Difference between pages "Ureteral Stent" and "Pressure sensitive adhesives"

Latest revision as of 05:43, 27 July 2015

1 Dashboard
2 Overview
3 Application of PSA
4 Making of PSAs
- 4.1 Effect of important parameters on PSA making and performance
5 PSA performance measurement
6 PSA products
7 Recycling issues with PSA
8 Search strategy
9 Market Information
10 Intellectual Property
- 10.1 Patent Search Table
11 Like this report?
12 Key findings
13 Analysis Sheet
14 Like this report?
15 Contact Dolcera

Dashboard

Dolcera dashboard provides quick and easy navigation through the technology segments. Below is the snapshot of how it look like. Click on the link Dolcera Dashboard for Pressure Sensitive Adhesives.

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Overview

Pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA, self adhesive, self stick adhesive) is adhesive that forms a bond when pressure is applied to marry the adhesive with the adherend. No solvent, water, or heat is needed to activate the adhesive. It is used in pressure sensitive tapes, labels, note pads, automobile trim, and a wide variety of other products.

As the name "pressure sensitive" indicates, the degree of bond is influenced by the amount of pressure which is used to apply the adhesive to the surface.

Surface factors such as smoothness, surface energy, removal of contaminants, etc. are also important to proper bonding.

PSAs are usually designed to form a bond and hold properly at room temperatures. PSAs typically reduce or lose their tack at cold temperatures and reduce their shear holding ability at high temperatures: Specialty adhesives are made to function at high or low temperatures. It is important to choose an adhesive formulation which is designed for its intended use conditions.

Surface Energy

Measuring of Surface Energy

Surface energy is a measure of how well an adhesive wets out over the surface of the material to which it is applied.
The most common method of determining the surface energy is to measure the contact angle of a water droplet on the substrate surface.
The contact angle between the solid and the fluid is the angle measured within the fluid, between the solid surface and the tangent plane to the liquid surface at the point of intersection.
A contact angle of greater than 90° indicates that the fluid (which is ink or adhesive in this case) has not wet the surface. Conversely an angle of less than 90° means that the fluid has wet the surface - if the angle approaches zero then the surface is completely wetted by the fluid.
The surface energy or the wetability of a particular substrate is measured in dynes/cm. Source

Low Surface Energy Substrates

Low energy plastics, such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and Teflon (PTFE) are essentially "non- stick" plastics.
Their molecular structure inhibits the adhesion and printing processes - this molecular structure is basically inert or inactive – these polymers are said to have a low surface energy.
Materials with low surface energy (LSE) do not allow adhesives to wet out, while materials with high surface energy (HSE) provide excellent wet-out, providing the best adhesion.
Rubber-based adhesives usually provide better adhesion to LSE surfaces.
Some substrates require special treatment such as corona treating, primers, top coating, etc., in order to achieve better adhesion.
On some LSE substrates, adhesion levels improve the longer adhesive is applied. Source

Adhesion

Adhesion is the molecular force of attraction between unlike materials.
Adhesion and cohesion, attractive forces between material bodies. A distinction is usually made between an adhesive force, which acts to hold two separate bodies together (or to stick one body to another) and a cohesive force, which acts to hold together the like or unlike atoms, ions, or molecules of a single body.
For example water molecules stick to each other. This is caused by hydrogen bonds that form between the slightly positive and negative ends of neighboring molecules.
Water is found in drops; perfect spheres. It’s hard to imagine water behaving any other way due to cohesion and water molecules stick to other surfaces due to adhesion.Source

Application of PSA

Application in electronics and electrical industry

Electrical grade PSAs are critical components in the design many of today's electrical and electronic components in the electrical industry. The construction of this type of PSA is difficult since lower concentration of conductive filler must be used in order to prevent the drying out of polymer by the conductive filler, with attendant loss of tack. The conductivity of electrically conductive PSA in the direction of pressure action is to a certain extend depend on the direction of pressure applied Florian, 2003

Electrical grade PSAs are designed and manufactured using materials using material that are physically and chemically stable in the presence of humidity and electrical stress. The acrylic high tack PSAs works very well in static and dynamic joints. The PSA agents are used in three forms i.e. modified aqueous dispersions or solutions in different solvents and as hot melts adhesives. PSA tapes find application in electronic assemblies Reliability of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Tapes for Heat Sink Attachment in Air-Cooled Electronic Assemblies

PSA tapes

Application in automobile industry

While mechanical fasteners will always be the choice when maximum torque and linear force are required in automobile industry, pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) can often provide a better method of joining or bonding than traditional screws, nuts, bolts, rivets and welds.

The design, performance, and production reasons for replacing mechanical or fusion fastening methods with PSAs include, but are not limited to:

Distributing stress over the entire bonded area: The concentrated stress of mechanical fasteners can be eliminated and design engineers can specify lighter, thinner materials without sacrificing durability and product integrity.
Bonding dissimilar materials: The ability to bond two totally different substrates can yield a superior combination for product strength and performance. PSAs are an ideal counterbalance for varying factors of expansion between surfaces, such as laminating layers of metal.
Maintaining assembled substrate integrity: Less machining and finishing means more latitude for design engineers and improved aesthetics for greater consumer appeal.
Incorporating fatigue resistance: PSAs bring great flexibility, allowing for high extension and recovery under heavy loads.
Durability by design: PSAs fill voids and gaps and can bond loose-fitting parts.

Increasing production efficiency: PSAs reduce material requirements, provide product weight reduction, require fewer assembly and finishing steps, and minimize training FLEXcon white paper

Medical applications

There are two essential requirements of medical PSAs, that they should stick firmly to a difficult substrate (skin) and that they should be easily and cleanly removed from that substrate when desired. These requirements would seem to be in conflict: a high peel force usually signals the ability to stick firmly, while a low force is needed when removing dressings by peeling.

A number of ways have been considered to resolve this conflict. These may be divided into two broad categories: those that make the best of existing PSA technology, broadly taking a physical approach, and those that introduce novel chemistry into the process. Physical approaches consider such details as the dependence of peel force on peel angle, peel rate, backing materials, the deformation of the skin during peeling and use of barrier films and solvents. As an alternative to simply making the best of the physics of the peeling process, various workers have devised chemical systems for making the adhesive less strongly adhering at the time of removal. These systems usually consist of introducing a ‘switch’ mechanism into a strongly adhering adhesive so that its adherence may be reduced significantly at the time of removal by operation of the ‘switch’. Means of activating the ‘switch’ include: heat (warming or cooling), application of water via an absorbent backing and exposure to visible light. These may produce physical or chemical changes in the adhesive Chivers, 2001

PSAs drive transdermal delivery

Transdermal or through-the-skin delivery of drugs has assumed an important place in drug therapy, eliminating many of the shortcomings of syringes and pills. Active Transdermal Delivery Systems The three most commonly used adhesives used for transdermal delivery are polyisobutylenes, polyacrylates and silicones Tan and Pfister, 1999

Delivery to skin

In a typical disk drive, PSAs are applied to the base casting to secure the motor-mounting flange and motor assembly

Application in aerospace industry

Aerospace manufacturers uses PSAs to assemble sheet-metal components into sub assemblies. The aerospace industry, primarily satellite manufacturers, have expressed the need for a low outgas, thermally stable, adhesive tape which can work at both high, 175ºC, and low, -100ºC, temperatures. New silicone PSA was fabricated to pass, low outgassing requirements of 1% or less Total Mass Loss (TML) and 0.1% or less Collectable Volatile Condensable Materials (CVCM) Riegler, 2005.

Making of PSAs

Although PSPs can be obtained by different polymerization processes (i.e., emulsion, solution, hot-melt, or radiation curing), much attention has recently been devoted to the utilization of more environmentally friendly processes such as emulsion polymerization. Soft polymer networks are commonly used as previous termpressure sensitive adhesivesnext term (PSAs). This is due to their unique ability to deform and yet to resist flow. These contradictory requirements indicate that the mechanical properties are finely tuned, and that the types of deformation upon application are carefully considered. Variety of PSAs can be prepared by mixing a linear vinyl terminated polymer with a silane terminated f-functional cross-linker. Jensen et al., 2009

Sr. No.	PSA process	Chemical composition	Time of launch
1	Solvent-based	Rubber/resin, acrylics, silicones	Since 19th century
2	Hot-melt	Block copolymers, acrylics	1940s
3	Emulsion (water)-based	Acrylics, natural and synthetic rubber, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer	1970s
4	Radiation-cured	Acrylics, rubber	1970s

Sr. No.	Properties	Solvent-based: acrylic	Hot-melt: styrene-isobutylene-styrene.	Emulsion based: acrylics
1	PS performance	Excellent	Excellent	Very good
2	Ease of compounding	Moderate	Difficult	Easy
3	Formulation flexibility	Limited	Excellent	Moderate
4	Coating method flexibility	Limited	Poor	Excellent
5	Ease of changeover	Limited	Poor	Excellent
6	PSA reproducibility	Excellent	Limited	Excellent
7	Aging properties	Excellent	Poor	Excellent
8	Clarity/color	Excellent	Poor	Excellent
9	Safety/toxicity	Poor	Poor	Excellent
10	Raw material costs	High	Low	Medium
11	Coating/compounding costs	High	Medium	Low

Effect of important parameters on PSA making and performance

Effect of polymer molecular weight and crosslinking reactions on the end-use properties of PSAs

In a study wherein polymer molecular weight and polymer microstructure were regulated using different chain transfer agent (CTA) concentrations and by addition of a diacrylic monomer (MM) it was shown that all of the measured adhesion properties strongly depend on molecular weight of the synthesized polymer and on the amount of gel phase Kajtna et al., 2009

Effect of composition on Mechanical behaviours and fracture energy of PSAs

In a study it was shown that the mechanical behaviour depend on their composition but majority of fracture energy is dissipated on the first millimetre near the bending zone where fibrils elongation is maximum. Observations of interfaces between PSAs and glass substrate underline that fracture energy varies linearly according to the contact area Horgnies et al., 2007

Effect of tackifier on PSAs

To study the effect of tackifier (such as hydrogenated cyclo-aliphatic resin) a model system consisting of polystyrene-b-polyisoprene-b-polystyrene triblock copolymer was prepared. Tackifier increased the peel adhesion significantly and the increase became stronger above 40 wt% tackifier. The higher peel adhesion was obtained in the system with the larger amount of agglomerates of tackifier in the polyisoprene matrix. Sasaki et al., 2008

Effect of chain transfer agent and cross-linker concentration in making of PSAs

In a study it was shown that a constant cross-linker concentration, one can manipulate the polymer micro-structure by adding varying amounts of chain transfer agent. Three examples of these micro-structures are depicted below which show a tight gel network with long-chain sol polymers, a loose gel network with shorter sol polymers, and an imperfect gel structure with highly branched sol polymers. By manipulating the micro-structure, previous termpressure-sensitive adhesivenext term performance can be affected. Qie and Dube, 2010

Effect of chain transfer agent and cross-linker concentration in making of PSAs

Effect of flexible substrates on PSAs performance

The fracture energy (fracture toughness) of tapes during globally elastic unpeeling is often calculated from the relation G=P/b(1−cos θ). A study suggested that this expression is correct for elastic peeling from rigid substrates but it gives misleading results when peeling from reversible flexible substrates. Steven-Fountain et al., 2002

PSA performance measurement

PSAs polymeric materials effect tack, peel and shear strength . Inherent properties such as copolymer composition and microstructure, molecular weight and distribution are among the most influential factors affecting PSA properties directly as well as indirectly through their influence on physical properties (e.g., the glass transition temperature, Tg) and thus, rheological properties of the polymer (e.g., viscoelastic regions, moduli).

