https://www.dolcera.com/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Ankitbiyani&feedformat=atomDolceraWiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T15:59:41ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.24wmf12https://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Gut_biology_and_probiotic_microorganisms_in_food_template&diff=10037Gut biology and probiotic microorganisms in food template2011-12-14T13:46:42Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* '''Class code definitions''' */</p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Objective''' ==<br />
To create a technology landscape report on '''Gut Biology and Probiotic microorganisms in food'''<br />
<br />
*Identify market players with prolific IP activity in the technology area<br />
*Segment the players by the industry they belong to<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Note''': ''This report is just a template and gives an indication of what the paid report contains.'' <br />
<br />
''[http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Gut_biology_and_probiotic_microorganisms_in_food_template#Purchase_Information Click here] for information to purchase the report''<br />
<br />
== '''Background''' ==<br />
=== '''Definition''' ===<br />
Etymologically, the term probiotic appears to be a composite of the Latin preposition '''pro''' ("for") and the Greek adjective βιωτικός (biotic), the latter deriving from the noun βίος ('''bios''', "life").[http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJN%2FBJN90_04%2FS0007114503001946a.pdf&code=f1ec2535349c21cea69d566e33aeaf5e Miller et al British Journal of Nutrition, 2003 ] Lilly and Stillwell coined the term probiotic in 1965 and defined it as "a substance produced by one microorganism stimulating the growth of another microorganism" and understood a probiotic as opposite to an antibiotic.[http://www.old-herborn-university.de/literature/books/OHUni_book_15_article_1.pdf Rusch 2002 ] Over the course of time various definitions of probiotics have surfaced and the internationally adopted FAO/WHO definition was coined in 2001 which describes probiotics as <br />'''"Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host"''' [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0512e/a0512e00.pdf FAO report 2002 ] <br/> <br />
<br />
The International Study Group on New Antimicrobial Strategies (ISGNAS), developed a concept for the detailed definition of probiotics in three categories.<br />
<br />
'''1. Medical probiotics (drugs)''' - a microbial preparation which contains live and/or dead microorganisms including their components and products determined to be employed as a drug for therapeutic purposes.<br />
<br />
'''2. Pharmaceutical probiotics (food supplements''') - a microbial preparation designed for manufacture of food supplements.<br />
<br />
'''3. Alimentary probiotics (food)''' - a microbial preparation designed for use in food fermentation or food production. The mode of action includes immunomodulation, host microflora modulation, and the modulation of metabolic processes. [http://www.old-herborn-university.de/literature/books/OHUni_book_15_article_1.pdf Rusch 2002]<br />
<br />
[[Image:arrow.png]][[Please click here to view the Common probiotic microorganisms]]<br />
<br />
=== '''Science behind probiotics''' ===<br />
An organism may be classified as a probiotic(in human beings) based on the following criteria.<br />
<br />
[[Image:criteria for categorizing an organism as probiotic.jpg|thumb|centre|400px| '''Therapeutical use of probiotic formulations in clinical practice''' [http://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(10)00090-7/abstract T.Lannitti et al Clinical Nutrition Journal, 2010]]]<br />
<br />
Of the probiotic microbes, the genera ''Bifidobacter'' and ''Lactobacillus'' are very prevalent. They restore the normal intestinal microflora after antibiotic treatment, produce digestive enzymes, improves food digestibility, suppresses food-borne pathogens.<br />
<br />
=== '''Probiotics as food''' ===<br />
<br />
Probiotics essentially work by helping to maintain and replenish these colonies of beneficial bacteria. They can be ingested through a variety of means, including daily capsules, yogurt shots, or enhanced dairy products. Capsules of probiotics are similar to capsules of any nutrient, and contain live bacteria within an easily digestible shell. Small yogurt shots, which contain less than one ounce of yogurt infused with high numbers of probiotics, can be taken once a day instead of the capsule. Significant numbers of probiotics have also become included in many types of milk, cheeses, and yogurts to help keep numbers of gut flora high.<br />
[http://www.ehow.com/about_5426722_probiotic-effects.html#ixzz1VCGLrUT3 Probiotic effects ehow.com ]<br />
<br />
=== '''Health benefits of probiotics''' ===<br />
<br />
<br />
The world is full of microorganisms (including bacteria), and so are people's bodies -- in and on the skin, in the gut, and in other orifices. Friendly bacteria are vital to proper development of the immune system, to protection against microorganisms that could cause disease, and to the digestion and absorption of food and nutrients. Each person's mix of bacteria varies. Interactions between a person and the microorganisms in his body, and among the microorganisms themselves, can be crucial to the person's health and well-being.<br />
<br />
This bacterial "balancing act" can be thrown off in two major ways:<br />
<br>1. By antibiotics, when they kill friendly bacteria in the gut along with unfriendly bacteria. Some people use probiotics to try to offset side effects from antibiotics like gas, cramping, or diarrhea. Similarly, some use them to ease symptoms of lactose intolerance -- a condition in which the gut lacks the enzyme needed to digest significant amounts of the major sugar in milk, and which also causes gastrointestinal symptoms.<br />
<br>2. "Unfriendly" microorganisms such as disease-causing bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and parasites can also upset the balance. Researchers are exploring whether probiotics could halt these unfriendly agents in the first place and/or suppress their growth and activity in conditions like:<br> <br />
*Infectious diarrhea<br> <br />
* Irritable bowel syndrome<br> <br />
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease)<br> <br />
* Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterium that causes most ulcers and many types of chronic stomach inflammation<br> <br />
* Tooth decay and periodontal disease<br> <br />
* Vaginal infections<br> <br />
* Stomach and respiratory infections that children acquire in daycare<br> <br />
* Skin infections <br />
* Tumours[http://www.medicinenet.com/probiotics/page2.htm#health Probiotics medicinenet.com ]<br />
<br />
'''Probiotics contribute to well-being in various ways as shown in the figure'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:figure-4.jpg|thumb|800px|centre| '''Health benefits of probiotic consumption''' [http://www.customprobiotics.com/_images/figure-4.jpg customprobiotics.com ]]]<br />
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== '''Concept Table''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "2"|'''S.No''' <br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''English Keywords'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''German Keywords'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''French Keywords'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Gut'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Biology'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Probiotic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Food'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Gut'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Biology'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Probiotic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Food'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Gut'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Biology'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Probiotic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Food'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Gut<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Biology<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Probiotic<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Food<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Darm<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Biologie<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Probiotischen<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Lebensmittel, Essen, Nahrung, Nahrungsmittel, Futter<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Intestin, Boyau, Corde De Boyau, Étriper<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Biologie, La Biologie, De Biologie<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Probiotique, Des Probiotique, Les Probiotique, De Probiotique<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Alimentaires, Nourriture, Alimentation, Aliment, Bouffe<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|Stomach<br />
|Mechanism<br />
|Probiotics<br />
|Feed<br />
|<font color="#333333">Magen</font><br />
|Mechanismus<br />
|Probiotika<br />
|füttern, Zuführung, Beschickung, Viehfutter<br />
|L<nowiki>'</nowiki>Estomac, Estomac, Caillette,<br />
|Mécanisme De, Mécanismes, Mécanisme De<br />
|Probiotiques, Des Probiotiques, Les Probiotiques, De Probiotiques<br />
|L<nowiki>'</nowiki>Alimentation Animale, Aliments Pour Animaux<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*''An indicative list of terms to show how a concept table is generated. View paid report for complete list.''<br />
*''Concept Table was enriched by searches related to gut biology and probiotics in food from pubmed mesh, relevant patents, scientific articles and various thesauri''<br />
<br />
== '''Class code definitions''' ==<br />
<br />
===US CLASSES===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "7"|424<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFFCC"|424/93.1<br />
|colspan = "3"|Whole live micro-organism, cell, or virus containing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===IPC CLASSES===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "20"|A<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "9"|Human Necessities<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFFCC" rowspan = "4"|A01<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFFCC" colspan = "8"|Agriculture; Forestry; Animal husbandry; Hunting; Trapping; Fishing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "3"|A01N<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "7"|Preservation of bodies of humans or animals or plants or parts thereof; Biocides, e.g; as disinfectants, as pesticides or as herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants; Plant growth regulators<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|colspan = "6"|A01N 63/00<br />
|Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing micro-organisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals, e.g. nematodes, or substances produced by, or obtained from micro-organisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===F-terms===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="70%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Theme'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Theme definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''F-term'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''F-term definition'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "2"|4B001<br />
|rowspan = "2"|Dairy products<br />
|align = "center"|AC31<br />
|Materials=<nowiki>></nowiki>Lactic acid bacteria<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|AC50<br />
|Materials=<nowiki>></nowiki>Use of bifids (i.e., Lactobacillus bifidus bacteria)<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*''An indicative list of various class codes used for the IP search. View paid report for complete list.''<br />
<br />
== '''Search Strategy''' ==<br />
* '''Search Engine:''' Thomson Innovation<br />
* '''Databases covered:''' US, Europe, German, Japanese and Korean applications and granted patents<br />
* '''Coverage:''' Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
* '''Timeline:''' 1991- 20th Sep 2011<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''S.No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Search Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Number of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"| <br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''English keyword search'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|(probiotic OR ***) AND (A23C**** OR ***)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> US class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|((probiotic OR ***) AND (42**** OR ***)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|1 OR 2<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|(Food OR ****) AND (C12**** OR ***) <br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keyword for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> US class code for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|(Food OR ***) AND (424** OR ***)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|4 OR 5<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final English query- 3 OR 6'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''German keyword search'''<br />
|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|(Probiotischen OR ***) AND (A23****** OR ***)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|(Säuglingsanfangsnahrung OR ***) AND (C12R**** OR ***)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final German query- 8 OR 9'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''French keyword search'''<br />
|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keyword for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|(probiotique OR ***)AND (A23C**** OR ***)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''12'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|((formule ADJ2 pour) ADJ2 bébé) OR ****)) AND (C12R**** OR ***)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''13'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final French query- 11 OR 12'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Search with Japanese F terms'''<br />
|align = "center"|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''14'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> Japanese F term for food<br />
|align = "center"|(probiotic or ***)) AND (4C0*** OR ***)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''15'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> Japanese F-term for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|(Food OR (Food ADJ2 stuff<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR ***) AND (4B0***** OR ***)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''16'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final query with F-terms- 14 OR 15'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''17'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''FINAL SEARCH QUERY- 7 OR 10 OR 13 OR 16'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== '''Taxonomy''' ==<br />
The companies with IP in the area as categorized by their industry segments<br />
<mm>[[Gutbiologytaxonomy.mm]]</mm><br />
----<br />
<br />
== '''Relevant patents (Sample Set)''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''S.No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Publication No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Date of patent'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Inventors'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Assignee'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| <font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070286888%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070286888&RS=DN/20070286888 US20070286888]</u></font><br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Additive For Feeds And Feed Containing The Same<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| An additive for feeds is provided which is efficacious in preventing and ameliorating digestive disorders such as diarrhea occurring as the side effects of the administration of antibiotics and a feed containing same. More specifically, an additive for feeds which comprises (A) Lactobacillus equi cells and (B) cells of at least one bacterium selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactbacillus johnsonii.<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|13-Dec-07<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Kado; Yukiko ; Morotomi; Masami.<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Kabushiki Kaisha Yakult Honsha<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7906112.PN.&OS=PN/7906112&RS=PN/7906112 US7906112]</u></font><br />
|Canine probiotic Lactobacilli<br />
|According to the invention there is provided a strain of lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacilli obtainable by isolation from resected and washed canine gastrointestinal tract having a probiotic activity in animals. Methods of use and compositions comprising the Lactobacilli of the present invention are also provided.<br />
|align = "center"|3-Sep-03<br />
|Reid; Gregor, Bruce; Andrew W. , Han; Victor<br />
|Urex Biotech, Inc.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| <font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7288245.PN.&OS=PN/7288245&RS=PN/7288245 US7288245]</u></font><br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Composition having immunoregulating activities<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| The invention provides a composition comprising novel lactic acid bacteria having immunoregulating activities. Specifically, the invention provides food, drinks or medicaments containing novel lactic acid bacteria separated from "Shibazuke," one kind of traditional Kyoto pickles, and having immunoregulating activities. The lactic acid bacteria belong to Lactobacillus pentosus and have a weak assimilating activity or no assimilating activity for glycerol.<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|30-Oct-07<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Nonaka; Yuji, Izumo; Takayuki, Iida; Keiko<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Suntory Limited<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''4'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060121015%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060121015&RS=DN/20060121015 US20060121015]</u></font><br />
|Probiotic bifidobacterium strains<br />
|A Bifidobacterium strain, AH208, AH209, AH210, AH211, AH212 or AH214 or mutants or variants thereof are useful in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory activity especially undesirable gastrointestinal inflammatory activity, such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome.<br />
|align = "center"|8-Jun-06<br />
