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/* Introduction */
{{TOCrightEx}}
== Introduction ==
Transportation accounts for 41% of the sources of global warming. Electric vehicles can help dramatically reduce the production of greenhouse gases. Battery systems are the key to the success of electric vehicle technology.
This report describes the technology and patenting trends related to the battery systems used in hybrid vehicles. It also describes in detail the various technical challenges faced by designers of these batteries and the innovative solutions proposed for them. The report also covers the techniques used by Nissan and Toyota's vehicles in this domain.
== Rationale ==
[[image:globalwarming.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Global warming emissions by sector]]
== New Developments ==
===Sample visual interactive model===
<gflash>545 375 http://www.dolcera.com/website/assets/HEV_model.swf</gflash>
The new millennium is bringing a millennial change to the family car. A few years back, the key concerns were:
* Pollution,
* '''SOC''': The State of Charge of a battery is its available capacity expressed as a percentage of its rated capacity
[[Image:Hev layout.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Components of the HEV Battery System]]
== HEV battery system design parameters ==
When overcharge is detected, power generation is controlled/cut-off and when over discharge is detected, power supply to electric motor is stopped. Detection is achieved by appropriate sensors.
'''''This report investigates various procedures available/adopted by various assignees in order to maintain balanced battery pack by avoiding overcharge and/or over discharge.
'''''
|-
! Lead Acid !! Advanced Lead Acid !! Nickel-Metal Hydride
| Can be ruined by completely discharging them || ||
|}
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== HEV battery system concerns ==
=== Assignee wise IP activity ===
Companies with most many patents of HEV battery patents are arranged in decreasing order in below the graphgiven below. Top three players are Nissan motors with (5) patent records to its credit, followed by Toyota with (4) and Acqueous (3).
[[Image:Assignee wise IP.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Assignee wise IP activity]]
=== Competitor and Market Landscape ===
The below left graph given below displays the assignee wise IP activity over years, according to the present data the very first patent pertaining to HEV battery charging system was filed by HYBRICON in 1978 but is not in the race anymore. Though NISSAN, AQUEOUS and TOYOTA seems to be ahead in acquiring max. number of patent to their credits, but not active since 2000. GM and HONDA have bagged a single-single patent of same age in 2003.
The below right graph given below displays the market (countries) eyed by various competitors. The hot market place for most competitors is Japan (17) followed by United States (11) and Germany (04). According to the present data , Nissan seems to be having strong presence in Japan market than rest that rests with 5 patents protected, followed by Aqueous and Toyota.
We will look in to into their technologies in competitor approaches section coming latter in the report.
[[Image:Competitor.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Competitor and Market Landscape]]
=== Distribution of patents based on Technology focus ===
[[Image:Distribution.jpg|thumb|centerright|700px500px|Distribution of patents based on Technology focus]]
The above pie chart displaying various factors has effect on battery charge and discharge. The numbers indicating the distribution of patents in that area are from selected list of patents. The distribution of patents is based on technology focused in the patent.
=== IPMap ===
[[Image:hev_ipmap.jpg|800px]]
== Clustering - Technology focus ==
[[Image:ClusteringCluster.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Clustering - Technology focus]]
== Technology approach ==
=== Competitor's Major Players ===
In technology approach patent and non-patent literature is used to extract information about the technology profile of various assignees such as
* Battery charging system
* Type Types of HEV (Series (SHV)/Parallel (PHV)/Composite (SPHVS))
* Technology Technological strength based on citation analysis
* Product Vs patent identification
=== Toyota Motors ===
* '''Battery type''': Lead-Acid battery
* '''Battery charging system''': The charge to a the DC-battery is provided by from the generating power from a generated by the generator and the regeneration powerfrom power from the drive motor at the time of braking.
* '''Approach1First approach:'''
[[Image:Toyota.jpg]]
* '''Approach2Second approach:'''
[[Image:Toyota2.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Toyota Motors - Technology Approach2]]
The battery is charged from the power generated by the generator and regeneration power from a motor.Electric motor functions as a generator to charge the battery when a hybrid vehicle is restarted after an idling stop released.
* '''Approach1First approach:'''
[[Image:Nissan1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Nissan Motors - Technology Approach1]]
* '''Approach2Second approach:'''
[[Image:Nissan2.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Nissan Motors - Technology Approach2]]
* '''Findings:'''
* JP10295045 (1997):- Battery management system, received 21 forward citations from all big names in a span of 5 years and self- cited twice the same technology indicating strong technology strength and building on its own technology.
* Patent and non-patent information indicate that Nissan’s Nissan has focused much on circuit arrangements for charging or depolarizing batteries or for supplying loads from batteries (H02J 7/00).
* Jointly worked with Sony corp. (1998) developing high power density Li-ion battery for parallel HEV.
* Proposed a novel charge/discharge control system based on car navigation information.
{{btot}}
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