Therefore, PSA is the result of a fine balance between these three major, interrelated properties.

Tack

It is a measure of the force required to remove, say a foam gasket and its adhesive, from the substrate. It usually refers to the initial attraction of the adhesive to the substrate. Tack can be measured by four basic methods these are loop tack, rolling ball, Quick stick and probe measurement devices. Review Of Methods For The Measurement Of Tack

Peel strength

Peel strength is measured as a force required to remove a standard PSA strip from a specified test surface under a standard test angle (e.g., 90° or 180°) under standard conditions. Much like tack, manufacturers control adhesion to create different products based on user requirements. After a PSA has been applied to the substrate, adhesion continues to increase for a period of time — typically 24 hr.

Shear strength

Shear strength is the internal or cohesive strength of the adhesive mass. Usually, it is determined as the length of time it takes for a standard strip of PSA to fall from a test panel after application of a load. Usually, tack and adhesion decrease as shear strength increases. Emulsion-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives: A Review

PSA products

The most common products that utilize PSAs are tapes, labels, and protective films. The PSA sector is among the fastest growing in the adhesive market, making the search for new pressure-sensitive products (PSP) and applications highly competitive.

PSA tapes: Self-adhesive materials usually produced by coating an adhesive onto a carrier and used as a continuous web.

PSA labels: Self-adhesive laminated carrier materials. The self-adhesive layer is protected with a supplemental material (release liner).

Protective films: Carrier material possesses built-in or built-on self-adhesive properties.

Recycling issues with PSA

PSAs exact a considerable cost on the paper recycling industry, an estimated $700 million per year. Most paper recycling systems converts paper into pulp in presence of water, which is then transformed back into paper. PSAs do not dissolve in water, but rather fragment into smaller particles during the repulping process. These particles are known as stickies, get deformed under heat and pressure, making them difficult to screen or filter out of the pulp. Stickies can become lodged on papermaking and can cause damage to equipment or even in the paper. Source

Sr. No.	"Sticky" PSA Product	Alternative Product/Procedure
1	Address Labels	1. Print addresses directly on envelopes 2. Using glassine (cellulose) film window or filmless window envelopes, and print mailing addresses directly on the letter to show through the window. 3. Handprint addresses directly on large mailing envelopes..
2	Sticky Notes	1.Use scratch paper for notes and secure with paper clips.
3	Postage Stamps	1. Use moisture-activated postage stamps 2. Postal meter that prints postage directly on envelopes or that uses moisture-activated meter tape
4	File Folder Index Labels	1. Handprint file subjects directly on index tabs, instead of using an index label. When recycling file folders with index labels, tear off the index tab.
5	Closure Tabs	1. Sharply folding fliers and newsletters is often sufficient to send them safely and securely through the mail.

Search strategy

Search strategy last updated on: 7th January 2011

Sr. No.	Search string	Hits
Google
1	Pressure sensitive adhesive making	7,510,000
2	Pressure sensitive adhesive application	7,650,000
3	Pressure sensitive adhesive automobile	436,000
4	Pressure sensitive adhesive automotive	479,000
5	Pressure sensitive adhesive drug delivery	275,000
6	Pressure sensitive adhesive tack*	354,000
7	Pressure sensitive adhesive product	8,120,000
8	Pressure sensitive adhesive recycl*	447,000
Google scholar
1	Pressure sensitive adhesive making	21,50,000
2	Pressure sensitive adhesive application	21,50,000
Scirus
1	Pressure sensitive adhesive making	130,055
2	Pressure sensitive adhesive application	200,950
3	Pressure sensitive adhesive product	136,169
Sciencedirect
1	Pressure sensitive adhesive electronics	2,450
2	Pressure sensitive adhesive making	7,212
3	Pressure sensitive adhesive application	15,405
4	Pressure sensitive adhesive automobile	951
5	Pressure sensitive adhesive automotive	1,406
6	Pressure sensitive adhesive drug delivery	2,876
Springerlink
1	Pressure sensitive adhesive making	2,149
2	Pressure sensitive adhesive application	3,901
Google images
1	Pressure sensitive adhesive making	3,580,000
2	Pressure sensitive adhesive application	2,210,000
3	Pressure sensitive adhesive electronics	1,690,000

Market Information

According to a report from the Business Communications Company, the 2001 US market for specialty adhesives was about $5.7 billion, and is forecast to grow at 4.3% per year, with medical and dental applications being the fastest-growing sector at 5.9% per year. Source
Frost and Sullivan report the size of the European PSA market (medical and non-medical) to be $620 million in 2000, forecast to grow to $796 million in 2007. Source
The world value of the overall adhesives market is estimated at US $22 billion.
Total Market Expected to Grow at a CAGR of 9 Percent: The U.S. PSA markets for labels and narrow-web graphics is expected to growth with a CAGR of 9 percent during the years 2006–2012. The total U.S. PSA markets for labels and narrow-web graphics unit shipments are expected to continue to growth at a CAGR of 6.6 percent due to high end-user growth. The UV technology is a new technology that have started to receive wide acceptance in the industry and that segment of the industry is a fragmented and developing segment with growth rates in double digits. While the solvent-based PSAs are expected to show decreasing growth percents, the water-based and solvent-based segments are expected to growth in the lines of the total industry. Source

According to World Adhesives File 2000-2005, the leading handful of adhesives suppliers, including pressure sensitive companies, already controlled almost half the global market in 1999. Henkel leads the way with an estimated 12% global market share, which will probably increase to around 14% with the purchase of Dexter’s adhesives interests. Pressure sensitive suppliers 3M and Avery Dennison are ranked second and third, with 9% and 7% shares respectively, followed jointly by National Starch and H.B. Fuller — both at 6%. The newly enlarged Atofina and Rohm and Haas follow closely behind.” Source
Growth of the world market averages about 2-3% per year.
Packaging adhesives make up the majority of the market.
The electronic and medical adhesives market is currently experiencing the most rapid growth.

Market leaders by country are as follows:
- United States - approximately 2.6 tonnes annually
- China
- Japan
- Germany
- UK
Market leaders by company(which account for one-third of the market share) are:
- Henkel
- 3M
- Avery Denison
- HB Fuller
- National Starch
- Atofina

Intellectual Property

Patent Search Table

Patent search on Micropat Databases searched: USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA
Query.No.	Searched Sections	Years Searched	Query	Hits
1	Claims, Title or Abstract	1836 – Date	(rubber OR acryl* OR silicone OR oil1 OR resin1 OR ethylen* OR isoprene OR terpene OR copolymer* OR vinyl* OR siloxane* ((acid OR anhydride) ADJ1 (acrylic OR crotonic OR (vinyl ADJ1 acetic) OR fumaric OR maleic OR malonic OR succinic OR itaconic OR citraconic)) OR polymer* OR styrene OR ester) SAME (((pressure ADJ1 sensitive) NEAR2 (adhesive OR glue OR paste OR (binding ADJ1 agent) OR (epoxy ADJ1 resin) OR film) OR PSA OR PSAs) OR (adhesion WITH (peel OR tensile OR shear) OR stick) OR (radical ADJ1 (initiator* OR maker*)))	76006
2	Claims, Title or Abstract	1836 – Date	(((low ADJ surface ADJ energy) WITH (substrate1 OR polymer OR compound OR material OR film)) OR (surface ADJ1 tension) OR (surface ADJ1 rough) OR viscosity OR (oily ADJ surface) OR (low ADJ1 energy ADJ1 surface)) AND (polyolefin1 OR polyethylene1 OR polypropylene1 OR (polyvinyl ADJ1 chloride ADJ1 film) OR (oil ADJ1 contaminated ADJ1 metal) OR polybutene OR polyisoprene1 OR (polyvinylidene ADJ1 fluoride) OR polytetrafluoroethylene1 OR polyester1 OR polyamide1 OR polyacetal1 OR polystyrene1 OR polyurethane* OR polyurea OR silan* OR polycarbonate*)	75602
3	Claims, Title or Abstract	1836 – Date	1 AND 2	2272

Total number of patents - 2272
Total number of unique patent families - 1483

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Taxonomy for analysis

Taxonomy map - Adhesion

Taxonomy for PSA composition

Taxonomy map - Adhesion

IP Activity

Major Competitors

Composition components matrix

Assignees	Rubber	Silicone	Polymers	Acrylic	Tackifying resin	Plasticizer oil	Carboxylic acids	Acid Esters	Priority Year	Patent numbers
3M Innovative Properties Company	x		x	x	x	x			2000	US6630531
	x		x	x	x				2000	US6632872
			x	x					2000	US6455634
			x	x				x	1993	US5612136
				x			x	x	1993	US5602221
American Tape Company	x					x			1997	US5798175
Ashland Oil, Inc.	x		x	x					1991	US5434213
Atlantic Richfield Company			x	x	x	x			1984	US4656213
	x		x	x	x				1996	US5817426
			x	x	x				1996	US5817426
	x			x					1997	US6461707
Coloplast	x		x		x				1980	US6437038
Dow Corning Corporation		x	x			x			1970	US5916981
		x	x						1990	US6337086
		x							1990	US6121368
		x	x						1994	US5561203
		x	x						1996	US5861472
Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.			x		x				1993	US5714254
Fujikura Ltd.									2000	US6388556
General Electric Company		x	x						2000	US6387487
H Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.	x		x	x	x	x			1996	US5741840
H. B. Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.	x		x		x				1997	US5869562
Johnson & Johnson Products Inc.	x		x		x	x			1981	US4335026
Nichiban Company Limited	x								1997	US6274235
None	x			x	x			x	1996	US20030136510
PPG Industries, Inc.	x		x	x			x		1996	US5776548
Ralf Korpman Associates, Inc.	x								1992	US5760135

Technology Tree

As it is evident from the the technology tree below, although the IP activity in the area of Pressure sensitive adhesive was initiated during 1970s, companies are continuously trying new combinations of different components.

