aramco in 2009 '''used sodium bromide (Nabr brine), zirconium cross linker and gel stabilizer. In 2011, '''Petroleum Development Oman '''used''' '''high''' '''density crosslinked fracturing fluid (sodium bromide <nowiki>+</nowiki> special cross linker) and '''Schlumberger '''used 15% HCl, emulsified acid and diverter fluid for acid refracturing HPHT''' '''wells.