|Collins; John Kevin; O<nowiki>’</nowiki>Sullivan; Gerald Christopher; O<nowiki>’</nowiki>Mahony; Liam; Shanahan; Fergus;Kiely; Barry<br />
|Alimentary Health Limited<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
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<br />
== '''Sample Patent Analysis Sheet''' ==<br />
<br />
[[Media:5 Control patent analysis.xls|Click here to download the sample patent analysis sheet]]<br />
<br />
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== '''Assignee analysis and IP Activity''' ==<br />
*''Labels for all the charts below are available in the paid report.''<br />
==='''Top Assignees'''===<br />
[[Image:majayer.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Top Assignees'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==='''Geographical distribution'''===<br />
*Based on patent number<br />
<br />
[[Image:newut of patentsn.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Based on relevant patents'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
*Including family members<br />
<br />
[[Image:gdiamilym.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Based on patent family members'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==='''IP Activity'''===<br />
<br />
[[Image:yeaitn.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''IP activity'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:pyern.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''IP activity'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==='''Top Cited patents'''===<br />
* Patents with the maximum number of forward citations were determined and the graph shows the top 13 patents with corresponding assignees.<br />
<br />
[[Image:citm.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Top cited patents'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==Dolcera Dashboard==<br />
Assignees were categorized based on the type of their products viz. food,feed or beverage, biotech, pharma,other industries, research and educational institutions etc and their patents have been shown in the Dolcera Interactive Dashboard. <br />
<br />
A data preview of the dashboard is shown below: <br />
[[Image:dashboardclickfinal123.jpg|800px|center|Probiotic microorganisms in food]]<br />
<br />
<br />
A chart preview of the dashboard is shown below:<br />
[[Image:dashboardclickfinal345.jpg|800px|center|Probiotic microorganisms in food]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Patent to product mapping''' ==<br />
* ''Some products with respect to this technology area were identified and mapped to the patents from their respective assignees.'' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''S.No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Patent no'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Assignee'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Products'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Snapshot'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|US20110014248A1<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Cosmetic use of microorganism(s) for the treatment of scalp disorders<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|NESTLE SA<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.farmasalut.com/product.php?id_product=22 INNEOV HAIR HEALTH DS DANDRUFF]</u></font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|&nbsp;<br />
[[Image:nestle.jpg|center|150px]]<br/><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|WO2011012655A1<br />
|Nutritional composition for breast-fed infants or pets with probiotics and selected nutrients<br />
|NESTLE SA<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.purinaveterinarydiets.com/Product/FortiFloraCanineNutritionalSupplements.aspx FortiFlora® Canine Nutritional Supplements]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
[[Image:nestlesa.jpg|center|150px]]<br/><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|US5603930A<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM I-1225<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|NESTLE SA<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.lc1.de/ LC1 yoghurt]</u></font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|&nbsp;<br />
[[Image:nestlesaa.jpg|center|150px]]<br/><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== '''Purchase Information'''==<br />
<br />
Contact information for purchasing this report:<br />
<br />
*Email: [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
*Phone: +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Gut_biology_and_probiotic_microorganisms_in_food_template&diff=10028Gut biology and probiotic microorganisms in food template2011-12-14T12:03:43Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* '''Relevant patents''' */</p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Objective''' ==<br />
To create a technology landscape report on '''Gut Biology and Probiotic microorganisms in food'''<br />
<br />
*Identify market players with prolific IP activity in the technology area<br />
*Segment the players by the industry they belong to<br />
*Map products of important players to their patents<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Note''': ''This report is just a template and gives an indication of what the paid report contains.'' <br />
<br />
''[http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Gut_biology_and_probiotic_microorganisms_in_food_template#Purchase_Information Click here] for information to purchase the report''<br />
<br />
== '''Background''' ==<br />
=== '''Definition''' ===<br />
Etymologically, the term probiotic appears to be a composite of the Latin preposition '''pro''' ("for") and the Greek adjective βιωτικός (biotic), the latter deriving from the noun βίος ('''bios''', "life").[http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJN%2FBJN90_04%2FS0007114503001946a.pdf&code=f1ec2535349c21cea69d566e33aeaf5e Miller et al British Journal of Nutrition, 2003 ] Lilly and Stillwell coined the term probiotic in 1965 and defined it as "a substance produced by one microorganism stimulating the growth of another microorganism" and understood a probiotic as opposite to an antibiotic.[http://www.old-herborn-university.de/literature/books/OHUni_book_15_article_1.pdf Rusch 2002 ] Over the course of time various definitions of probiotics have surfaced and the internationally adopted FAO/WHO definition was coined in 2001 which describes probiotics as <br />'''"Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host"''' [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0512e/a0512e00.pdf FAO report 2002 ] <br/> <br />
<br />
The International Study Group on New Antimicrobial Strategies (ISGNAS), developed a concept for the detailed definition of probiotics in three categories.<br />
<br />
'''1. Medical probiotics (drugs)''' - a microbial preparation which contains live and/or dead microorganisms including their components and products determined to be employed as a drug for therapeutic purposes.<br />
<br />
'''2. Pharmaceutical probiotics (food supplements''') - a microbial preparation designed for manufacture of food supplements.<br />
<br />
'''3. Alimentary probiotics (food)''' - a microbial preparation designed for use in food fermentation or food production. The mode of action includes immunomodulation, host microflora modulation, and the modulation of metabolic processes. [http://www.old-herborn-university.de/literature/books/OHUni_book_15_article_1.pdf Rusch 2002]<br />
<br />
[[Image:arrow.png]][[Please click here to view the Common probiotic microorganisms]]<br />
<br />
=== '''Science behind probiotics''' ===<br />
An organism may be classified as a probiotic(in human beings) based on the following criteria.<br />
<br />
[[Image:criteria for categorizing an organism as probiotic.jpg|thumb|centre|400px| '''Therapeutical use of probiotic formulations in clinical practice''' [http://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(10)00090-7/abstract T.Lannitti et al Clinical Nutrition Journal, 2010]]]<br />
<br />
Of the probiotic microbes, the genera ''Bifidobacter'' and ''Lactobacillus'' are very prevalent. They restore the normal intestinal microflora after antibiotic treatment, produce digestive enzymes, improves food digestibility, suppresses food-borne pathogens.<br />
<br />
=== '''Probiotics as food''' ===<br />
<br />
Probiotics essentially work by helping to maintain and replenish these colonies of beneficial bacteria. They can be ingested through a variety of means, including daily capsules, yogurt shots, or enhanced dairy products. Capsules of probiotics are similar to capsules of any nutrient, and contain live bacteria within an easily digestible shell. Small yogurt shots, which contain less than one ounce of yogurt infused with high numbers of probiotics, can be taken once a day instead of the capsule. Significant numbers of probiotics have also become included in many types of milk, cheeses, and yogurts to help keep numbers of gut flora high.<br />
[http://www.ehow.com/about_5426722_probiotic-effects.html#ixzz1VCGLrUT3 Probiotic effects ehow.com ]<br />
<br />
=== '''Health benefits of probiotics''' ===<br />
<br />
<br />
The world is full of microorganisms (including bacteria), and so are people's bodies -- in and on the skin, in the gut, and in other orifices. Friendly bacteria are vital to proper development of the immune system, to protection against microorganisms that could cause disease, and to the digestion and absorption of food and nutrients. Each person's mix of bacteria varies. Interactions between a person and the microorganisms in his body, and among the microorganisms themselves, can be crucial to the person's health and well-being.<br />
<br />
This bacterial "balancing act" can be thrown off in two major ways:<br />
<br>1. By antibiotics, when they kill friendly bacteria in the gut along with unfriendly bacteria. Some people use probiotics to try to offset side effects from antibiotics like gas, cramping, or diarrhea. Similarly, some use them to ease symptoms of lactose intolerance -- a condition in which the gut lacks the enzyme needed to digest significant amounts of the major sugar in milk, and which also causes gastrointestinal symptoms.<br />
<br>2. "Unfriendly" microorganisms such as disease-causing bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and parasites can also upset the balance. Researchers are exploring whether probiotics could halt these unfriendly agents in the first place and/or suppress their growth and activity in conditions like:<br> <br />
*Infectious diarrhea<br> <br />
* Irritable bowel syndrome<br> <br />
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease)<br> <br />
* Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterium that causes most ulcers and many types of chronic stomach inflammation<br> <br />
* Tooth decay and periodontal disease<br> <br />
* Vaginal infections<br> <br />
* Stomach and respiratory infections that children acquire in daycare<br> <br />
* Skin infections <br />
* Tumours[http://www.medicinenet.com/probiotics/page2.htm#health Probiotics medicinenet.com ]<br />
<br />
'''Probiotics contribute to well-being in various ways as shown in the figure'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:figure-4.jpg|thumb|800px|centre| '''Health benefits of probiotic consumption''' [http://www.customprobiotics.com/_images/figure-4.jpg customprobiotics.com ]]]<br />
----<br />
== '''Concept Table''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "2"|'''S.No''' <br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''English Keywords'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''German Keywords'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''French Keywords'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Gut'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Biology'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Probiotic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Food'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Gut'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Biology'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Probiotic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Food'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Gut'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Biology'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Probiotic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Food'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Gut<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Biology<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Probiotic<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Food<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Darm<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Biologie<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Probiotischen<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Lebensmittel, Essen, Nahrung, Nahrungsmittel, Futter<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Intestin, Boyau, Corde De Boyau, Étriper<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Biologie, La Biologie, De Biologie<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Probiotique, Des Probiotique, Les Probiotique, De Probiotique<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Alimentaires, Nourriture, Alimentation, Aliment, Bouffe<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|Stomach<br />
|Mechanism<br />
|Probiotics<br />
|Feed<br />
|<font color="#333333">Magen</font><br />
|Mechanismus<br />
|Probiotika<br />
|füttern, Zuführung, Beschickung, Viehfutter<br />
|L<nowiki>'</nowiki>Estomac, Estomac, Caillette,<br />
|Mécanisme De, Mécanismes, Mécanisme De<br />
|Probiotiques, Des Probiotiques, Les Probiotiques, De Probiotiques<br />
|L<nowiki>'</nowiki>Alimentation Animale, Aliments Pour Animaux<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*''An indicative list of terms to show how a concept table is generated. View paid report for complete list.''<br />
*''Concept Table was enriched by searches related to gut biology and probiotics in food from pubmed mesh, relevant patents, scientific articles and various thesauri''<br />
<br />
== '''Class code definitions''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "7"|424<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFFCC"|424/93.1<br />
|colspan = "3"|Whole live micro-organism, cell, or virus containing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===IPC CLASSES AND THEIR DEFINITIONS===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "20"|A<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "9"|Human Necessities<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFFCC" rowspan = "4"|A01<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFFCC" colspan = "8"|Agriculture; Forestry; Animal husbandry; Hunting; Trapping; Fishing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "3"|A01N<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "7"|Preservation of bodies of humans or animals or plants or parts thereof; Biocides, e.g; as disinfectants, as pesticides or as herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants; Plant growth regulators<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|colspan = "6"|A01N 63/00<br />
|Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing micro-organisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals, e.g. nematodes, or substances produced by, or obtained from micro-organisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===F-terms and their definitions===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="70%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Theme'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Theme definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''F-term'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''F-term definition'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "2"|4B001<br />
|rowspan = "2"|Dairy products<br />
|align = "center"|AC31<br />
|Materials=<nowiki>></nowiki>Lactic acid bacteria<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|AC50<br />
|Materials=<nowiki>></nowiki>Use of bifids (i.e., Lactobacillus bifidus bacteria)<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*''An indicative list of various class codes used for the IP search. View paid report for complete list.''<br />
<br />
== '''Search Strategy''' ==<br />
* '''Search Engine:''' Thomson Innovation<br />
* '''Databases covered:''' US, Europe, German, Japanese and Korean applications and granted patents<br />
* '''Coverage:''' Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
* '''Timeline:''' 1991- 20th Sep 2011<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''S.No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Search Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Number of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"| <br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''English keyword search'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|(probiotic OR *** AND A23C****)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> US class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|((probiotic OR *** AND 42****)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|1 OR 2<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|Food OR **** AND C12**** <br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keyword for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> US class code for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|Food OR *** AND 424**<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|4 OR 5<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final English query- 3 OR 6'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''German keyword search'''<br />
|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|(Probiotischen OR *** AND A23******<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|(Säuglingsanfangsnahrung OR ***) AND C12R****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final German query- 8 OR 9'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''French keyword search'''<br />
|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keyword for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|(probiotique OR ***)AND A23C****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''12'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|(((formule ADJ2 pour) ADJ2 bébé) OR ****))) AND C12R****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''13'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final French query- 11 OR 12'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Search with Japanese F terms'''<br />
|align = "center"|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''14'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> Japanese F term for food<br />