Key findings

In the medical field, pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are used for many different applications in the hospital and health areas and also they can be used to adhere two surfaces together such as the flaps of packing material or fabric to a surface
In many commercial applications of pressure-sensitive adhesives, it would be preferred to use an acrylate polymer or copolymer having an intrinsic viscosity of at least about 2.5 dl/g
Ideally, a process for producing an acrylate-based polymer for a pressure-sensitive adhesive provides a means for controlling both molecular weight, i.e., intrinsic viscosity, and molecular weight distribution.
Pressure-sensitive adhesives require a delicate balance of viscous and elastic properties that result in a four-fold balance of adhesion, cohesion, stretchiness and elasticity. Pressure-sensitive adhesives generally comprise elastomers that are either inherently tacky, or elastomers or thermoplastic elastomers that are tackified with the addition of tackifying resins.

Analysis Sheet

Sample Analysis Sheet

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''This is a landscape report on the Ureteral stent market, including key company profiles, products, patents and relevant clinical trials.
+==Dashboard==
-'''
+Dolcera dashboard provides quick and easy navigation through the technology segments. Below is the snapshot of how it look like. Click on the link [http://www.dolcera.com/auth/dashboard/dashboard.php?workfile_id=262 '''Dolcera Dashboard'''] for Pressure Sensitive Adhesives.
-*'''''What is it?''''' A ureteral stent is a specially designed hollow tube, made of a flexible plastic material that is placed in the ureter.
+[http://www.dolcera.com/auth/dashboard/dashboard.php?workfile_id=262 '''Dolcera Dashboard''']
-*'''''Need for a ureteral stent:''''' In patients who have, or might have, an obstruction (blockage) of the kidney, an internal drainage tube called a ‘stent’ is commonly placed in the ureter, the tube between the kidney and the bladder. This is placed there in order to prevent or temporarily relieve the obstruction.
+[[image:dashboard.jpg|center|500 px]]
-==Background==
+==Overview==
-[[Image:Ureteral_Stent.png|thumb|200px|<center>[http://www.pnnmedical.com/urology/professionals/products/memokath%E2%84%A2-051-ureter.aspx '''Ureteric Stent''']</center>]]
+Pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA, self adhesive, self stick adhesive) is adhesive that forms a bond when pressure is applied to marry the adhesive with the adherend. No solvent, water, or heat is needed to activate the adhesive. It is used in pressure sensitive tapes, labels, note pads, automobile trim, and a wide variety of other products.
-Ureteral stents are used in urological surgery to maintain patency of the ureter to allow urine drainage from the renal pelvis to the bladder. These devices can be placed by a number of different endourological techniques. They are typically inserted through a cystoscope and may also be inserted intraoperatively. Indwelling ureteral stents help to reduce complications and morbidity subsequent to urological and surgical procedures. Frequently, ureteral stents are used
+As the name "pressure sensitive" indicates, the degree of bond is influenced by the amount of pressure which is used to apply the adhesive to the surface.
-to facilitate drainage in conjunction with Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) and after endoscopic procedures. They are also used to internally support anastomoses and prevent urine leakage after surgery. Ureteral stenting may almost eliminate the urological complications of renal transplantation.
-An antimicrobial ureteral stent, which inhibits encrustation and bacterial colonization while maintaining patient comfort.
-* Ureteral stent: resists migration, resists fragmentation, is kink resistant and radiopaque.
-* Bacterial colonization: antimicrobial activity for up to two weeks.
-* Patient Comfort: stent has a low coefficient of friction (value) for ease of insertion and will soften on implant at body temperature to maintain patient comfort.
-'''[[more on background...]]'''
+Surface factors such as smoothness, surface energy, removal of contaminants, etc. are also important to proper bonding.
-=Market Overview=
+PSAs are usually designed to form a bond and hold properly at room temperatures. PSAs typically reduce or lose their tack at cold temperatures and reduce their shear holding ability at high temperatures: Specialty adhesives are made to function at high or low temperatures. It is important to choose an adhesive formulation which is designed for its intended use conditions.
-Market for ureteral stent can be analyzed by estimating market for each of Ureteral Stent’s fundamental use. Other uses of Ureteral Stent include Post-surgical swelling/infection of uterus, Active kidney infection etc.
+===Surface Energy===
+[[Image:Surface energy.jpg|thumb|right|800|Measuring of Surface Energy]]
+# Surface energy is a measure of how well an adhesive wets out over the surface of the material to which it is applied.
+# The most common method of determining the surface energy is to measure the contact angle of a water droplet on the substrate surface.
+# The contact angle between the solid and the fluid is the angle measured within the fluid, between the solid surface and the tangent plane to the liquid surface at the point of intersection.
+# A contact angle of greater than 90° indicates that the fluid (which is ink or adhesive in this case) has not wet the surface. Conversely an angle of less than 90° means that the fluid has wet the surface - if the angle approaches zero then the surface is completely wetted by the fluid.
+# The surface energy or the wetability of a particular substrate is measured in dynes/cm. [http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pcn.org/images/Technical%2520Notes%2520-%2520Corona1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.pcn.org/Technical%2520Notes%2520-%2520Corona.html&h=327&w=370&sz=13&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=Nb4kgRrPYnxojM:&tbnh=108&tbnw=122&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsurface%2Benergy%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX Source]
+===Low Surface Energy Substrates===
+# Low energy plastics, such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and Teflon (PTFE) are essentially "non- stick" plastics.
+# Their molecular structure inhibits the adhesion and printing processes - this molecular structure is basically inert or inactive – these polymers are said to have a low surface energy.
+# Materials with low surface energy (LSE) do not allow adhesives to wet out, while materials with high surface energy (HSE) provide excellent wet-out, providing the best adhesion.
+# Rubber-based adhesives usually provide better adhesion to LSE surfaces.
+# Some substrates require special treatment such as corona treating, primers, top coating, etc., in order to achieve better adhesion.
+# On some LSE substrates, adhesion levels improve the longer adhesive is applied. [http://www.chemsultants.com/latestprods/adhesive_definitions.html Source]
-'''[[more on market overview...]]'''
+===Adhesion===
+[[Image:Adhesionnew.jpg|thumb|right|800|Adhesion]]
+# Adhesion is the molecular force of attraction between unlike materials.
+# Adhesion and cohesion, attractive forces between material bodies. A distinction is usually made between an adhesive force, which acts to hold two separate bodies together (or to stick one body to another) and a cohesive force, which acts to hold together the like or unlike atoms, ions, or molecules of a single body.
+# For example water molecules stick to each other. This is caused by hydrogen bonds that form between the slightly positive and negative ends of neighboring molecules.
+# Water is found in drops; perfect spheres. It’s hard to imagine water behaving any other way due to cohesion and water molecules stick to other surfaces due to adhesion.[http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsBS/kons/kons/images/water-droplet.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsBS/kons/kons/physical_properties_of_water.htm&h=168&w=238&sz=15&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=UrmkX2TGv_os2M:&tbnh=77&tbnw=109&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwater%2Badhesion%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG Source]
-=Interactive Mind Map=
+==Application of PSA==
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-{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
-|<mm>[[Ureteral_Stent_Patent_Categorization.mm|flash|Patent Categorization|600pt]]</mm>
+===Application in electronics and electrical industry===
-|}
+Electrical grade PSAs are critical components in the design many of today's electrical and electronic components in the electrical industry. The construction of this type of PSA is difficult since lower concentration of conductive filler must be used in order to prevent the drying out of polymer by the conductive filler, with attendant loss of tack. The conductivity of electrically conductive PSA in the direction of pressure action is to a certain extend depend on the direction of pressure applied [http://www.springerlink.com/content/j5448654801gg60q/ Florian, 2003]
-=Patents=
+Electrical grade PSAs are designed and manufactured using materials using material that are physically and chemically stable in the presence of humidity and electrical stress. The acrylic high tack PSAs works very well in static and dynamic joints. The PSA agents are used in three forms i.e. modified aqueous dispersions or solutions in different solvents and as hot melts adhesives. PSA tapes find application in electronic assemblies [http://www.calce.umd.edu/articles/abstracts/2004/assemblies.htm Reliability of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Tapes for Heat Sink Attachment in Air-Cooled Electronic Assemblies]
+[[Image: PSA tapes.jpg|thumb|center|800px|[http://www.biztrademarket.com/User/166116/bb/insulation_tape_eho.jpg PSA tapes]]]
-==Patent Search Strategy==
+===Application in automobile industry===
-[[Image:Patent Search Strategy.jpg|700px]]
+While mechanical fasteners will always be the choice when maximum torque and linear force are required in automobile industry, pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) can often provide a better method of joining or bonding than traditional screws, nuts, bolts, rivets and welds.
+The design, performance, and production reasons for replacing mechanical or fusion fastening methods with PSAs include, but are not limited to:
+# Distributing stress over the entire bonded area: The concentrated stress of mechanical fasteners can be eliminated and design engineers can specify lighter, thinner materials without sacrificing durability and product integrity.
+# Bonding dissimilar materials: The ability to bond two totally different substrates can yield a superior combination for product strength and performance. PSAs are an ideal counterbalance for varying factors of expansion between surfaces, such as laminating layers of metal.
+# Maintaining assembled substrate integrity: Less machining and finishing means more latitude for design engineers and improved aesthetics for greater consumer appeal.
+# Incorporating fatigue resistance: PSAs bring great flexibility, allowing for high extension and recovery under heavy loads.
+# Durability by design: PSAs fill voids and gaps and can bond loose-fitting parts.
+Increasing production efficiency: PSAs reduce material requirements, provide product weight reduction, require fewer assembly and finishing steps, and minimize training [http://www.flexcon.com/Resource-Center/~/media/Files/PDFs/Website/Resource%20Center/White%20Papers/design%20engineering%20aspects%20of%20pressure-sensitive%20adhesives.ashx FLEXcon white paper]
-== Dolcera Dashboard ==
+===Medical applications===
-'''Dashboard Link'''<br>
+There are two essential requirements of medical PSAs, that they should stick firmly to a difficult substrate (skin) and that they should be easily and cleanly removed from that substrate when desired. These requirements would seem to be in conflict: a high peel force usually signals the ability to stick firmly, while a low force is needed when removing dressings by peeling.
-{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
-|'''[https://www.dolcera.com/auth/dashboard/dashboard.php?workfile_id=1008 Ureteral Stent - Dashboard] '''
+A number of ways have been considered to resolve this conflict. These may be divided into two broad categories: those that make the best of existing PSA technology, broadly taking a physical approach, and those that introduce novel chemistry into the process. Physical approaches consider such details as the dependence of peel force on peel angle, peel rate, backing materials, the deformation of the skin during peeling and use of barrier films and solvents. As an alternative to simply making the best of the physics of the peeling process, various workers have devised chemical systems for making the adhesive less strongly adhering at the time of removal. These systems usually consist of introducing a ‘switch’ mechanism into a strongly adhering adhesive so that its adherence may be reduced significantly at the time of removal by operation of the ‘switch’. Means of activating the ‘switch’ include: heat (warming or cooling), application of water via an absorbent backing and exposure to visible light. These may produce physical or chemical changes in the adhesive [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-43W00T1-3&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2001&_alid=1598193691&_rdoc=3&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=15397&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=17b33208ec83c0db321e3d3882e5ffe3&searchtype=a Chivers, 2001]
-|width="100"|[[Image:dashboard_thumb.png|center|100px|]]
-|-
+===PSAs drive transdermal delivery===
-|}
+Transdermal or through-the-skin delivery of drugs has assumed an important place in drug therapy, eliminating many of the shortcomings of syringes and pills. [http://www.adhesivesresearch.com/Pharmaceutical_ARx_LLC/Pharmaceutical/Component_Applications_And_Technologies/ActiveTransdermalDeliverySystems.aspx Active Transdermal Delivery Systems] The three most commonly used adhesives used for transdermal delivery are polyisobutylenes, polyacrylates and silicones [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VJY-3WRB3HM-6&_user=10&_coverDate=02%2F01%2F1999&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1598124405&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f7968d61a743de54de6d04fb28c0cf00&searchtype=a Tan and Pfister, 1999]
-*Flash Player is essential to view the Dolcera Dashboard
-* To access the Dashboard you have to signup. You can do so by clicking [https://www.dolcera.com/auth/index.php/login '''here''']
+[[Image: Transdermal.jpg|thumb|center|600px|[http://www.qmed.com/files/ck_images/images/Nusil.jpg Delivery to skin]]]
+* In a typical '''disk drive''', PSAs are applied to the base casting to secure the motor-mounting flange and motor assembly
+===Application in aerospace industry===
+Aerospace manufacturers uses PSAs to assemble sheet-metal components into sub assemblies. The aerospace industry, primarily satellite manufacturers, have expressed the need for a low outgas, thermally stable, adhesive tape which can work at both high, 175ºC, and low, -100ºC, temperatures. New silicone PSA was fabricated to pass, low outgassing requirements of 1% or less Total Mass Loss (TML) and 0.1% or less Collectable Volatile Condensable Materials (CVCM) [http://www.polytec-pt.de/ger/_files/24_LowOutgasSiliconePressureSensitiveAdhesiveForAerospaceApplications2%281%29.pdf Riegler, 2005].
+==Making of PSAs==
+Although PSPs can be obtained by different polymerization processes (i.e., emulsion, solution, hot-melt, or radiation curing), much attention has recently been devoted to the utilization of more environmentally friendly processes such as emulsion polymerization. Soft polymer networks are commonly used as previous termpressure sensitive adhesivesnext term (PSAs). This is due to their unique ability to deform and yet to resist flow. These contradictory requirements indicate that the mechanical properties are finely tuned, and that the types of deformation upon application are carefully considered. Variety of PSAs can be prepared by mixing a linear vinyl terminated polymer with a silane terminated f-functional cross-linker. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4VJ4WRW-1&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2009&_alid=1598127284&_rdoc=6&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=20058&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=31aa31be0a41e917372805a44d352007&searchtype=a Jensen et al., 2009]
-= Clinical Trials =
-==New trials ==
-{|border "1" style="border-spacing:0;"
+{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="70%"
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''S.No. '''</font></center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Sr. No.'''
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Title '''</font></center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''PSA process'''
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Conditions '''</font></center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Chemical composition'''
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Intervention: Device'''</font></center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Time of launch'''
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Sponsors and Collaborators '''</font></center>
 |-
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''1'''
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00250406?term=ureteral+stent&rank=1 Assessment of Drug-Eluting Ureteral Stent on Bacterial Adherence and Biofilm Formation]
+|align = "center"|'''Solvent-based'''
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Renal Calculi, Ureteral Obstruction
+|align = "center"|Rubber/resin, acrylics, silicones
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Ureteral Stent
+|align = "center"|Since 19th century
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Lawson Health Research Institute, Boston Scientific Corporation
 |-
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2'''
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00270504?term=urethral+stent&rank=1 Memokath® 044TW Stent for Treatment of Urethral Stricture]
+|align = "center"|'''Hot-melt'''
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Urethral Stricture
+|align = "center"|Block copolymers, acrylics
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Memokath stenting
+|align = "center"|1940s
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Engineers & Doctors Wallsten Medical Group
 |-
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''3'''
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|[http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00581178?term=urologic+stent&rank=3 Study to Determine if There Are Specific Clinical Factors to Determine Stent Encrustation]
+|align = "center"|'''Emulsion (water)-based'''
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Kidney Stones
+|align = "center"|Acrylics, natural and synthetic rubber, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| N\A
+|align = "center"|1970s
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| University of California, Irvine
 |-
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''4'''
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00288457?term=urologic+stent&rank=14 Ureteral Stent Length and Patient Symptoms]
+|align = "center"|'''Radiation-cured'''
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Kidney Stones
+|align = "center"| Acrylics, rubber
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Ureteral Stent
+|align = "center"|1970s
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Emory University
 |-
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center>
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00166361?term=urologic+stent&rank=1 Drainage of Malignant Extrinsic Ureteral Obstruction Using the Memokath Ureteral Stent]
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Ureteral Obstruction
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Memokath 051 Ureteral Stent
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Mayo Clinic Engineers & Doctors Wallsten Medical Group
-|-
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center>
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00739284?term=urologic+stent&rank=15 A Prospective Comparison Between Ureteral Stent and Nephrostomy Tube for an Urgent Drainage of Obstructed Kidney (JJVsPCN08)]
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Kidney Disease
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Nephrostomy tube and ureteral stent
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Rabin Medical Center
 |}
-== Concluded trials ==
-{| {{table}}
+{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="80%"
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''S.No. '''</font></center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Sr. No.'''
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Title'''</font></center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Properties'''
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Abstract'''</font></center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Solvent-based: acrylic'''
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Enrollment'''</font></center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Hot-melt: styrene-isobutylene-styrene.'''
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Disorder'''</font></center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Emulsion based: acrylics'''
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Conclusion'''</font></center>
 |-
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|<center>1</center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''1'''
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Long-term outcome of permanent urethral stents in the treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia || style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|To evaluate the long-term efficacy of a permanently implanted urethral stent in the treatment of spinally injured patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|13|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Stenting is an effective alternative to sphincterotomy in the long-term, although secondary bladder neck obstruction is a frequent problem.
+|align = "center"|PS performance
+|align = "center"|Excellent
+|align = "center"|Excellent
+|align = "center"|Very good
 |-
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2'''
-| Nephrostomy Tube or 'JJ' Ureteric Stent in Ureteric Obstruction: Assessment of Patient Perspectives Using Quality-of-Life Survey and Utility Analysis||Upper urinary tract obstruction is often relieved by either a percutaneous nephrostomy tube (PCN) or a ureteric stent. Both can cause considerable morbidity and reduce patient's health-related quality of life (QoL). We have compared the QoL in these 2 groups.||34||Upper urinary tract obstruction||Patients with 'JJ' stents have significantly more irritative urinary symptoms and a high chance of local discomfort than patients with nephrostomy tubes (PCN). However, based on the EuroQol analysis, there is no significant difference in the gross impact on the health-related QoL or the utility between these groups indicating no patient preference for either modality of treatment.
+|align = "center"|Ease of compounding
+|align = "center"|Moderate
+|align = "center"|Difficult
+|align = "center"|Easy
+|-
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''3'''
+|align = "center"|Formulation flexibility
+|align = "center"|Limited
+|align = "center"|Excellent
+|align = "center"|Moderate
+|-
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''4'''
+|align = "center"|Coating method flexibility
+|align = "center"|Limited
+|align = "center"|Poor
+|align = "center"|Excellent
+|-
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''5'''
+|align = "center"|Ease of changeover
+|align = "center"|Limited
+|align = "center"|Poor
+|align = "center"|Excellent
+|-
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''6'''
+|align = "center"|PSA reproducibility
+|align = "center"|Excellent
+|align = "center"|Limited
+|align = "center"|Excellent
+|-
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''7'''
+|align = "center"|Aging properties
+|align = "center"|Excellent
+|align = "center"|Poor
+|align = "center"|Excellent
+|-
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''8'''
+|align = "center"|Clarity/color
+|align = "center"|Excellent
+|align = "center"|Poor
+|align = "center"|Excellent
+|-
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''9'''
+|align = "center"|Safety/toxicity
+|align = "center"|Poor
+|align = "center"|Poor
+|align = "center"|Excellent
+|-
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''10'''
+|align = "center"|Raw material costs
+|align = "center"|High
+|align = "center"|Low
+|align = "center"|Medium
+|-
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''11'''
+|align = "center"|Coating/compounding costs
+|align = "center"|High
+|align = "center"|Medium
+|align = "center"|Low
 |-
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center>
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Impact of stents on urological complications and health care expenditure in renal transplant recipients: results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial.|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|A randomized, prospective trial to compare the incidence of early urological complications and health care expenditures in renal transplant recipients with or without ureteral stenting.|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|201|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Renal transplant recipient|| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"|Using a ureteral stent at renal transplantation significantly decreases the early urinary complications of urine leakage and obstruction. However, there is a significant increase in urinary tract infections, primarily beyond 30 days after transplantation. Stent removal within 4 weeks of insertion appears advisable.
 |}
+===Effect of important parameters on PSA making and performance===
+====Effect of polymer molecular weight and crosslinking reactions on the end-use properties of PSAs====
+In a study wherein polymer molecular weight and polymer microstructure were regulated using different chain transfer agent (CTA) concentrations and by addition of a diacrylic monomer (MM) it was shown that all of the measured adhesion properties strongly depend on molecular weight of the synthesized polymer and on the amount of gel phase [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4SH0Y17-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2009&_alid=1598127284&_rdoc=8&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=20058&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0c2fe11851b57347e066ff78a975a690&searchtype=a Kajtna et al., 2009]
-==Pre-Market Notification==
+====Effect of composition on Mechanical behaviours and fracture energy of PSAs====
+In a study it was shown that the mechanical behaviour depend on their composition but majority of fracture energy is dissipated on the first millimetre near the bending zone where fibrils elongation is maximum. Observations of interfaces between PSAs and glass substrate underline that fracture energy varies linearly according to the contact area [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4N2D2V9-2&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2007&_alid=1598127284&_rdoc=16&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=20058&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6021375899d8929d9ec349bc3fd3c01d&searchtype=a Horgnies et al., 2007]
-Some of the companies active in the field of ureteral stents have been represented in the table below.
+====Effect of tackifier on PSAs====
+To study the effect of tackifier (such as hydrogenated cyclo-aliphatic resin) a model system consisting of polystyrene-b-polyisoprene-b-polystyrene triblock copolymer was prepared. Tackifier increased the peel adhesion significantly and the increase became stronger above 40 wt% tackifier. The higher peel adhesion was obtained in the system with the larger amount of agglomerates of tackifier in the polyisoprene matrix. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4RJKX1T-1&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2008&_alid=1598155857&_rdoc=4&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=18242&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=41c38a7bf066473704bf91918b843915&searchtype=a Sasaki et al., 2008]
-{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
+====Effect of chain transfer agent and cross-linker concentration in making of PSAs====
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''S.No. '''</font></center>
+In a study it was shown that a constant cross-linker concentration, one can manipulate the polymer micro-structure by adding varying amounts of chain transfer agent. Three examples of these micro-structures are depicted below which show a tight gel network with long-chain sol polymers, a loose gel network with shorter sol polymers, and an imperfect gel structure with highly branched sol polymers. By manipulating the micro-structure, previous termpressure-sensitive adhesivenext term performance can be affected. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TWW-4YG1M1T-3&_user=10&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2010&_alid=1598155857&_rdoc=10&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5573&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=18242&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=9b4d65da1531e13c4a9e3f5a986b03e4&searchtype=a Qie and Dube, 2010]
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"|<center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Company '''</font></center>
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Device '''</font></center>
+[[Image:Effect of CTA.jpg| thumb|center|300px|Effect of chain transfer agent and cross-linker concentration in making of PSAs]]
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Approval '''</font></center>