|align = "center"|(probiotic or ***)) AND 4C0***<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''15'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> Japanese F-term for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|Food OR (Food ADJ2 stuff<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR ***) AND 4B0*****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''16'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final query with F-terms- 14 OR 15'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''17'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''FINAL SEARCH QUERY- 7 OR 10 OR 13 OR 16'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== '''Taxonomy''' ==<br />
The companies with IP in the area as categorized by their industry segments<br />
<mm>[[Gutbiologytaxonomy.mm]]</mm><br />
----<br />
<br />
== '''Relevant patents (Sample Set)''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''S.No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Publication No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Date of patent'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Inventors'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Assignee'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| <font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070286888%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070286888&RS=DN/20070286888 US20070286888]</u></font><br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Additive For Feeds And Feed Containing The Same<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| An additive for feeds is provided which is efficacious in preventing and ameliorating digestive disorders such as diarrhea occurring as the side effects of the administration of antibiotics and a feed containing same. More specifically, an additive for feeds which comprises (A) Lactobacillus equi cells and (B) cells of at least one bacterium selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactbacillus johnsonii.<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|13-Dec-07<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Kado; Yukiko ; Morotomi; Masami.<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Kabushiki Kaisha Yakult Honsha<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7906112.PN.&OS=PN/7906112&RS=PN/7906112 US7906112]</u></font><br />
|Canine probiotic Lactobacilli<br />
|According to the invention there is provided a strain of lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacilli obtainable by isolation from resected and washed canine gastrointestinal tract having a probiotic activity in animals. Methods of use and compositions comprising the Lactobacilli of the present invention are also provided.<br />
|align = "center"|3-Sep-03<br />
|Reid; Gregor, Bruce; Andrew W. , Han; Victor<br />
|Urex Biotech, Inc.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| <font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7288245.PN.&OS=PN/7288245&RS=PN/7288245 US7288245]</u></font><br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Composition having immunoregulating activities<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| The invention provides a composition comprising novel lactic acid bacteria having immunoregulating activities. Specifically, the invention provides food, drinks or medicaments containing novel lactic acid bacteria separated from "Shibazuke," one kind of traditional Kyoto pickles, and having immunoregulating activities. The lactic acid bacteria belong to Lactobacillus pentosus and have a weak assimilating activity or no assimilating activity for glycerol.<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|30-Oct-07<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Nonaka; Yuji, Izumo; Takayuki, Iida; Keiko<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Suntory Limited<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''4'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060121015%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060121015&RS=DN/20060121015 US20060121015]</u></font><br />
|Probiotic bifidobacterium strains<br />
|A Bifidobacterium strain, AH208, AH209, AH210, AH211, AH212 or AH214 or mutants or variants thereof are useful in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory activity especially undesirable gastrointestinal inflammatory activity, such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome.<br />
|align = "center"|8-Jun-06<br />
|Collins; John Kevin; O<nowiki>’</nowiki>Sullivan; Gerald Christopher; O<nowiki>’</nowiki>Mahony; Liam; Shanahan; Fergus;Kiely; Barry<br />
|Alimentary Health Limited<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== '''Sample Patent Analysis Sheet''' ==<br />
<br />
[[Media:5 Control patent analysis.xls|Click here to download the sample patent analysis sheet]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
== '''Assignee analysis and IP Activity''' ==<br />
*''Labels for all the charts below are available in the paid report.''<br />
==='''Top Assignees'''===<br />
[[Image:majayer.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Top Assignees'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==='''Geographical distribution'''===<br />
*Based on patent number<br />
<br />
[[Image:newut of patentsn.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Based on relevant patents'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
*Including family members<br />
<br />
[[Image:gdiamilym.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Based on patent family members'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==='''IP Activity'''===<br />
<br />
[[Image:yeaitn.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''IP activity'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:pyern.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''IP activity'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==='''Top Cited patents'''===<br />
* Patents with the maximum number of forward citations were determined and the graph shows the top 13 patents with corresponding assignees.<br />
<br />
[[Image:citm.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Top cited patents'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
== '''Patent to product mapping''' ==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''S.No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Patent no'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Assignee'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Products'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Snapshot'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|US20110014248A1<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Cosmetic use of microorganism(s) for the treatment of scalp disorders<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|NESTLE SA<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.farmasalut.com/product.php?id_product=22 INNEOV HAIR HEALTH DS DANDRUFF]</u></font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|&nbsp;<br />
[[Image:nestle.jpg|center|150px]]<br/><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|WO2011012655A1<br />
|Nutritional composition for breast-fed infants or pets with probiotics and selected nutrients<br />
|NESTLE SA<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.purinaveterinarydiets.com/Product/FortiFloraCanineNutritionalSupplements.aspx FortiFlora® Canine Nutritional Supplements]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
[[Image:nestlesa.jpg|center|150px]]<br/><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|US5603930A<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM I-1225<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|NESTLE SA<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.lc1.de/ LC1 yoghurt]</u></font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|&nbsp;<br />
[[Image:nestlesaa.jpg|center|150px]]<br/><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Purchase Information'''==<br />
<br />
Contact information for purchasing this report:<br />
<br />
*Email: [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
*Phone: +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Gut_biology_and_probiotic_microorganisms_in_food_template&diff=10027Gut biology and probiotic microorganisms in food template2011-12-14T12:03:03Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* '''Taxonomy''' */</p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Objective''' ==<br />
To create a technology landscape report on '''Gut Biology and Probiotic microorganisms in food'''<br />
<br />
*Identify market players with prolific IP activity in the technology area<br />
*Segment the players by the industry they belong to<br />
*Map products of important players to their patents<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Note''': ''This report is just a template and gives an indication of what the paid report contains.'' <br />
<br />
''[http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Gut_biology_and_probiotic_microorganisms_in_food_template#Purchase_Information Click here] for information to purchase the report''<br />
<br />
== '''Background''' ==<br />
=== '''Definition''' ===<br />
Etymologically, the term probiotic appears to be a composite of the Latin preposition '''pro''' ("for") and the Greek adjective βιωτικός (biotic), the latter deriving from the noun βίος ('''bios''', "life").[http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJN%2FBJN90_04%2FS0007114503001946a.pdf&code=f1ec2535349c21cea69d566e33aeaf5e Miller et al British Journal of Nutrition, 2003 ] Lilly and Stillwell coined the term probiotic in 1965 and defined it as "a substance produced by one microorganism stimulating the growth of another microorganism" and understood a probiotic as opposite to an antibiotic.[http://www.old-herborn-university.de/literature/books/OHUni_book_15_article_1.pdf Rusch 2002 ] Over the course of time various definitions of probiotics have surfaced and the internationally adopted FAO/WHO definition was coined in 2001 which describes probiotics as <br />'''"Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host"''' [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0512e/a0512e00.pdf FAO report 2002 ] <br/> <br />
<br />
The International Study Group on New Antimicrobial Strategies (ISGNAS), developed a concept for the detailed definition of probiotics in three categories.<br />
<br />
'''1. Medical probiotics (drugs)''' - a microbial preparation which contains live and/or dead microorganisms including their components and products determined to be employed as a drug for therapeutic purposes.<br />
<br />
'''2. Pharmaceutical probiotics (food supplements''') - a microbial preparation designed for manufacture of food supplements.<br />
<br />
'''3. Alimentary probiotics (food)''' - a microbial preparation designed for use in food fermentation or food production. The mode of action includes immunomodulation, host microflora modulation, and the modulation of metabolic processes. [http://www.old-herborn-university.de/literature/books/OHUni_book_15_article_1.pdf Rusch 2002]<br />
<br />
[[Image:arrow.png]][[Please click here to view the Common probiotic microorganisms]]<br />
<br />
=== '''Science behind probiotics''' ===<br />
An organism may be classified as a probiotic(in human beings) based on the following criteria.<br />
<br />
[[Image:criteria for categorizing an organism as probiotic.jpg|thumb|centre|400px| '''Therapeutical use of probiotic formulations in clinical practice''' [http://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(10)00090-7/abstract T.Lannitti et al Clinical Nutrition Journal, 2010]]]<br />
<br />
Of the probiotic microbes, the genera ''Bifidobacter'' and ''Lactobacillus'' are very prevalent. They restore the normal intestinal microflora after antibiotic treatment, produce digestive enzymes, improves food digestibility, suppresses food-borne pathogens.<br />
<br />
=== '''Probiotics as food''' ===<br />
<br />
Probiotics essentially work by helping to maintain and replenish these colonies of beneficial bacteria. They can be ingested through a variety of means, including daily capsules, yogurt shots, or enhanced dairy products. Capsules of probiotics are similar to capsules of any nutrient, and contain live bacteria within an easily digestible shell. Small yogurt shots, which contain less than one ounce of yogurt infused with high numbers of probiotics, can be taken once a day instead of the capsule. Significant numbers of probiotics have also become included in many types of milk, cheeses, and yogurts to help keep numbers of gut flora high.<br />
[http://www.ehow.com/about_5426722_probiotic-effects.html#ixzz1VCGLrUT3 Probiotic effects ehow.com ]<br />
<br />
=== '''Health benefits of probiotics''' ===<br />
<br />
<br />
The world is full of microorganisms (including bacteria), and so are people's bodies -- in and on the skin, in the gut, and in other orifices. Friendly bacteria are vital to proper development of the immune system, to protection against microorganisms that could cause disease, and to the digestion and absorption of food and nutrients. Each person's mix of bacteria varies. Interactions between a person and the microorganisms in his body, and among the microorganisms themselves, can be crucial to the person's health and well-being.<br />
<br />
This bacterial "balancing act" can be thrown off in two major ways:<br />
<br>1. By antibiotics, when they kill friendly bacteria in the gut along with unfriendly bacteria. Some people use probiotics to try to offset side effects from antibiotics like gas, cramping, or diarrhea. Similarly, some use them to ease symptoms of lactose intolerance -- a condition in which the gut lacks the enzyme needed to digest significant amounts of the major sugar in milk, and which also causes gastrointestinal symptoms.<br />
<br>2. "Unfriendly" microorganisms such as disease-causing bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and parasites can also upset the balance. Researchers are exploring whether probiotics could halt these unfriendly agents in the first place and/or suppress their growth and activity in conditions like:<br> <br />
*Infectious diarrhea<br> <br />
* Irritable bowel syndrome<br> <br />
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease)<br> <br />
* Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterium that causes most ulcers and many types of chronic stomach inflammation<br> <br />
* Tooth decay and periodontal disease<br> <br />
* Vaginal infections<br> <br />
* Stomach and respiratory infections that children acquire in daycare<br> <br />
* Skin infections <br />
* Tumours[http://www.medicinenet.com/probiotics/page2.htm#health Probiotics medicinenet.com ]<br />
<br />
'''Probiotics contribute to well-being in various ways as shown in the figure'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:figure-4.jpg|thumb|800px|centre| '''Health benefits of probiotic consumption''' [http://www.customprobiotics.com/_images/figure-4.jpg customprobiotics.com ]]]<br />
----<br />
== '''Concept Table''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "2"|'''S.No''' <br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''English Keywords'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''German Keywords'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''French Keywords'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Gut'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Biology'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Probiotic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Food'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Gut'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Biology'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Probiotic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Food'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Gut'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Biology'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Probiotic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Food'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Gut<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Biology<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Probiotic<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Food<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Darm<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Biologie<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Probiotischen<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Lebensmittel, Essen, Nahrung, Nahrungsmittel, Futter<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Intestin, Boyau, Corde De Boyau, Étriper<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Biologie, La Biologie, De Biologie<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Probiotique, Des Probiotique, Les Probiotique, De Probiotique<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Alimentaires, Nourriture, Alimentation, Aliment, Bouffe<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|Stomach<br />
|Mechanism<br />
|Probiotics<br />
|Feed<br />
|<font color="#333333">Magen</font><br />
|Mechanismus<br />
|Probiotika<br />
|füttern, Zuführung, Beschickung, Viehfutter<br />
|L<nowiki>'</nowiki>Estomac, Estomac, Caillette,<br />
|Mécanisme De, Mécanismes, Mécanisme De<br />
|Probiotiques, Des Probiotiques, Les Probiotiques, De Probiotiques<br />
|L<nowiki>'</nowiki>Alimentation Animale, Aliments Pour Animaux<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*''An indicative list of terms to show how a concept table is generated. View paid report for complete list.''<br />
*''Concept Table was enriched by searches related to gut biology and probiotics in food from pubmed mesh, relevant patents, scientific articles and various thesauri''<br />
<br />
== '''Class code definitions''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "7"|424<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFFCC"|424/93.1<br />
|colspan = "3"|Whole live micro-organism, cell, or virus containing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===IPC CLASSES AND THEIR DEFINITIONS===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "20"|A<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "9"|Human Necessities<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFFCC" rowspan = "4"|A01<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFFCC" colspan = "8"|Agriculture; Forestry; Animal husbandry; Hunting; Trapping; Fishing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "3"|A01N<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "7"|Preservation of bodies of humans or animals or plants or parts thereof; Biocides, e.g; as disinfectants, as pesticides or as herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants; Plant growth regulators<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|colspan = "6"|A01N 63/00<br />
|Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing micro-organisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals, e.g. nematodes, or substances produced by, or obtained from micro-organisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===F-terms and their definitions===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="70%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Theme'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Theme definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''F-term'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''F-term definition'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "2"|4B001<br />