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Date of Approval '''</font></center>
+====Effect of flexible substrates on PSAs performance====
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Material '''</font></center>
+The fracture energy (fracture toughness) of tapes during globally elastic unpeeling is often calculated from the relation G=P/b(1−cos θ). A study suggested that this expression is correct for elastic peeling from rigid substrates but it gives misleading results when peeling from reversible flexible substrates. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-46RKMVR-1&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2002&_alid=1598155857&_rdoc=14&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=18242&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=5a2c01b1375cc8e2d6e2d69ed8cd8aa4&searchtype=a Steven-Fountain et al., 2002]
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Technology '''</font></center>
-| style="background-color:#4f81bd;padding:0.079cm;"| <center><font color="#FFFFFF">'''Indwelling Time (days) '''</font></center>
+==PSA performance measurement==
+PSAs polymeric materials effect  tack, peel and shear strength . Inherent properties such as copolymer composition and microstructure, molecular weight and distribution are among the most influential factors affecting PSA properties directly as well as indirectly through their influence on physical properties (e.g., the glass transition temperature, Tg) and thus, rheological properties of the polymer (e.g., viscoelastic regions, moduli).
+Therefore, PSA is the result of a fine balance between these three major, interrelated properties.
+===Tack===
+It is a measure of the force required to remove, say a foam gasket and its adhesive, from the substrate. It usually refers to the initial attraction of the adhesive to the substrate. Tack can be measured by four basic methods these are loop tack, rolling ball, Quick stick and probe measurement devices. [http://www.adhesivestoolkit.com/Docu-Data/NPLDocuments/P%20A%20J/PAJ%20Reports/PAJ1%20Reports/PAJ1%20Report%205.pdf Review Of Methods For The Measurement Of Tack]
+===Peel strength===
+Peel strength is measured as a force required to remove a standard PSA strip from a specified test surface under a standard test angle (e.g., 90° or 180°) under standard conditions. Much like tack, manufacturers control adhesion to create different products based on user requirements. After a PSA has been applied to the substrate, adhesion continues to increase for a period of time — typically 24 hr.
+===Shear strength===
+Shear strength is the internal or cohesive strength of the adhesive mass. Usually, it is determined as the length of time it takes for a standard strip of PSA to fall from a test panel after application of a load. Usually, tack and adhesion decrease as shear strength increases. [http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a713642457&fulltext=713240928 Emulsion-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives: A Review]
+==PSA products==
+The most common products that utilize PSAs are tapes, labels, and protective films. The PSA sector is among the fastest growing in the adhesive market, making the search for new pressure-sensitive products (PSP) and applications highly competitive.
+* '''PSA tapes:''' Self-adhesive materials usually produced by coating an adhesive onto a carrier and used as a continuous web.
+* '''PSA labels:''' Self-adhesive laminated carrier materials. The self-adhesive layer is protected with a supplemental material (release liner).
+* '''Protective films:''' Carrier material possesses built-in or built-on self-adhesive properties.
+==Recycling issues with PSA==
+PSAs exact a considerable cost on the paper recycling industry, an estimated $700 million per year. Most paper recycling systems converts paper into pulp in presence of water, which is then transformed back into paper. PSAs do not dissolve in water, but rather fragment into smaller particles during the repulping process. These particles are known as stickies, get deformed under heat and pressure, making them difficult to screen or filter out of the pulp. Stickies can become lodged on papermaking and can cause damage to equipment or even in the paper.  [http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ReduceWaste/Business/officepaper/PSAFacts.htm Source]
+{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="90%"
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Sr. No.'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''"Sticky" PSA Product'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Alternative Product/Procedure'''
 |-
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''1'''
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.bardurological.com/products/categoryTwo.aspx?bUnitID=3&catOneID=71 Bard Urological]</center>
+|align = "center"|Address Labels
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[[Image:InLay_Optima.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>InLay Optima</center>|[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3∏ID=225 <center>InLay Optima</center>]]]
+|align = "left"|1. Print addresses directly on envelopes<br>2. Using glassine (cellulose) film window or filmless window envelopes, and print mailing addresses directly on the letter to show through the window.<br>3. Handprint addresses directly on large mailing envelopes..
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=16869 FDA 510(k)]</center>
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Dec 2004</center>
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Silicone
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Double pigtail with monofilament suture loop
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>365</center>
 |-
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2'''
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.bostonscientific.com/Device.bsci/,,/method/DevHome/navRelId/1000.1003/seo.serve Boston Scientific]</center>
+|align = "center"|Sticky Notes
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| [[Image:Polaris_Loop.png|thumb|center|100px|[http://www.bostonscientific.com/urology-stone/product.html?method=product_detail∏uct_id=10122561#initialLoad1() <center>Polaris Loop</center>]]]
+|align = "left"|1.Use scratch paper for notes and secure with paper clips.
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=10929 FDA 510(k)]</center>
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mar 2003</center>
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Dual Durometer Percuflex with HydroPlus Coating
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| Bladder loop design
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>365</center>
 |-
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''3'''
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/familyListingAction.do?family=Ureteral+Stents Cook Medical]</center>
+|align = "center"|Postage Stamps
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| [[Image:Resonance.png|thumb|center|100px|[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=4418 <center>Resonance</center>]]]
+|align = "left"|1. Use moisture-activated postage stamps<br>2. Postal meter that prints postage directly on envelopes or that uses moisture-activated meter tape
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=23620 FDA 510(k)]</center>
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>May 2007</center>
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Metal
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Temporary stenting
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>365</center>
 |-
-| style="padding:0.079cm;" rowspan="2"| <center>'''4'''</center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''4'''
-| style="padding:0.079cm;" rowspan="2"| <center>[http://www.fossamedical.com/news.htm Fossa Medical]</center>
+|align = "center"|File Folder Index Labels
-| style="padding:0.079cm;" rowspan="2"| [[Image:Stone_Sweeper.png|thumb|center|100px|[http://dolcera.com/upload/files/stonesweeper_fossa_trial.pdf <center>Stone Sweeper</center>]]]
+|align = "left"|1. Handprint file subjects directly on index tabs, instead of using an index label. When recycling file folders with index labels, tear off the index tab.
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.fossamedical.com/news.htm FDA 510(k)]</center>
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Aug 2002</center>
-| style="padding:0.079cm;" rowspan="2"| Polyurethane
-| style="padding:0.079cm;" rowspan="2"| Spiral radially expanding stent
-| style="padding:0.079cm;" rowspan="2"| <center>13</center>
 |-
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.fossamedical.com/news.htm CE Mark]</center>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''5'''
-| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Sep 2005</center>
+|align = "center"|Closure Tabs
+|align = "left"|1. Sharply folding fliers and newsletters is often sufficient to send them safely and securely through the mail.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center>
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pnnmedical.com/urology/professionals/products/memokath™-051-ureter.aspx Pnn Medical A/S]</center>
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| [[Image:Memokath_051.png|thumb|center|100px|[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CC4QFjAD&url=http://www.hammer.pl/pliki/147_2.pdf&rct=j&q=memokath%20051&ei=MfhATezNIoaqvQP-_ZGtAw&usg=AFQjCNFR-ZFsu33rk6B9Flq1tCsYBZyXMw&cad=rja <center>Memokath 051</center>]]]
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pnnmedical.com/about-pnn-medical/company-history.aspx CE Mark]</center>
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1995</center>
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Nickel-titanium shape memory alloy
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| Double fluted ended spiral stent
-| style="background-color:#dce6f1;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>240</center>
 |}
-=Products=
+==Search strategy==
-The FDA classifies a ureteric stent as follows:
+Search strategy last updated on: 7th January 2011
-* TITLE 21       - FOOD AND DRUGS
-* CHAPTER I      - FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
+{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="60%"
-* SUBCHAPTER H   - MEDICAL DEVICES
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''Sr. No.'''
-* PART 876       - GASTROENTEROLOGY-UROLOGY DEVICES
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''Search string'''
-* Subpart E      - Surgical Devices
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''Hits'''
-* Sec. 876.4620  - Ureteral stent.
-* Classification - class II device [http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/SCRIPTS/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFR.cfm?fr=876.4620&Term=ureter%20stent Code of Federal Regulations]
-{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Sr. No.'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Company'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Device(s)'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Approval'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Approval Date'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Material'''
-|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Technology'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Indwelling Time (days)'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Image'''
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|'''1'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Google'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.allium-medical.com/?categoryId=64772 Allium, Israel]</u></font>
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.allium-medical.com/?categoryId=64772 URS]
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF">[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-165990208.html CE Mark]</font>
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Jul, 2007
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Nickel-titanium shape memory alloy covered by polymer
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Self-expanding stent
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:656px-Allium.jpg|thumb|center|100px|<center>Allium</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''
-|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|<font color="#0000FF">[http://www.pnnmedical.com/urology/professionals/products/memokath™-051-ureter.aspx Pnn Medical A/S]</font>
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making
-|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CC4QFjAD&url=http://www.hammer.pl/pliki/147_2.pdf&rct=j&q=memokath%20051&ei=MfhATezNIoaqvQP-_ZGtAw&usg=AFQjCNFR-ZFsu33rk6B9Flq1tCsYBZyXMw&cad=rja Memokath 051]
+|align = "center"|7,510,000
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">[http://www.pnnmedical.com/about-pnn-medical/company-history.aspx CE Mark]</font>
-|align = "center"|1995
-|rowspan = "2"|Nickel-titanium shape memory alloy
-|rowspan = "2"|Double fluted ended spiral stent
-|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|240
-|rowspan = "2"|[[Image:Memokath_051.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Memokath 051</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.zapconnect.com/products/index.cfm/fuseaction/products_display_detail/eregnum/8021561/owner_operator_number/8021561/product_code/FAD/8021561.html FDA Listing]</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''
-|align = "center"|Mar, 2004
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application
+|align = "center"|7,650,000
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "5"|'''3'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "5"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.fossamedical.com/news.htm Fossa Medical]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automobile
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|[http://dolcera.com/upload/files/stonesweeper_fossa_trial.pdf Stone Sweeper]
+|align = "center"|436,000
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.fossamedical.com/news.htm CE Mark]</u></font>
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Sep, 2005
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|Polyurethane
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|Radially expanding stent
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|13
-|rowspan = "2" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Stone_Sweeper.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Stone Sweeper</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.fossamedical.com/news.htm FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''4'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Aug, 2002
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automotive
+|align = "center"|479,000
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/PMNSimple.cfm?db=PMN&ID=K033368 Open lumen stent]
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''5'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/PMNSimple.cfm?db=PMN&ID=K033368 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive drug delivery
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Nov, 2003