|rowspan = "2"|Dairy products<br />
|align = "center"|AC31<br />
|Materials=<nowiki>></nowiki>Lactic acid bacteria<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|AC50<br />
|Materials=<nowiki>></nowiki>Use of bifids (i.e., Lactobacillus bifidus bacteria)<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*''An indicative list of various class codes used for the IP search. View paid report for complete list.''<br />
<br />
== '''Search Strategy''' ==<br />
* '''Search Engine:''' Thomson Innovation<br />
* '''Databases covered:''' US, Europe, German, Japanese and Korean applications and granted patents<br />
* '''Coverage:''' Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
* '''Timeline:''' 1991- 20th Sep 2011<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''S.No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Search Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Number of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"| <br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''English keyword search'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|(probiotic OR *** AND A23C****)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> US class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|((probiotic OR *** AND 42****)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|1 OR 2<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|Food OR **** AND C12**** <br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keyword for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> US class code for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|Food OR *** AND 424**<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|4 OR 5<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final English query- 3 OR 6'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''German keyword search'''<br />
|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|(Probiotischen OR *** AND A23******<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|(Säuglingsanfangsnahrung OR ***) AND C12R****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final German query- 8 OR 9'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''French keyword search'''<br />
|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keyword for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|(probiotique OR ***)AND A23C****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''12'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|(((formule ADJ2 pour) ADJ2 bébé) OR ****))) AND C12R****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''13'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final French query- 11 OR 12'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Search with Japanese F terms'''<br />
|align = "center"|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''14'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> Japanese F term for food<br />
|align = "center"|(probiotic or ***)) AND 4C0***<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''15'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> Japanese F-term for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|Food OR (Food ADJ2 stuff<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR ***) AND 4B0*****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''16'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final query with F-terms- 14 OR 15'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''17'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''FINAL SEARCH QUERY- 7 OR 10 OR 13 OR 16'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== '''Taxonomy''' ==<br />
The companies with IP in the area as categorized by their industry segments<br />
<mm>[[Gutbiologytaxonomy.mm]]</mm><br />
----<br />
<br />
== '''Relevant patents''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''S.No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Publication No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Date of patent'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Inventors'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Assignee'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| <font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070286888%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070286888&RS=DN/20070286888 US20070286888]</u></font><br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Additive For Feeds And Feed Containing The Same<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| An additive for feeds is provided which is efficacious in preventing and ameliorating digestive disorders such as diarrhea occurring as the side effects of the administration of antibiotics and a feed containing same. More specifically, an additive for feeds which comprises (A) Lactobacillus equi cells and (B) cells of at least one bacterium selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactbacillus johnsonii.<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|13-Dec-07<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Kado; Yukiko ; Morotomi; Masami.<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Kabushiki Kaisha Yakult Honsha<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7906112.PN.&OS=PN/7906112&RS=PN/7906112 US7906112]</u></font><br />
|Canine probiotic Lactobacilli<br />
|According to the invention there is provided a strain of lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacilli obtainable by isolation from resected and washed canine gastrointestinal tract having a probiotic activity in animals. Methods of use and compositions comprising the Lactobacilli of the present invention are also provided.<br />
|align = "center"|3-Sep-03<br />
|Reid; Gregor, Bruce; Andrew W. , Han; Victor<br />
|Urex Biotech, Inc.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| <font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7288245.PN.&OS=PN/7288245&RS=PN/7288245 US7288245]</u></font><br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Composition having immunoregulating activities<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| The invention provides a composition comprising novel lactic acid bacteria having immunoregulating activities. Specifically, the invention provides food, drinks or medicaments containing novel lactic acid bacteria separated from "Shibazuke," one kind of traditional Kyoto pickles, and having immunoregulating activities. The lactic acid bacteria belong to Lactobacillus pentosus and have a weak assimilating activity or no assimilating activity for glycerol.<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|30-Oct-07<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Nonaka; Yuji, Izumo; Takayuki, Iida; Keiko<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Suntory Limited<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''4'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060121015%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060121015&RS=DN/20060121015 US20060121015]</u></font><br />
|Probiotic bifidobacterium strains<br />
|A Bifidobacterium strain, AH208, AH209, AH210, AH211, AH212 or AH214 or mutants or variants thereof are useful in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory activity especially undesirable gastrointestinal inflammatory activity, such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome.<br />
|align = "center"|8-Jun-06<br />
|Collins; John Kevin; O<nowiki>’</nowiki>Sullivan; Gerald Christopher; O<nowiki>’</nowiki>Mahony; Liam; Shanahan; Fergus;Kiely; Barry<br />
|Alimentary Health Limited<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== '''Sample Patent Analysis Sheet''' ==<br />
<br />
[[Media:5 Control patent analysis.xls|Click here to download the sample patent analysis sheet]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
== '''Assignee analysis and IP Activity''' ==<br />
*''Labels for all the charts below are available in the paid report.''<br />
==='''Top Assignees'''===<br />
[[Image:majayer.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Top Assignees'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==='''Geographical distribution'''===<br />
*Based on patent number<br />
<br />
[[Image:newut of patentsn.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Based on relevant patents'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
*Including family members<br />
<br />
[[Image:gdiamilym.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Based on patent family members'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==='''IP Activity'''===<br />
<br />
[[Image:yeaitn.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''IP activity'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:pyern.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''IP activity'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==='''Top Cited patents'''===<br />
* Patents with the maximum number of forward citations were determined and the graph shows the top 13 patents with corresponding assignees.<br />
<br />
[[Image:citm.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Top cited patents'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
== '''Patent to product mapping''' ==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''S.No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Patent no'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Assignee'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Products'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Snapshot'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|US20110014248A1<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Cosmetic use of microorganism(s) for the treatment of scalp disorders<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|NESTLE SA<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.farmasalut.com/product.php?id_product=22 INNEOV HAIR HEALTH DS DANDRUFF]</u></font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|&nbsp;<br />
[[Image:nestle.jpg|center|150px]]<br/><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|WO2011012655A1<br />
|Nutritional composition for breast-fed infants or pets with probiotics and selected nutrients<br />
|NESTLE SA<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.purinaveterinarydiets.com/Product/FortiFloraCanineNutritionalSupplements.aspx FortiFlora® Canine Nutritional Supplements]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
[[Image:nestlesa.jpg|center|150px]]<br/><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|US5603930A<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM I-1225<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|NESTLE SA<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.lc1.de/ LC1 yoghurt]</u></font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|&nbsp;<br />
[[Image:nestlesaa.jpg|center|150px]]<br/><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Purchase Information'''==<br />
<br />
Contact information for purchasing this report:<br />
<br />
*Email: [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
*Phone: +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Gut_biology_and_probiotic_microorganisms_in_food_template&diff=10026Gut biology and probiotic microorganisms in food template2011-12-14T12:00:23Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* '''Objective''' */</p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Objective''' ==<br />
To create a technology landscape report on '''Gut Biology and Probiotic microorganisms in food'''<br />
<br />
*Identify market players with prolific IP activity in the technology area<br />
*Segment the players by the industry they belong to<br />
*Map products of important players to their patents<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Note''': ''This report is just a template and gives an indication of what the paid report contains.'' <br />
<br />
''[http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Gut_biology_and_probiotic_microorganisms_in_food_template#Purchase_Information Click here] for information to purchase the report''<br />
<br />
== '''Background''' ==<br />
=== '''Definition''' ===<br />
Etymologically, the term probiotic appears to be a composite of the Latin preposition '''pro''' ("for") and the Greek adjective βιωτικός (biotic), the latter deriving from the noun βίος ('''bios''', "life").[http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJN%2FBJN90_04%2FS0007114503001946a.pdf&code=f1ec2535349c21cea69d566e33aeaf5e Miller et al British Journal of Nutrition, 2003 ] Lilly and Stillwell coined the term probiotic in 1965 and defined it as "a substance produced by one microorganism stimulating the growth of another microorganism" and understood a probiotic as opposite to an antibiotic.[http://www.old-herborn-university.de/literature/books/OHUni_book_15_article_1.pdf Rusch 2002 ] Over the course of time various definitions of probiotics have surfaced and the internationally adopted FAO/WHO definition was coined in 2001 which describes probiotics as <br />'''"Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host"''' [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0512e/a0512e00.pdf FAO report 2002 ] <br/> <br />
<br />
The International Study Group on New Antimicrobial Strategies (ISGNAS), developed a concept for the detailed definition of probiotics in three categories.<br />
<br />
'''1. Medical probiotics (drugs)''' - a microbial preparation which contains live and/or dead microorganisms including their components and products determined to be employed as a drug for therapeutic purposes.<br />
<br />
'''2. Pharmaceutical probiotics (food supplements''') - a microbial preparation designed for manufacture of food supplements.<br />
<br />
'''3. Alimentary probiotics (food)''' - a microbial preparation designed for use in food fermentation or food production. The mode of action includes immunomodulation, host microflora modulation, and the modulation of metabolic processes. [http://www.old-herborn-university.de/literature/books/OHUni_book_15_article_1.pdf Rusch 2002]<br />
<br />
[[Image:arrow.png]][[Please click here to view the Common probiotic microorganisms]]<br />
<br />
=== '''Science behind probiotics''' ===<br />
An organism may be classified as a probiotic(in human beings) based on the following criteria.<br />
<br />
[[Image:criteria for categorizing an organism as probiotic.jpg|thumb|centre|400px| '''Therapeutical use of probiotic formulations in clinical practice''' [http://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(10)00090-7/abstract T.Lannitti et al Clinical Nutrition Journal, 2010]]]<br />
<br />
Of the probiotic microbes, the genera ''Bifidobacter'' and ''Lactobacillus'' are very prevalent. They restore the normal intestinal microflora after antibiotic treatment, produce digestive enzymes, improves food digestibility, suppresses food-borne pathogens.<br />
<br />
=== '''Probiotics as food''' ===<br />
<br />
Probiotics essentially work by helping to maintain and replenish these colonies of beneficial bacteria. They can be ingested through a variety of means, including daily capsules, yogurt shots, or enhanced dairy products. Capsules of probiotics are similar to capsules of any nutrient, and contain live bacteria within an easily digestible shell. Small yogurt shots, which contain less than one ounce of yogurt infused with high numbers of probiotics, can be taken once a day instead of the capsule. Significant numbers of probiotics have also become included in many types of milk, cheeses, and yogurts to help keep numbers of gut flora high.<br />
[http://www.ehow.com/about_5426722_probiotic-effects.html#ixzz1VCGLrUT3 Probiotic effects ehow.com ]<br />
<br />
=== '''Health benefits of probiotics''' ===<br />
<br />
<br />
The world is full of microorganisms (including bacteria), and so are people's bodies -- in and on the skin, in the gut, and in other orifices. Friendly bacteria are vital to proper development of the immune system, to protection against microorganisms that could cause disease, and to the digestion and absorption of food and nutrients. Each person's mix of bacteria varies. Interactions between a person and the microorganisms in his body, and among the microorganisms themselves, can be crucial to the person's health and well-being.<br />
<br />
This bacterial "balancing act" can be thrown off in two major ways:<br />
<br>1. By antibiotics, when they kill friendly bacteria in the gut along with unfriendly bacteria. Some people use probiotics to try to offset side effects from antibiotics like gas, cramping, or diarrhea. Similarly, some use them to ease symptoms of lactose intolerance -- a condition in which the gut lacks the enzyme needed to digest significant amounts of the major sugar in milk, and which also causes gastrointestinal symptoms.<br />
<br>2. "Unfriendly" microorganisms such as disease-causing bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and parasites can also upset the balance. Researchers are exploring whether probiotics could halt these unfriendly agents in the first place and/or suppress their growth and activity in conditions like:<br> <br />
*Infectious diarrhea<br> <br />
* Irritable bowel syndrome<br> <br />
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease)<br> <br />
* Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterium that causes most ulcers and many types of chronic stomach inflammation<br> <br />
* Tooth decay and periodontal disease<br> <br />
* Vaginal infections<br> <br />
* Stomach and respiratory infections that children acquire in daycare<br> <br />
* Skin infections <br />
* Tumours[http://www.medicinenet.com/probiotics/page2.htm#health Probiotics medicinenet.com ]<br />
<br />
'''Probiotics contribute to well-being in various ways as shown in the figure'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:figure-4.jpg|thumb|800px|centre| '''Health benefits of probiotic consumption''' [http://www.customprobiotics.com/_images/figure-4.jpg customprobiotics.com ]]]<br />
----<br />
== '''Concept Table''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "2"|'''S.No''' <br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''English Keywords'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''German Keywords'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''French Keywords'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Gut'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Biology'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Probiotic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Food'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Gut'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Biology'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Probiotic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Food'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Gut'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Biology'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Probiotic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Food'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Gut<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Biology<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Probiotic<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Food<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Darm<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Biologie<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Probiotischen<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Lebensmittel, Essen, Nahrung, Nahrungsmittel, Futter<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Intestin, Boyau, Corde De Boyau, Étriper<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Biologie, La Biologie, De Biologie<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Probiotique, Des Probiotique, Les Probiotique, De Probiotique<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Alimentaires, Nourriture, Alimentation, Aliment, Bouffe<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|Stomach<br />
|Mechanism<br />
|Probiotics<br />
|Feed<br />
|<font color="#333333">Magen</font><br />
|Mechanismus<br />
|Probiotika<br />
|füttern, Zuführung, Beschickung, Viehfutter<br />
|L<nowiki>'</nowiki>Estomac, Estomac, Caillette,<br />
|Mécanisme De, Mécanismes, Mécanisme De<br />
|Probiotiques, Des Probiotiques, Les Probiotiques, De Probiotiques<br />
|L<nowiki>'</nowiki>Alimentation Animale, Aliments Pour Animaux<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*''An indicative list of terms to show how a concept table is generated. View paid report for complete list.''<br />
*''Concept Table was enriched by searches related to gut biology and probiotics in food from pubmed mesh, relevant patents, scientific articles and various thesauri''<br />
<br />
== '''Class code definitions''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "7"|424<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFFCC"|424/93.1<br />
|colspan = "3"|Whole live micro-organism, cell, or virus containing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===IPC CLASSES AND THEIR DEFINITIONS===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "20"|A<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "9"|Human Necessities<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFFCC" rowspan = "4"|A01<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFFCC" colspan = "8"|Agriculture; Forestry; Animal husbandry; Hunting; Trapping; Fishing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "3"|A01N<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "7"|Preservation of bodies of humans or animals or plants or parts thereof; Biocides, e.g; as disinfectants, as pesticides or as herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants; Plant growth regulators<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|colspan = "6"|A01N 63/00<br />
|Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing micro-organisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals, e.g. nematodes, or substances produced by, or obtained from micro-organisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===F-terms and their definitions===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="70%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Theme'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Theme definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''F-term'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''F-term definition'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "2"|4B001<br />
|rowspan = "2"|Dairy products<br />
|align = "center"|AC31<br />
|Materials=<nowiki>></nowiki>Lactic acid bacteria<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|AC50<br />
|Materials=<nowiki>></nowiki>Use of bifids (i.e., Lactobacillus bifidus bacteria)<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*''An indicative list of various class codes used for the IP search. View paid report for complete list.''<br />
<br />
== '''Search Strategy''' ==<br />
* '''Search Engine:''' Thomson Innovation<br />
* '''Databases covered:''' US, Europe, German, Japanese and Korean applications and granted patents<br />
* '''Coverage:''' Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
* '''Timeline:''' 1991- 20th Sep 2011<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''S.No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Search Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Number of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"| <br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''English keyword search'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|(probiotic OR *** AND A23C****)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> US class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|((probiotic OR *** AND 42****)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|1 OR 2<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|Food OR **** AND C12**** <br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keyword for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> US class code for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|Food OR *** AND 424**<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|4 OR 5<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final English query- 3 OR 6'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''German keyword search'''<br />
|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|(Probiotischen OR *** AND A23******<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|(Säuglingsanfangsnahrung OR ***) AND C12R****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final German query- 8 OR 9'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''French keyword search'''<br />
|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keyword for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|(probiotique OR ***)AND A23C****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''12'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|(((formule ADJ2 pour) ADJ2 bébé) OR ****))) AND C12R****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''13'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final French query- 11 OR 12'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Search with Japanese F terms'''<br />
|align = "center"|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''14'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> Japanese F term for food<br />
|align = "center"|(probiotic or ***)) AND 4C0***<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''15'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> Japanese F-term for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|Food OR (Food ADJ2 stuff<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR ***) AND 4B0*****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''16'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final query with F-terms- 14 OR 15'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''17'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''FINAL SEARCH QUERY- 7 OR 10 OR 13 OR 16'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== '''Taxonomy''' ==<br />
<mm>[[Gutbiologytaxonomy.mm]]</mm><br />
----<br />
<br />
== '''Relevant patents''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''S.No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Publication No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Date of patent'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Inventors'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Assignee'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| <font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070286888%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070286888&RS=DN/20070286888 US20070286888]</u></font><br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Additive For Feeds And Feed Containing The Same<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| An additive for feeds is provided which is efficacious in preventing and ameliorating digestive disorders such as diarrhea occurring as the side effects of the administration of antibiotics and a feed containing same. More specifically, an additive for feeds which comprises (A) Lactobacillus equi cells and (B) cells of at least one bacterium selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactbacillus johnsonii.<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|13-Dec-07<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Kado; Yukiko ; Morotomi; Masami.<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Kabushiki Kaisha Yakult Honsha<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7906112.PN.&OS=PN/7906112&RS=PN/7906112 US7906112]</u></font><br />
|Canine probiotic Lactobacilli<br />
|According to the invention there is provided a strain of lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacilli obtainable by isolation from resected and washed canine gastrointestinal tract having a probiotic activity in animals. Methods of use and compositions comprising the Lactobacilli of the present invention are also provided.<br />
|align = "center"|3-Sep-03<br />
|Reid; Gregor, Bruce; Andrew W. , Han; Victor<br />
|Urex Biotech, Inc.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| <font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7288245.PN.&OS=PN/7288245&RS=PN/7288245 US7288245]</u></font><br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Composition having immunoregulating activities<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| The invention provides a composition comprising novel lactic acid bacteria having immunoregulating activities. Specifically, the invention provides food, drinks or medicaments containing novel lactic acid bacteria separated from "Shibazuke," one kind of traditional Kyoto pickles, and having immunoregulating activities. The lactic acid bacteria belong to Lactobacillus pentosus and have a weak assimilating activity or no assimilating activity for glycerol.<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|30-Oct-07<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Nonaka; Yuji, Izumo; Takayuki, Iida; Keiko<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Suntory Limited<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''4'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060121015%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060121015&RS=DN/20060121015 US20060121015]</u></font><br />
|Probiotic bifidobacterium strains<br />
|A Bifidobacterium strain, AH208, AH209, AH210, AH211, AH212 or AH214 or mutants or variants thereof are useful in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory activity especially undesirable gastrointestinal inflammatory activity, such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome.<br />
|align = "center"|8-Jun-06<br />
|Collins; John Kevin; O<nowiki>’</nowiki>Sullivan; Gerald Christopher; O<nowiki>’</nowiki>Mahony; Liam; Shanahan; Fergus;Kiely; Barry<br />
|Alimentary Health Limited<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== '''Sample Patent Analysis Sheet''' ==<br />
<br />
[[Media:5 Control patent analysis.xls|Click here to download the sample patent analysis sheet]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
== '''Assignee analysis and IP Activity''' ==<br />
*''Labels for all the charts below are available in the paid report.''<br />
==='''Top Assignees'''===<br />
[[Image:majayer.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Top Assignees'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==='''Geographical distribution'''===<br />
*Based on patent number<br />
<br />
[[Image:newut of patentsn.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Based on relevant patents'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
*Including family members<br />
<br />
[[Image:gdiamilym.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Based on patent family members'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==='''IP Activity'''===<br />
<br />
[[Image:yeaitn.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''IP activity'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:pyern.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''IP activity'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==='''Top Cited patents'''===<br />
* Patents with the maximum number of forward citations were determined and the graph shows the top 13 patents with corresponding assignees.<br />
<br />
[[Image:citm.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Top cited patents'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
== '''Patent to product mapping''' ==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''S.No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Patent no'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Assignee'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Products'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Snapshot'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|US20110014248A1<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Cosmetic use of microorganism(s) for the treatment of scalp disorders<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|NESTLE SA<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.farmasalut.com/product.php?id_product=22 INNEOV HAIR HEALTH DS DANDRUFF]</u></font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|&nbsp;<br />
[[Image:nestle.jpg|center|150px]]<br/><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|WO2011012655A1<br />
|Nutritional composition for breast-fed infants or pets with probiotics and selected nutrients<br />
|NESTLE SA<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.purinaveterinarydiets.com/Product/FortiFloraCanineNutritionalSupplements.aspx FortiFlora® Canine Nutritional Supplements]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
[[Image:nestlesa.jpg|center|150px]]<br/><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|US5603930A<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM I-1225<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|NESTLE SA<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.lc1.de/ LC1 yoghurt]</u></font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|&nbsp;<br />
[[Image:nestlesaa.jpg|center|150px]]<br/><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Purchase Information'''==<br />
<br />
Contact information for purchasing this report:<br />
<br />
*Email: [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
*Phone: +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Gut_biology_and_probiotic_microorganisms_in_food_template&diff=10025Gut biology and probiotic microorganisms in food template2011-12-14T11:57:54Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* '''Objective''' */</p>
<hr />
<div>== '''Objective''' ==<br />
To create a technology landscape report on '''Gut Biology and Probiotic microorganisms in food'''<br />
<br />
*Identify market players with prolific IP activity in the technology area<br />
*Segment the players by the industry they belong to<br />
*Map products of important players to their patents<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Disclaimer'''<br />
This report is just a template and gives an indication of what the actual report will contain. <br />
<br />
[http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Gut_biology_and_probiotic_microorganisms_in_food_template#Purchase_Information Click here] for information about the purchase of this report<br />
<br />
== '''Background''' ==<br />
=== '''Definition''' ===<br />
Etymologically, the term probiotic appears to be a composite of the Latin preposition '''pro''' ("for") and the Greek adjective βιωτικός (biotic), the latter deriving from the noun βίος ('''bios''', "life").[http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJN%2FBJN90_04%2FS0007114503001946a.pdf&code=f1ec2535349c21cea69d566e33aeaf5e Miller et al British Journal of Nutrition, 2003 ] Lilly and Stillwell coined the term probiotic in 1965 and defined it as "a substance produced by one microorganism stimulating the growth of another microorganism" and understood a probiotic as opposite to an antibiotic.[http://www.old-herborn-university.de/literature/books/OHUni_book_15_article_1.pdf Rusch 2002 ] Over the course of time various definitions of probiotics have surfaced and the internationally adopted FAO/WHO definition was coined in 2001 which describes probiotics as <br />'''"Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host"''' [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0512e/a0512e00.pdf FAO report 2002 ] <br/> <br />
<br />
The International Study Group on New Antimicrobial Strategies (ISGNAS), developed a concept for the detailed definition of probiotics in three categories.<br />
<br />
'''1. Medical probiotics (drugs)''' - a microbial preparation which contains live and/or dead microorganisms including their components and products determined to be employed as a drug for therapeutic purposes.<br />
<br />
'''2. Pharmaceutical probiotics (food supplements''') - a microbial preparation designed for manufacture of food supplements.<br />
<br />
'''3. Alimentary probiotics (food)''' - a microbial preparation designed for use in food fermentation or food production. The mode of action includes immunomodulation, host microflora modulation, and the modulation of metabolic processes. [http://www.old-herborn-university.de/literature/books/OHUni_book_15_article_1.pdf Rusch 2002]<br />
<br />
[[Image:arrow.png]][[Please click here to view the Common probiotic microorganisms]]<br />
<br />
=== '''Science behind probiotics''' ===<br />
An organism may be classified as a probiotic(in human beings) based on the following criteria.<br />
<br />
[[Image:criteria for categorizing an organism as probiotic.jpg|thumb|centre|400px| '''Therapeutical use of probiotic formulations in clinical practice''' [http://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(10)00090-7/abstract T.Lannitti et al Clinical Nutrition Journal, 2010]]]<br />
<br />
Of the probiotic microbes, the genera ''Bifidobacter'' and ''Lactobacillus'' are very prevalent. They restore the normal intestinal microflora after antibiotic treatment, produce digestive enzymes, improves food digestibility, suppresses food-borne pathogens.<br />
<br />
=== '''Probiotics as food''' ===<br />
<br />
Probiotics essentially work by helping to maintain and replenish these colonies of beneficial bacteria. They can be ingested through a variety of means, including daily capsules, yogurt shots, or enhanced dairy products. Capsules of probiotics are similar to capsules of any nutrient, and contain live bacteria within an easily digestible shell. Small yogurt shots, which contain less than one ounce of yogurt infused with high numbers of probiotics, can be taken once a day instead of the capsule. Significant numbers of probiotics have also become included in many types of milk, cheeses, and yogurts to help keep numbers of gut flora high.<br />
[http://www.ehow.com/about_5426722_probiotic-effects.html#ixzz1VCGLrUT3 Probiotic effects ehow.com ]<br />
<br />
=== '''Health benefits of probiotics''' ===<br />
<br />