+|align = "center"|275,000
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|Polyurethane
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|Pigtail-tipped stent with <nowiki>’</nowiki>Pusher<nowiki>’</nowiki>
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"|
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "2"| [[Image:Open_Lumen.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Open_lumen</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.fossamedical.com/news.htm CE Mark]</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''6'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Sep, 2005
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive tack*
+|align = "center"|354,000
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/PMNSimple.cfm?db=PMN&ID=K021140 Expanding Ureteral Stent]
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''7'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/PMNSimple.cfm?db=PMN&ID=K021140 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive product
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Jun, 2002
+|align = "center"|8,120,000
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Polyurethane
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Double pigtail stent with <nowiki>’</nowiki>Pusher<nowiki>’</nowiki>
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| N/A
 |-
-|align = "center" rowspan = "7"|'''4'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''8'''
-|align = "center" rowspan = "7"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.bostonscientific.com/Device.bsci/,,/method/DevHome/navRelId/1000.1003/seo.serve Boston Scientific]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive recycl*
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>Contour</u></font>
+|align = "center"|447,000
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|
-|Percuflex - proprietary polyolefin copolymer; Hydroplus coating
-|Fixed and variable length; Tapered tip
-|align = "center"|365
-|align = "center" |[[Image:Contour.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Contour</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>Percuflex</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Google scholar'''
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"| Percuflex
-|Pigtail
-|align = "center"|365
-|align = "center" |[[Image:Percuflex.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Percuflex</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>Polaris Ultra</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/PMNSimple.cfm?db=PMN&id=K010002 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making
-|align = "center"|Jan, 2001
+|align = "center"|21,50,000
-|Dual Durometer Percuflex with HydroPlus Coating; soft Nautilus Bladder Coil.
-|Double pigtail
-|align = "center"|365
-|align = "center" |[[Image:Polaris_Ultra.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Polaris Ultra</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>Polaris Loop</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=10929 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application
-|align = "center"|Mar, 2003
+|align = "center"|21,50,000
-|Dual Durometer Percuflex with HydroPlus Coating
-|Bladder loop design
-|align = "center"|365
-|align = "center" |[[Image:Polaris_Loop.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Polaris Loop</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CCkQFjAD&url=http://www.bostonscientific.com/templatedata/imports/Microsite/Stone-EU/collateral/stone-eu-percuflex-brochure-eng.pdf&rct=j&q=percuflex%20brochure&ei=bIE-Tb79HMnqrAf5-_HRCA&usg=AFQjCNEJ-JOc Retromax Plus]</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Scirus'''
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|
-|Percuflex material and Hydroplus coating
-|Endopyelotomy stent
-|align = "center"|Post-procedure healing
-|align = "center" |[[Image:Retromax_plus.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Retromax Plus</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CCkQFjAD&url=http://www.bostonscientific.com/templatedata/imports/Microsite/Stone-EU/collateral/stone-eu-percuflex-brochure-eng.pdf&rct=j&q=percuflex%20brochure&ei=bIE-Tb79HMnqrAf5-_HRCA&usg=AFQjCNEJ-JOc Stretch VL Flexima]</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''
-|align = "center"|
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making
-|align = "center"|
+|align = "center"|130,055
-|Hydroplus Coating
-|Variable length coil on distal and proximal ends
-|align = "center"|90
-|align = "center" |[[Image:Stretch_VL_Flexima.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Stretch VL Flexima</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center"|[http://dolcera.com/upload/files/drug_eluting_ureteral_stent.pdf Drug-Eluting Stent]
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''
-|align = "center"|
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application
-|align = "center"|
+|align = "center"|200,950
-|Percuflex - proprietary polyolefin copolymer
-|Ketorolac trimethamine loaded stent
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"| N/A
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "6"|'''5'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "6"|<font color="#0000FF">[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/familyListingAction.do?family=Ureteral+Stents Cook Medical]</font>
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive product
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=4418 Resonance]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|136,169
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=23620 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|May, 2007
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Metal
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|365
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Resonance.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Resonance</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=2055 Sof-flex]</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Sciencedirect'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|AQ® Hydrophilic Coating
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Radiopaque tip and tether for repositioning
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|180
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Sof_flex.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Sof-flex</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=3627 Endo-Sof]</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive electronics
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
+|align = "center"|2,450
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|AQ® Hydrophilic Coating
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Double pigtail
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|365
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Endo_Sof.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Endo-Sof</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=3643 C-Flex]</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
+|align = "center"|7,212
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Double Pigtail
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|180
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:C_Flex.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>C-Flex</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/dataSheet.do?id=4692 Smith Universal]</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
+|align = "center"|15,405
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Nephrostomy tube <nowiki>+</nowiki> Ureteral stent
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|60
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Smith_Universal.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Smith Universal</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/90717.php Endo-Sof Radiance]</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''4'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/90717.php Launch]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automobile
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Dec, 2007
+|align = "center"|951
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Heparin-bonded stent
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
 |-
-|align = "center"|'''6'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''5'''
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF">[http://qurological.com/product/ Q Urological]</font>
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automotive
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://qurological.com/product/ pAguaMedicina™ Pediatric Ureteral Stent]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|1,406
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=29056 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|Jan, 2010
-|Hydrogel
-|Differentially larger end (no pigtail)
-|align = "center"|30
-|align = "center" |[[Image:pAguaMedicina.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>pAguaMedicina</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|'''7'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''6'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF">[http://www.bioteq.com.tw/en/products.php?kind=2&series=4 Bioteque Corp.]</font>
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive drug delivery
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Ureteral Stent Set
+|align = "center"|2,876
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.bioteq.com.tw/en/news_detail.php?id=1&query_string= FDA 510(k) ]</u></font>
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Apr, 2010
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|30
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:bioteque.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Bioteque</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" rowspan = "4"|'''8'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Springerlink'''
-|align = "center" rowspan = "4"|<font color="#0000FF">[http://www.appliedmed.com/products/product_card.aspx?section=professionals&proceGroupID=4&groupName=Urology&catID=37&Name=Ureteral+stents Applied Medical Resources, CA, USA]</font>
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=4353 Mesh]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=4353 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|Jul, 2001
-|Polyester mesh
-|Double-pigtail
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"| N/A
 |-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.appliedmed.com/products/product_card.aspx?section=professionals&proceGroupID=4&groupName=Urology&catID=37&Name=Ureteral+stents Silhouette ]</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''
-|align = "center"|
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making
-|align = "center"|
+|align = "center"|2,149
-|Coil-reinforced; SL-6® hydrophilic coating
-|Patency Device
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center" |[[Image:silhouette.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Silhouette</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.appliedmed.com/products/product_card.aspx?section=professionals&proceGroupID=4&groupName=Urology&catID=37&Name=Ureteral+stents Applied Standard]</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=124645 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application
-|align = "center"|Jun, 1999
+|align = "center"|3,901
-|Proprietary thermoplastic elastomer material; SL-6® hydrophilic coating
-|Unique wall construction and enlarged drainage holes
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center" |[[Image:Applied_Std1.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Applied Standard</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.appliedmed.com/products/product_card.aspx?section=professionals&proceGroupID=4&groupName=Urology&catID=37&Name=Ureteral+stents 7-10 endopyelotomy]</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Google images'''
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|
-|Proprietary thermoplastic elastomer material; SL-6® hydrophilic coating
-|Dual Diameter stent
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center" |[[Image:Applied_7_10.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Endopyelotomy Stent</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "6"|'''9'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1" rowspan = "6"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.bardurological.com/products/categoryTwo.aspx?bUnitID=3&catOneID=71 Bard Urological]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3&prodID=225 InLay Optima]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|3,580,000
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=16869 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Dec, 2004
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Silicone
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Double pigtail with monofilament suture loop
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|365
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:InLay_Optima.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>InLay Optima</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3&prodID=227 Bardex® Double Pigtail Soft Stent]</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=8912 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Jan, 2003
+|align = "center"|2,210,000
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Silicone
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Attached with suture for ease of removal
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Bardex.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Bardex</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3&prodID=228 Fluoro-4 Silicone Ureteral Stent]</u></font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
+|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive electronics
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
+|align = "center"|1,690,000
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Silicone/tantalum
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
+|}
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Fluoro_4.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Fluoro 4</center>]]
+==Market Information==
+* According to a report from the Business Communications Company, the 2001 US market for specialty adhesives was about $5.7 billion, and is forecast to grow at 4.3% per year, with medical and dental applications being the fastest-growing sector at 5.9% per year. [http://www.marketfile.com/print/paint/title5/index.htm Source]
+* Frost and Sullivan report the size of the European PSA market (medical and non-medical) to be $620 million in 2000, forecast to grow to $796 million in 2007. [http://www.engineeringtalk.com/news/fro/fro122.html Source]
+* The world value of the overall adhesives market is estimated at US $22 billion.
+* '''Total Market Expected to Grow at a CAGR of 9 Percent''': The U.S. PSA markets for labels and narrow-web graphics is expected to growth with a CAGR of 9 percent during the years 2006–2012. The total U.S. PSA markets for labels and narrow-web graphics unit shipments are expected to continue to growth at a CAGR of 6.6 percent due to high end-user growth. The UV technology is a new technology that have started to receive wide acceptance in the industry and that segment of the industry is a fragmented and developing segment with growth rates in double digits. While the solvent-based PSAs are expected to show decreasing growth percents, the water-based and solvent-based segments are expected to growth in the lines of the total industry. [http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/report-brochure.pag?id=F652-01-00-00-00 Source]
+* According to '''World Adhesives File 2000-2005''', the leading handful of adhesives suppliers, including pressure sensitive companies, already controlled almost half the global market in 1999. Henkel leads the way with an estimated 12% global market share, which will probably increase to around 14% with the purchase of Dexter’s adhesives interests. Pressure sensitive suppliers 3M and Avery Dennison are ranked second and third, with 9% and 7% shares respectively, followed jointly by National Starch and H.B. Fuller — both at 6%. The newly enlarged Atofina and Rohm and Haas follow closely behind.” [http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=60487 Source]
+* Growth of the world market averages about 2-3% per year.
+* Packaging adhesives make up the majority of the market.
+* The electronic and medical adhesives market is currently experiencing the most rapid growth.
+* Market leaders by country are as follows:
+** United States - approximately 2.6 tonnes annually
+** China
+** Japan
+** Germany
+** UK [[image:players_logo.jpg|right|500 px]]
+* Market leaders by company(which account for one-third of the market share)  are:
+** Henkel
+** 3M
+** Avery Denison
+** HB Fuller
+** National Starch
+** Atofina
+==Intellectual Property==
+===Patent Search Table===
+{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
+|colspan = "5"|
+* Patent search on Micropat
+* Databases searched: '''USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA'''
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3&prodID=230 Figure-4 Silicone Ureteral Stent]</u></font>
+|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Query.No.'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
+|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Searched Sections'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
+|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Years Searched'''
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Silicone
+|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Query'''
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Three dimensional design
+|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Hits'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Figure_4.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Figure 4</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3&prodID=226 InLay Ureteral Stent]</u></font>
+|1
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=122796 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
+|Claims, Title or Abstract
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Dec, 1998
+|1836 – Date
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Silicone
+||(rubber OR acryl* OR silicone OR oil*1 OR resin*1 OR ethylen* OR isoprene OR terpene OR copolymer* OR vinyl* OR siloxane* ((acid OR anhydride) ADJ1 (acrylic OR crotonic OR (vinyl ADJ1 acetic) OR fumaric OR maleic OR malonic OR succinic OR itaconic OR citraconic)) OR polymer* OR styrene OR ester*) SAME (((pressure ADJ1 sensitive) NEAR2 (adhesive* OR glue OR paste OR (binding ADJ1 agent) OR (epoxy ADJ1 resin*) OR film) OR PSA OR PSAs) OR (adhesion* WITH (peel OR tensile OR shear) OR stick*) OR (radical* ADJ1 (initiator* OR maker*)))
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Tapered tip and lubricious hydrophilic coating
+|76006
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:InLay.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>InLay</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.bardurological.com/products/loadProduct.aspx?bUnitID=3&prodID=229 Urinary Diversion Stent]</u></font>
+|2
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=86128 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
+|Claims, Title or Abstract
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Apr, 1991
+|1836 – Date
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Silicone
+|(((low ADJ surface ADJ energy) WITH (substrate*1 OR polymer OR compound* OR material OR film)) OR (surface ADJ1 tension) OR (surface ADJ1 rough*) OR viscosity OR (oily ADJ surface) OR (low ADJ1 energy ADJ1 surface*)) AND (polyolefin*1 OR polyethylene*1 OR polypropylene*1 OR (polyvinyl ADJ1 chloride ADJ1 film) OR (oil ADJ1 contaminated ADJ1 metal) OR polybutene OR polyisoprene*1 OR (polyvinylidene ADJ1 fluoride*) OR polytetrafluoroethylene*1 OR polyester*1 OR polyamide*1 OR polyacetal*1 OR polystyrene*1 OR polyurethane* OR polyurea OR silan* OR polycarbonate*)
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
+|75602
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Urinary_Diversion_Stent.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Urinary Diversion Stent</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" rowspan = "4"|'''10'''
+|3
-|align = "center" rowspan = "4"|<font color="#0000FF">[http://www.coloplast.com/Pages/home.aspx Coloplast-Porges]</font>
+|Claims, Title or Abstract
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.porges.ru/catalog.html?cid=251 Vortek]</u></font>
+|1836 – Date
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=121312 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
+|1 AND 2
-|align = "center"|Oct, 1998
+|2272
-|Silicone
-|Double coating for easy maneuverability as well as flexibility
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|[[Image:Vortek.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Vortek</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.porges.ru/catalog.html?cid=248 Biosoft]</u></font>
+|}
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=121312 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
+* Total number of patents - 2272
-|align = "center"|Oct, 1998
+* Total number of unique patent families - 1483
-|Silicone
-|Extreme flexibility
+==<span style="color:#C41E3A">Like this report?</span>==
-|align = "center"|
+<p align="center"> '''This is only a sample report with brief analysis''' <br>
-|align = "center"|[[Image:Biosoft.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Biosoft</center>]]
+'''Dolcera can provide a comprehensive report customized to your needs'''</p>
+{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" "
+|style="background:lightgrey" align = "center"  colspan = "3"|'''[mailto:info@dolcera.com <span style="color:#0047AB">Buy the customized report from Dolcera</span>]'''
 |-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.porges.ru/catalog.html?cid=249 Polyurethane]</u></font>
+| align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services Patent Analytics Services]
-|align = "center"|
+|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/business-research-services Market Research Services]
-|align = "center"|
+|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools/patent-dashboard Purchase Patent Dashboard]
-|Hard or soft Polyurethane
-|Designed for short-term use
-|align = "center"| 90
-|align = "center"|[[Image:Polyurethane1.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Polyurethane</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.porges.ru/catalog.html?cid=250 Silicone]</u></font>
+|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Landscape Services]
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=6586 FDA 510k)]</u></font>
+|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/research-processes Dolcera Processes]
-|align = "center"|Oct, 2002
+|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/industries Industry Focus]
-|Silicone
-|''Pyatiprofilnaya'' technology
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|[[Image:Silicone1.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Silicone</center>]]
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|'''11'''
+|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Search Services]
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF">[http://www.teleflex.com/en/emea/productAreas/urology/index.html Teleflex Medical]</font>
+|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/alerts-and-updates Patent Alerting Services]
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CCQQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myrusch.com%2Fimages%2Frusch%2Fdocs%2FU62C.pdf&rct=j&q=DD%2Bureteral%2Bstent&ei=CcY-TeDWHcrirAfyr4naCA&usg=AFQjCNHSSc9r_DBwotSa_oszWLYMPRuoYg&cad=rja Rüsch Superglide DD]</u></font>
+|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools Dolcera Tools]
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=122381 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Jul, 1999
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| WIRUTHAN® (polyurethane) with hydrogel coating
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"| Directable and detachable
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Superglide_DD.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Superglide DD</center>]]
-|-
-|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|'''12'''
-|align = "center" rowspan = "9"|<font color="#0000FF">[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=cat_menu&maincat=Stone%20Management&catid=122 Gyrus ACMI/Cabot/Acromed/Circon/Surgitek]</font>
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9257&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Classic closed-tip]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=68160 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|Dec, 1986
-|
-|Classic Closed Tip
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|[[Image:Gyrus_Closed_Tip.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Classic Closed Tip</center>]]
-|-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9252&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Classic Double pigtail]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=111987 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|Mar, 1996
-|Tecoflex® construction
-|Balanced-curled double pigtail design
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|[[Image:Gyrus_Pigtail.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Double Pigtail</center>]]
-|-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9256&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Double-J]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=74392 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|Apr, 1988
-|Silicone
-|Double-J closed-tip
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|[[Image:Gyrus_Double_J.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Double_J</center>]]
-|-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9254&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Lithostent]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|
-|Tecoflex®
-|Grooved design
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|[[Image:Lithostent.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Lithostent</center>]]
-|-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9253&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Lubri-flex]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=91169 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|Nov, 1991
-|Tecoflex®
-|“Rememberance” of shape with a chemically bonded wettable solution
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|[[Image:Lubri_Flex.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Lubri-flex</center>]]
-|-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9250&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Multi-flex]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|
-|Tecoflex®
-|Two durometers with helical kidney curls
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|[[Image:Multi_Flex.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Multi-flex</center>]]
-|-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9255&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Quadra-Coil multi-length]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/pmn.cfm?ID=107077 FDA 510(k)]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|Mar, 1996
-|Tecoflex®
-|Accomodate ureteral lengths from 22cm to 28cm
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|[[Image:Quadra_Coil.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Quadra-Coil</center>]]
-|-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9249&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Sof-curl]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|
-|Tecoflex®
-|Dual-durometer design and exclusive soft bladder helix
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|[[Image:Sof_curl.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Sof-curl</center>]]
-|-
-|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.gyrusacmi.com/user/display.cfm?display=product&pid=9258&catid=122&maincat=Stone%20Management&catname=Stents Uroguide]</u></font>
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|
-|Silicone
-|Classic Double J with open tip
-|align = "center"|
-|align = "center"|[[Image:Uroguide.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Uroguide</center>]]
-|-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|'''13'''
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.amecath.com/ Ameco Medical Industries]
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[http://www.amecath.com/ Amecath]
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Nitinol; Available with hydrophilic coating
-|bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Double loop stent
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|Short-term and long-term
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#dce6f1"|[[Image:Amecath.png|thumb|center|100px|<center>Amecath</center>]]
-|-
-|align = "center"|'''14'''
-|align = "center"|[http://www.zapconnect.com/companies/index.cfm/fuseaction/companies_detail/eregnum/9681442.html Angiomed-Movaco (C.R. Bard subsidiary)]
-|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/devicesatfda/index.cfm?db=pmn&id=K864225 Ureteral Stent Set]
-|align = "center"|[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/devicesatfda/index.cfm?db=pmn&id=K864225 FDA 510(k)]
-|align = "center"|Jan, 1987
-|Nitinol
-|Self-expanding stent
-|
-|align = "center"|N/A
 |-
 |}
+<br>
-= Product to Clinical Trial Mapping=
+===Taxonomy for analysis===
+[[Image:adhesion-3Mnew2.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Taxonomy map - Adhesion]]
-==Clinical Timeline Visualization ==
+===Taxonomy for PSA composition===
-[[Image:Timeline.jpg]]
+[[Image:adhesion-final version.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Taxonomy map - Adhesion]]
-[[Media:Ureteral_Stents_Timeline dw.xls|Ureteral Stent Timeline]]
+===IP Activity===
+[[image:Priority year_PSA.jpg|center|600 px|thunb|Competitors]]
-= Product to Patent Mapping =
+===Major Competitors===
+[[image:competitors_PSA.jpg|center|600 px|thunb|Competitors]]