<br />
The world is full of microorganisms (including bacteria), and so are people's bodies -- in and on the skin, in the gut, and in other orifices. Friendly bacteria are vital to proper development of the immune system, to protection against microorganisms that could cause disease, and to the digestion and absorption of food and nutrients. Each person's mix of bacteria varies. Interactions between a person and the microorganisms in his body, and among the microorganisms themselves, can be crucial to the person's health and well-being.<br />
<br />
This bacterial "balancing act" can be thrown off in two major ways:<br />
<br>1. By antibiotics, when they kill friendly bacteria in the gut along with unfriendly bacteria. Some people use probiotics to try to offset side effects from antibiotics like gas, cramping, or diarrhea. Similarly, some use them to ease symptoms of lactose intolerance -- a condition in which the gut lacks the enzyme needed to digest significant amounts of the major sugar in milk, and which also causes gastrointestinal symptoms.<br />
<br>2. "Unfriendly" microorganisms such as disease-causing bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and parasites can also upset the balance. Researchers are exploring whether probiotics could halt these unfriendly agents in the first place and/or suppress their growth and activity in conditions like:<br> <br />
*Infectious diarrhea<br> <br />
* Irritable bowel syndrome<br> <br />
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease)<br> <br />
* Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterium that causes most ulcers and many types of chronic stomach inflammation<br> <br />
* Tooth decay and periodontal disease<br> <br />
* Vaginal infections<br> <br />
* Stomach and respiratory infections that children acquire in daycare<br> <br />
* Skin infections <br />
* Tumours[http://www.medicinenet.com/probiotics/page2.htm#health Probiotics medicinenet.com ]<br />
<br />
'''Probiotics contribute to well-being in various ways as shown in the figure'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:figure-4.jpg|thumb|800px|centre| '''Health benefits of probiotic consumption''' [http://www.customprobiotics.com/_images/figure-4.jpg customprobiotics.com ]]]<br />
----<br />
== '''Concept Table''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "2"|'''S.No''' <br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''English Keywords'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''German Keywords'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|'''French Keywords'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Gut'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Biology'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Probiotic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Food'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Gut'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Biology'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Probiotic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Food'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Gut'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Biology'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Probiotic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Food'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Gut<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Biology<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Probiotic<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Food<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Darm<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Biologie<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Probiotischen<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Lebensmittel, Essen, Nahrung, Nahrungsmittel, Futter<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Intestin, Boyau, Corde De Boyau, Étriper<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Biologie, La Biologie, De Biologie<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Probiotique, Des Probiotique, Les Probiotique, De Probiotique<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Alimentaires, Nourriture, Alimentation, Aliment, Bouffe<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|Stomach<br />
|Mechanism<br />
|Probiotics<br />
|Feed<br />
|<font color="#333333">Magen</font><br />
|Mechanismus<br />
|Probiotika<br />
|füttern, Zuführung, Beschickung, Viehfutter<br />
|L<nowiki>'</nowiki>Estomac, Estomac, Caillette,<br />
|Mécanisme De, Mécanismes, Mécanisme De<br />
|Probiotiques, Des Probiotiques, Les Probiotiques, De Probiotiques<br />
|L<nowiki>'</nowiki>Alimentation Animale, Aliments Pour Animaux<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|***<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*''An indicative list of terms to show how a concept table is generated. View paid report for complete list.''<br />
*''Concept Table was enriched by searches related to gut biology and probiotics in food from pubmed mesh, relevant patents, scientific articles and various thesauri''<br />
<br />
== '''Class code definitions''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "7"|424<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "4"|Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFFCC"|424/93.1<br />
|colspan = "3"|Whole live micro-organism, cell, or virus containing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===IPC CLASSES AND THEIR DEFINITIONS===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "20"|A<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "9"|Human Necessities<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFFCC" rowspan = "4"|A01<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFFCC" colspan = "8"|Agriculture; Forestry; Animal husbandry; Hunting; Trapping; Fishing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "3"|A01N<br />
|bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "7"|Preservation of bodies of humans or animals or plants or parts thereof; Biocides, e.g; as disinfectants, as pesticides or as herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants; Plant growth regulators<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|colspan = "6"|A01N 63/00<br />
|Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing micro-organisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals, e.g. nematodes, or substances produced by, or obtained from micro-organisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===F-terms and their definitions===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="70%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Theme'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Theme definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''F-term'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''F-term definition'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" rowspan = "2"|4B001<br />
|rowspan = "2"|Dairy products<br />
|align = "center"|AC31<br />
|Materials=<nowiki>></nowiki>Lactic acid bacteria<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|AC50<br />
|Materials=<nowiki>></nowiki>Use of bifids (i.e., Lactobacillus bifidus bacteria)<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*''An indicative list of various class codes used for the IP search. View paid report for complete list.''<br />
<br />
== '''Search Strategy''' ==<br />
* '''Search Engine:''' Thomson Innovation<br />
* '''Databases covered:''' US, Europe, German, Japanese and Korean applications and granted patents<br />
* '''Coverage:''' Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
* '''Timeline:''' 1991- 20th Sep 2011<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''S.No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Search Query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Number of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"| <br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''English keyword search'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|(probiotic OR *** AND A23C****)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> US class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|((probiotic OR *** AND 42****)<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|1 OR 2<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|Food OR **** AND C12**** <br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keyword for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> US class code for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|Food OR *** AND 424**<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|4 OR 5<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final English query- 3 OR 6'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''German keyword search'''<br />
|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|(Probiotischen OR *** AND A23******<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|(Säuglingsanfangsnahrung OR ***) AND C12R****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final German query- 8 OR 9'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''French keyword search'''<br />
|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keyword for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for food<br />
|align = "center"|(probiotique OR ***)AND A23C****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''12'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> IPC class codes for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|(((formule ADJ2 pour) ADJ2 bébé) OR ****))) AND C12R****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''13'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final French query- 11 OR 12'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|''' '''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "2"|'''Search with Japanese F terms'''<br />
|align = "center"|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''14'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for probiotic <nowiki>+</nowiki> Japanese F term for food<br />
|align = "center"|(probiotic or ***)) AND 4C0***<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''15'''<br />
|align = "center"|Keywords for food <nowiki>+</nowiki> Japanese F-term for probiotic<br />
|align = "center"|Food OR (Food ADJ2 stuff<nowiki>*</nowiki>1) OR ***) AND 4B0*****<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''16'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''Final query with F-terms- 14 OR 15'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''17'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD" colspan = "2"|'''FINAL SEARCH QUERY- 7 OR 10 OR 13 OR 16'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''<nowiki>### </nowiki>'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== '''Taxonomy''' ==<br />
<mm>[[Gutbiologytaxonomy.mm]]</mm><br />
----<br />
<br />
== '''Relevant patents''' ==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''S.No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Publication No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Date of patent'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Inventors'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Assignee'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| <font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070286888%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070286888&RS=DN/20070286888 US20070286888]</u></font><br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Additive For Feeds And Feed Containing The Same<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| An additive for feeds is provided which is efficacious in preventing and ameliorating digestive disorders such as diarrhea occurring as the side effects of the administration of antibiotics and a feed containing same. More specifically, an additive for feeds which comprises (A) Lactobacillus equi cells and (B) cells of at least one bacterium selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactbacillus johnsonii.<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|13-Dec-07<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Kado; Yukiko ; Morotomi; Masami.<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Kabushiki Kaisha Yakult Honsha<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7906112.PN.&OS=PN/7906112&RS=PN/7906112 US7906112]</u></font><br />
|Canine probiotic Lactobacilli<br />
|According to the invention there is provided a strain of lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacilli obtainable by isolation from resected and washed canine gastrointestinal tract having a probiotic activity in animals. Methods of use and compositions comprising the Lactobacilli of the present invention are also provided.<br />
|align = "center"|3-Sep-03<br />
|Reid; Gregor, Bruce; Andrew W. , Han; Victor<br />
|Urex Biotech, Inc.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| <font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7288245.PN.&OS=PN/7288245&RS=PN/7288245 US7288245]</u></font><br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| Composition having immunoregulating activities<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"| The invention provides a composition comprising novel lactic acid bacteria having immunoregulating activities. Specifically, the invention provides food, drinks or medicaments containing novel lactic acid bacteria separated from "Shibazuke," one kind of traditional Kyoto pickles, and having immunoregulating activities. The lactic acid bacteria belong to Lactobacillus pentosus and have a weak assimilating activity or no assimilating activity for glycerol.<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|30-Oct-07<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Nonaka; Yuji, Izumo; Takayuki, Iida; Keiko<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Suntory Limited<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''4'''<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060121015%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060121015&RS=DN/20060121015 US20060121015]</u></font><br />
|Probiotic bifidobacterium strains<br />
|A Bifidobacterium strain, AH208, AH209, AH210, AH211, AH212 or AH214 or mutants or variants thereof are useful in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory activity especially undesirable gastrointestinal inflammatory activity, such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome.<br />
|align = "center"|8-Jun-06<br />
|Collins; John Kevin; O<nowiki>’</nowiki>Sullivan; Gerald Christopher; O<nowiki>’</nowiki>Mahony; Liam; Shanahan; Fergus;Kiely; Barry<br />
|Alimentary Health Limited<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== '''Sample Patent Analysis Sheet''' ==<br />
<br />
[[Media:5 Control patent analysis.xls|Click here to download the sample patent analysis sheet]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
== '''Assignee analysis and IP Activity''' ==<br />
*''Labels for all the charts below are available in the paid report.''<br />
==='''Top Assignees'''===<br />
[[Image:majayer.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Top Assignees'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==='''Geographical distribution'''===<br />
*Based on patent number<br />
<br />
[[Image:newut of patentsn.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Based on relevant patents'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
*Including family members<br />
<br />
[[Image:gdiamilym.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Based on patent family members'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==='''IP Activity'''===<br />
<br />
[[Image:yeaitn.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''IP activity'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:pyern.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''IP activity'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
==='''Top Cited patents'''===<br />
* Patents with the maximum number of forward citations were determined and the graph shows the top 13 patents with corresponding assignees.<br />
<br />
[[Image:citm.jpg|250px|center|frame|thumb|<center>'''Top cited patents'''</center>]]<br />
<br />
== '''Patent to product mapping''' ==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''S.No'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Patent no'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Assignee'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Products'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''Snapshot'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''1'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|US20110014248A1<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Cosmetic use of microorganism(s) for the treatment of scalp disorders<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|NESTLE SA<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.farmasalut.com/product.php?id_product=22 INNEOV HAIR HEALTH DS DANDRUFF]</u></font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|&nbsp;<br />
[[Image:nestle.jpg|center|150px]]<br/><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''2'''<br />
|WO2011012655A1<br />
|Nutritional composition for breast-fed infants or pets with probiotics and selected nutrients<br />
|NESTLE SA<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.purinaveterinarydiets.com/Product/FortiFloraCanineNutritionalSupplements.aspx FortiFlora® Canine Nutritional Supplements]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
[[Image:nestlesa.jpg|center|150px]]<br/><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#4F81BD"|'''3'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|US5603930A<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM I-1225<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|NESTLE SA<br />
|bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.lc1.de/ LC1 yoghurt]</u></font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBE5F1"|&nbsp;<br />
[[Image:nestlesaa.jpg|center|150px]]<br/><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Purchase Information'''==<br />
<br />
Contact information for purchasing this report:<br />
<br />
*Email: [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
*Phone: +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7701Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-25T11:12:27Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Clinical Trials */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
<br />
Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm><br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011<br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Scientific Literature Search===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
== Sample Analysis==<br />
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.<br />
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]<br />
<br />
* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]<br />
<br />
==Patent Ranking==<br />
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.<br />
*Patent Ranking Details<br />
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim <br><br />