-[[Image:Product_Patent_Mapping_Screen_Shot.png|1000px|centre|thumb|'''Screenshot for the product to patent mapping(Bard and Boston)''']]
-* Click [[Media:Product_Patent_Mapping_Bard_Boston.xls|'''Products from Boston Scientific and C R Bard ''']]to download the excel file.
-== Mapped Patent vs Not Mapped Patents ==
-{|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
-|[[Image:CRB_Pat.png|center|500px|thumb|'''C R Bard''']]
-|[[Image:BS_pat.png.png|center|500px|thumb|'''Boston Scientific''']]
-|-
-|}
-=Patent-Product-Clinical Trial Mapping=
-* To access the Dashboard you have to signup. You can do so by clicking [https://www.dolcera.com/auth/index.php/login '''here''']
-*''Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the detailed taxonomy''
-*''Click on the red arrow adjacent to the node name to view the content for that particular node in the dashboard''
-*''Click on the "+" sign to zoom the mindmap and "-" sign to shrink the mindmap''
-{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
-|<mm>[[ureteral_stent_mapping1.mm|flash|Ureteral Stent mindmap|600pt]]</mm>
-|}
-=Insights=
+===Composition components matrix===
 {|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
-|bgcolor = "#538ED5"|<font size = "4">''' '''</font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Assignees'''
-|bgcolor = "#538ED5"|<font size = "4">''' '''</font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Rubber'''
-|bgcolor = "#538ED5"|<font size = "4">'''Boston Scientific'''</font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Silicone'''
-|bgcolor = "#538ED5"|<font size = "4">'''C R BARD'''</font>
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Polymers'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Acrylic'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Tackifying resin'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Plasticizer oil'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Carboxylic acids'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Acid Esters'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Priority Year'''
+|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Patent numbers'''
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#538ED5" rowspan = "4"|'''Products'''
+|rowspan = "5"|3M Innovative Properties Company
-|'''Portfolio'''
+|align = "center"|x
-|8 Products
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|6 Products
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|2000
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6630531 US6630531]</u></font>
 |-
-|'''Material'''
+|align = "center"|x
-|Percuflex - Biocompatible Polymer
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|Silicone
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|2000
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6632872 US6632872]</u></font>
 |-
-|'''Coating'''
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|Hydroplus
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|Licensed from pHreecoat
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|2000
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6455634 US6455634]</u></font>
 |-
-|'''Shape'''
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|Pigtailed and More
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|Figure 4 and more
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|1993
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5612136 US5612136]</u></font>
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#538ED5"|'''Clinical <br>Trials'''
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|'''Current Trials'''
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|Truimph Ureteral stent - Loaded with Triclosan <br>Currently in Phase II (Canada)
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|None
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|1993
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5602221 US5602221]</u></font>
 |-
-|align = "center" bgcolor = "#538ED5" rowspan = "3"|'''Patents'''
+|American Tape Company
-|'''Coating'''
+|align = "center"|x
-|Therapeutic / Medicinal coatings <br>Magnetic nano particles for MRI Imaging <br>Lubricious coatings helping easy insertion
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|Therapeutic coatings
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1997
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5798175 US5798175]</u></font>
 |-
-|'''Structure'''
+|Ashland Oil, Inc.
-|Multiple channels filled with therapeutic agent<br>Multiple collapsible segments preventing fluid passing<br>Renal coil with wick to prevent reflux <br>Stent with beads on its surface <br>Stent with reservoir indicating its release <br>with change in color of urine<br>Expandable and collapsible stent<br>Stents with degradable barbs
+|align = "center"|x
-|Expandable stents for reducing  discomfort
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1991
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5434213 US5434213]</u></font>
 |-
-|'''Material'''
+|rowspan = "4"|Atlantic Richfield Company
-|Elastically deformable stents<br>Biodegradable polymer based stents<br>Porous polymer for long term implantation<br>Stent with variable hardness
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|Biodegradable polymers<br>Shape memory alloys<br>General polymer based
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1984
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4656213 US4656213]</u></font>
+|-
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1996
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5817426 US5817426]</u></font>
+|-
+|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1996
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5817426 US5817426]</u></font>
 |-
-|}
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1997
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6461707 US6461707]</u></font>
+|-
+|Coloplast
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1980
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6437038 US6437038]</u></font>
+|-
+|rowspan = "5"|Dow Corning Corporation
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1970
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5916981 US5916981]</u></font>
+|-
+|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1990
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6337086 US6337086]</u></font>
+|-
-== Inference ==
+|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1990
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6121368 US6121368]</u></font>
+|-
-{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="82%"
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|bgcolor = "#538ED5"|<font size = "4">'''Boston Scientific'''</font>
+|align = "center"|x
-|bgcolor = "#538ED5"|<font size = "4">'''C R BARD'''</font>
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1994
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5561203 US5561203]</u></font>
 |-
-|Relatively late entrant with patents filed post mid 90s
-|Early mover with patents filed in mid 80s
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1996
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5861472 US5861472]</u></font>
 |-
-|Increased patent activity since 2000
+|Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.
-|Patent activity never gained traction
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1993
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5714254 US5714254]</u></font>
 |-
-|Large number of patents yet to be "productized"
+|Fujikura Ltd.
-|Few patents yet to be "productized"
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|2000
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6388556 US6388556]</u></font>
 |-
-|Some products undergoing clinical trails
+|General Electric Company
-|No products undergoing clinical trails
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|2000
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6387487 US6387487]</u></font>
 |-
-|Diverse range of products with variation in material <br>and structure
+|H Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.
-|Small product portfolio
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1996
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5741840 US5741840]</u></font>
 |-
-|Seem to be strengthening they market position
+|H. B. Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.
-|Seem to be moving focus away from Ureteral stents market
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1997
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5869562 US5869562]</u></font>
+|-
+|Johnson & Johnson Products Inc.
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1981
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4335026 US4335026]</u></font>
 |-
-|}
-= Competitive Landscape =
-==Major Players==
-*Boston Scientific Limited, Abbott, Medtronic and Cook Inc. are the major players in ureteral stent research field.
-[[Image:Major playersnew.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Major Players]]
-==IP Activity==
+|Nichiban Company Limited
-*Patenting activity has been high growth rate during the period 2001 to 2005 with a peak no. of patents in year 2005, followed by saturation during the period 2006 to 2008 and after that a gradual declination upto year 2010 in the ureteral stent research area.
+|align = "center"|x
-[[Image:IPactivity3.png|thumb|center|1000px| IP activity over the years]]
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-==Sales ==
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-Total Sales in 2010 - 4.04 Billion USD
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Company'''
+|1997
-|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Total Sales in 2010'''
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6274235 US6274235]</u></font>
-|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Urological sales'''
-|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Percentage share'''
-|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Product portfolio'''
 |-
-|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Boston Scientific'''
+|None
-|7800
+|align = "center"|x
-|661
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|8.48
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.bostonscientific.com/templatedata/imports/Microsite/Stone/collateral/Percuflex-Brochure.pdf Boston_portfolio]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|x
-|-
+|align = "center"|x
-|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''CR BARD'''
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|2700
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|702
+|align = "center"|x
-|26.00
+|1996
-|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[https://dolcera.net/teamwiki_prod/index.php/BARD_portfolio BARD_portfolio]</u></font>
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030136510%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030136510&RS=DN/20030136510 US20030136510]</u></font>
 |-
-|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Cook Medical'''
+|PPG Industries, Inc.
-|1700
+|align = "center"|x
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|align = "center"|x
-|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.cookmedical.com/uro/familyListingAction.do?family=Ureteral+Stents Cook_portfolio]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|x
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1996
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5776548 US5776548]</u></font>
 |-
-|bgcolor = "#4f81bd"|'''Medline'''
+|Ralf Korpman Associates, Inc.
-|4040
+|align = "center"|x
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
-|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.medline.com/irj/catalog/search?initialSearchTerms=ureteral%20stent Medline_portfolio]</u></font>
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|align = "center"|&nbsp;
+|1992
+|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5760135 US5760135]</u></font>
 |-
 |}
+===Technology Tree===
-[[image:stentshare.jpg |thumb|center|1000px| All figures in USD million ]]
+As it is evident from the the technology tree below, although the IP activity in the area of Pressure sensitive adhesive was initiated during 1970s, companies are continuously trying new combinations of different components.
+[[image:Technology tree.jpg|center|500 px]]
-=<span style="color:#C41E3A">Like this report?</span>=
+==Key findings==
+* In the medical field, pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are used for many different applications in the hospital and health areas and also they can be used to adhere two surfaces together such as the flaps of packing material or fabric to a surface
+* In many commercial applications of pressure-sensitive adhesives, it would be preferred to use an acrylate polymer or copolymer having an intrinsic viscosity of at least about 2.5 dl/g
+* Ideally, a process for producing an acrylate-based polymer for a pressure-sensitive adhesive provides a means for controlling both molecular weight, i.e., intrinsic viscosity, and molecular weight distribution.
+* Pressure-sensitive adhesives require a delicate balance of viscous and elastic properties that result in a four-fold balance of adhesion, cohesion, stretchiness and elasticity. Pressure-sensitive adhesives generally comprise elastomers that are either inherently tacky, or elastomers or thermoplastic elastomers that are tackified with the addition of tackifying resins.
+==Analysis Sheet==
+[[Media:Sample analysis sheet.xls|Sample Analysis Sheet]]
+==<span style="color:#C41E3A">Like this report?</span>==
 <p align="center"> '''This is only a sample report with brief analysis''' <br>
 '''Dolcera can provide a comprehensive report customized to your needs'''</p>
@@ Line 794: / Line 879: @@
 |}
 <br>
+==Contact Dolcera==
+{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"
+|-
-=[[Backup]]=
+! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera
+|-
+| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]
+|-
+| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952
+|}

Difference between pages "Ureteral Stent" and "Pressure sensitive adhesives"

Latest revision as of 05:43, 27 July 2015

Contents

Dashboard

Overview

Surface Energy

Low Surface Energy Substrates

Adhesion

Application of PSA

Application in electronics and electrical industry

Application in automobile industry

Medical applications

PSAs drive transdermal delivery

Application in aerospace industry

Making of PSAs

Effect of important parameters on PSA making and performance

Effect of polymer molecular weight and crosslinking reactions on the end-use properties of PSAs

Effect of composition on Mechanical behaviours and fracture energy of PSAs

Effect of tackifier on PSAs

Effect of chain transfer agent and cross-linker concentration in making of PSAs

Effect of flexible substrates on PSAs performance

PSA performance measurement

Tack

Peel strength

Shear strength

PSA products

Recycling issues with PSA

Search strategy

Market Information

Intellectual Property

Patent Search Table

Like this report?

Taxonomy for analysis

Taxonomy for PSA composition

IP Activity

Major Competitors

Composition components matrix

Technology Tree

Key findings

Analysis Sheet

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