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim <br><br />
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim <br><br />
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim <br><br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Clinical Trials==<br />
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']<br />
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 25th, 2011<br />
<br />
*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]<br />
<br />
==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==<br />
===IP activity based on priority years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]<br />
<br />
===IP activity based on publication years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Geographical Distribution based on family members===<br />
<br />
* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members. <br />
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]<br />
<br />
==Market Report==<br />
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Global Revenue Data Of products===<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>S.No</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Generic Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Brand Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Company</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Global revenue ($ Million )</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2008</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2009</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2010</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>1</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>3</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>4</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>5</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td><br />
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr> <br />
</table><br />
<br />
==Biosimilars Of Interferons==<br />
<br />
Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.<br />
<br />
While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.<br />
<br />
The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Clinical_trials_treatment_of_melanoma.xls&diff=7700File:Clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls2011-02-25T11:12:02Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7699Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-25T11:11:16Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
<br />
Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm><br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011<br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Scientific Literature Search===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
== Sample Analysis==<br />
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.<br />
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]<br />
<br />
* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]<br />
<br />
==Patent Ranking==<br />
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.<br />
*Patent Ranking Details<br />
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim <br><br />
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim <br><br />
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim <br><br />
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim <br><br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Clinical Trials==<br />
*'''Database:''' [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ '''Clinical trials''']<br />
*'''Searched on:''' Feb 21st, 2011<br />
<br />
*[[Media:clinical trials treatment of melanoma.xls |'''Please click here to download the clinical trial excel sheet''']]<br />
<br />
<br />
==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==<br />
===IP activity based on priority years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]<br />
<br />
===IP activity based on publication years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Geographical Distribution based on family members===<br />
<br />
* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members. <br />
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]<br />
<br />
==Market Report==<br />
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Global Revenue Data Of products===<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>S.No</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Generic Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Brand Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Company</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Global revenue ($ Million )</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2008</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2009</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2010</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>1</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>3</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>4</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>5</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td><br />
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr> <br />
</table><br />
<br />
==Biosimilars Of Interferons==<br />
<br />
Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.<br />
<br />
While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.<br />
<br />
The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Geographical_Distribution_based_on_Family_members_Melanoma_1.jpg&diff=7698File:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg2011-02-25T07:14:15Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:IP_act_PS_publication_year_Treatment_Of_Melanoma1.jpg&diff=7697File:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg2011-02-25T07:13:49Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:IP_act_PS_priority_year_Treatment_Of_Melanoma1.jpg&diff=7696File:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg2011-02-25T07:13:29Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Article_Analysis_Of_Melanoma.xls&diff=7695File:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls2011-02-25T07:11:32Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Sample_analysis_of_Treating_of_melanoma.xls&diff=7694File:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls2011-02-25T07:11:08Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7687Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T09:23:45Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
<br />
Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm><br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011<br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Scientific Literature Search===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
== Sample Analysis==<br />
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.<br />
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]<br />
<br />
* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]<br />
<br />
==Patent Ranking==<br />
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.<br />
*Patent Ranking Details<br />
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim <br><br />
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim <br><br />
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim <br><br />
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim <br><br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==<br />
===IP activity based on priority years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]<br />
<br />
===IP activity based on publication years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Geographical Distribution based on family members===<br />
<br />
* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members. <br />
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]<br />
<br />
==Market Report==<br />
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Global Revenue Data Of products===<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>S.No</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Generic Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Brand Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Company</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Global revenue ($ Million )</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2008</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2009</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2010</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>1</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>3</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>4</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>5</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td><br />
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr> <br />
</table><br />
<br />
==Biosimilars Of Interferons==<br />
<br />
Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.<br />
<br />
While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.<br />
<br />
The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7685Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T09:21:58Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
<br />
Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm><br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011<br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Scientific Literature Search===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
== Sample Analysis==<br />
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.<br />
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]<br />
<br />
* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]<br />
<br />
==Patent Ranking==<br />
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.<br />
*Patent Ranking Details<br />
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim <br><br />
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim <br><br />
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim <br><br />
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim <br><br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==<br />
===IP activity based on priority years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]<br />
<br />
===IP activity based on publication years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Geographical Distribution based on family members===<br />
<br />
* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members. <br />
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]<br />
<br />
==Market Report==<br />
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Global Revenue Data Of products===<br />
<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>S.No</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Generic Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Brand Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Company</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Global revenue ($ Million )</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2008</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2009</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2010</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>1</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>3</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>4</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>5</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td><br />
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr> <br />
</table><br />
==Biosimilars Of Interferons==<br />
Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.<br />
<br />
While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.<br />
<br />
The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7682Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T09:17:44Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Search strategy and concept */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
<br />
Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm><br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to Feb 3rd, 2011<br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Scientific Literature Search===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Sample Analysis==<br />
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.<br />
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]<br />
<br />
* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]<br />
<br />
==Patent Ranking==<br />
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.<br />
*Patent Ranking Details<br />
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim <br><br />
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim <br><br />
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim <br><br />
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim <br><br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==<br />
===IP activity based on priority years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]<br />
<br />
===IP activity based on publication years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Geographical Distribution based on family members===<br />
<br />
* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members. <br />
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]<br />
<br />
==Market Report==<br />
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Global Revenue Data Of products===<br />
<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>S.No</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Generic Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Brand Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Company</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Global revenue ($ Million )</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2008</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2009</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2010</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>1</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>3</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>4</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>5</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td><br />
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr> <br />
</table><br />
==Biosimilars Of Interferons==<br />
Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.<br />
<br />
While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.<br />
<br />
The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm&diff=7679File:Interferon For the treatment Of Melanoma.mm2011-02-24T09:12:38Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7678Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T09:12:16Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Interactive Taxonomy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
<br />
Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm]]</mm><br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009 <br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Scientific Literature Search===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Sample Analysis==<br />
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.<br />
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]<br />
<br />
* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]<br />
<br />
==Patent Ranking==<br />
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.<br />
*Patent Ranking Details<br />
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim <br><br />
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim <br><br />
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim <br><br />
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim <br><br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==<br />
===IP activity based on priority years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]<br />
<br />
===IP activity based on publication years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Geographical Distribution based on family members===<br />
<br />
* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members. <br />
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]<br />
<br />
==Market Report==<br />
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Global Revenue Data Of products===<br />
<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>S.No</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Generic Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Brand Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Company</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Global revenue ($ Million )</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2008</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2009</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2010</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>1</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>3</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>4</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>5</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td><br />
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr> <br />
</table><br />
==Biosimilars Of Interferons==<br />
Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.<br />
<br />
While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.<br />
<br />
The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7677Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T09:05:31Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Global Revenue Data Of products */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
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<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm|1000px]]</mm><br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009 <br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Scientific Literature Search===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Sample Analysis==<br />
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.<br />
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]<br />
<br />
* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]<br />
<br />
==Patent Ranking==<br />
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.<br />
*Patent Ranking Details<br />
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim <br><br />
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim <br><br />
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim <br><br />
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim <br><br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==<br />
===IP activity based on priority years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]<br />
<br />
===IP activity based on publication years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Geographical Distribution based on family members===<br />
<br />
* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members. <br />
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]<br />
<br />
==Market Report==<br />
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Global Revenue Data Of products===<br />
<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>S.No</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Generic Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Brand Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Company</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Global revenue ($ Million )</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2008</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2009</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2010</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>1</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>3</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>4</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>5</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td><br />
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr> <br />
</table><br />
==Biosimilars Of Interferons==<br />
Biosimilar interferons are the major drug class in the recombinant non-glycosylated proteins market due to their extensive use in the treatment of various genetic and environmental disorders. The overall biosimilar market for interferons is categorized into the submarkets for alpha, beta, and gamma interferons, all of which are used extensively in the treatment of various conditions such as lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, and multiple sclerosis.<br />
<br />
While the interferon market growth may be inhibited by the side effects of each of its three drug categories, the market presents many opportunities to new entrants as only a few players currently operate in this relatively unfragmented market.<br />
<br />
The global recombinant interferon market stood at $75.3 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $3.9 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 82.9% from 2009 to 2014. The American biosimilar interferons market is expected to attain a market worth $1.5 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 91.5%.[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html Biosimilars ; Global Market]<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Global market For Biosimilars'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon Alfa</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global market for biosimilar interferon Alfa was $36.7 million in 2008 and is expected to reach $1.5 billion in 2014 at a CAGR of 76.5% from 2009 to 2014. While Asian market for biosimilar Alfa interferons commanded the highest share in 2008 with $17.5 million, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 88.3% from 2009 to 2014.The world's top two branded Interferon products generated sales of $1,510 million and $910 million each in 2008. The blockbuster sales of innovative Interferon Alfa products thus present encouragement for biosimilar Interferon Alfa manufacturers[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon beta</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon beta-1a market is estimated to grow from $36.3 million in 2008 to $2.2 billion by 2014 at a CAGR of 87.8% from 2009 to 2014. However, the U.S. and Europe sales of branded interferon-betas are expected to fall from $4.6 billion in 2010 to $2.4 billion in 2017. The soaring cost of clinical development, the conservative prescribing habits of neurologists, and the expected decline in the use of interferon-betas may induce biosimilar developers to explore other classes of biologics to invest their R&D funds[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon gamma</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>The global biosimilar interferon gamma market was $2.2 million 2008 and is expected to reach $141.5 million in 2014 at a CAGR of 94.2% from 2009 to 2014. While the Asian market accounted for the highest share of $0.5 million in 2008, the American market is expected to have the highest CAGR of 107.6% from 2009 to 2014[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-669040/4-Biosimilar-products.html data].</center><br />
<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7676Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T09:04:14Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Sample Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
<br />
Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm|1000px]]</mm><br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009 <br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Scientific Literature Search===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Sample Analysis==<br />
* '''Patents:''' The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.<br />
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]<br />
<br />
* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]<br />
<br />
==Patent Ranking==<br />
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.<br />
*Patent Ranking Details<br />
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim <br><br />
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim <br><br />
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim <br><br />
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim <br><br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==<br />
===IP activity based on priority years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]<br />
<br />
===IP activity based on publication years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Geographical Distribution based on family members===<br />
<br />
* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members. <br />
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]<br />
<br />
==Market Report==<br />
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Global Revenue Data Of products===<br />
<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>S.No</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Generic Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Brand Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Company</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Global revenue ($ Million )</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2008</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2009</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2010</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>1</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>3</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>4</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>5</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td><br />
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr> <br />
</table></div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7675Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T08:56:42Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Sample Patents Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
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* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
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==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm|1000px]]</mm><br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009 <br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Scientific Literature Search===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Sample Analysis==<br />
*The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.<br />
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]<br />
<br />
* '''Scientific Literature:'''* [[Media:Article Analysis Of Melanoma.xls |'''Click here to download Melanoma Treatment Using IFN: sample articles]]<br />
<br />
==Patent Ranking==<br />
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.<br />
*Patent Ranking Details<br />
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim <br><br />
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim <br><br />
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim <br><br />
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim <br><br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==<br />
===IP activity based on priority years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]<br />
<br />
===IP activity based on publication years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Geographical Distribution based on family members===<br />
<br />
* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members. <br />
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]<br />
<br />
==Market Report==<br />
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Global Revenue Data Of products===<br />
<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>S.No</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Generic Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Brand Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Company</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Global revenue ($ Million )</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2008</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2009</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2010</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>1</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>3</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>4</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>5</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td><br />
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr> <br />
</table></div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7674Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T08:54:10Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Search in Japanese database */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
<br />
Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm|1000px]]</mm><br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009 <br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Scientific Literature Search===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Database</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Query</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Limits by Date</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>No.Of Hits</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pubmed</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>20000101-20110221</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>28402</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Scirus</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>24835</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Google Scholar</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Melanoma Or carcinoma or cancer* or tumor) And (IFN* OR Interferon)</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2000-2011</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>21100</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Sample Patents Analysis===<br />
*The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.<br />
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]<br />
<br />
==Patent Ranking==<br />
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.<br />
*Patent Ranking Details<br />
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim <br><br />
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim <br><br />
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim <br><br />
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim <br><br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==<br />
===IP activity based on priority years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]<br />
<br />
===IP activity based on publication years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Geographical Distribution based on family members===<br />
<br />
* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members. <br />
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]<br />
<br />
==Market Report==<br />
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Global Revenue Data Of products===<br />
<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>S.No</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Generic Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Brand Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Company</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Global revenue ($ Million )</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2008</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2009</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2010</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>1</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>3</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>4</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>5</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td><br />
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr> <br />
</table></div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7673Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T08:52:16Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Geographical Distribution based on family members */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
<br />
Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm|1000px]]</mm><br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009 <br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Sample Patents Analysis===<br />
*The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.<br />
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]<br />
<br />
==Patent Ranking==<br />
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.<br />
*Patent Ranking Details<br />
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim <br><br />
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim <br><br />
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim <br><br />
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim <br><br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==<br />
===IP activity based on priority years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]<br />
<br />
===IP activity based on publication years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Geographical Distribution based on family members===<br />
<br />
* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members. <br />
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]<br />
<br />
==Market Report==<br />
===Interferon types & Their Compositions===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Generic Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Brand Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Composition'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Alpha IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Interferon alfa-2aInactive Ingredients- sodium chloride, ammonium acetate, polysorbate 80, glycine, sodium phosphate dibasic,sodium phosphate monobasic, human albumin, preservative: benzyl alcohol.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Beta IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Beta interferon,Inactive Ingredients-65 to 90 wt % of polyol,and a p-hydroxybenzoate,carboxymethyl cellulose,human serum albumin</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Gamma IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-interferon gamma-1b.,Inactive Ingredients-Polyethylene Glycol,dextran ,hydroxyethylstarch </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Pegylated IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active ingredient-peginterferon alfa-2b,Inactive ingredients: dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous, monobasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, sucrose, polysorbate 80.</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Recombinant IFN</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Active Ingredient-Ribavirin,Inactive Ingredients-microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium,sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate dibasic and sodium phosphate monobasic as buffering agents;human albumin as a stabilizer.</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Interferon Types & Description Of Products===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Company Name'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Product'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Description'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Source'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron®,Roferon®-A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intron A is an interferon, a group of naturally occurring proteins that were first discovered as a result of their ability to prevent viral replication. Intron A is marketed in 72 countries worldwide for as many as 16 indications.In the United States it has been cleared for use by the FDA for chronic viral hepatitis B, chronic viral hepatitis C, malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and condylomata acuminata (venereal warts).INTRON A recombinant for Injection has been classified as an alpha interfero nand is a water-soluble protein with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons produced by recombinant DNA techniques. It is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of a strain of Escherichia coli bearing a genetically engineered plasmid containing an interferon alfa- 2b gene from human leukocytes. The fermentation is carried out in a defined nutrient medium containing the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/L; the presence of this antibiotic is not detectable in the final product. The specific activity of interferon alfa-2b, recombinant is approximately 2.6 x 108 IU/mg protein as measured by the HPLC assay.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html http://www.introna.com/maintenance.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Biogen IDEC</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Avonex, manufactured by Biogen, is a form of beta interferon (interferon beta, IFN-b) used to modify the course of multiple sclerosis. While not a cure, Avonex has been shown in clinical trials to reduce the average relapse rate in people with the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis form of the disease. It is identical to the naturally occurring protein found in the human body. It is manufactured by extracting the drug from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Avonex is the same substance as Rebif but administered differently (30 mcg, intra-muscularly, once a week as against 22 mcg or 44 mcg, sub-cutaneously, 3 times a week for Rebif). Avonex is usually given in the large muscles of the thigh, upper arm, or hip.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Avonex.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Intermune</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune®</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Actimmune(R) is a synthesized version of interferon gamma, a naturally occurring protein believed to stimulate the immune system. InterMune markets Actimmune(R) for the treatment of two life-threatening congenital diseases: chronic granulomatous disease and severe, malignant osteopetrosis. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, fever, chills, and rash. InterMune was granted two composition-of-matter patents related to interferon gamma-1b in the United States, extending its patent protection until 2022.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.actimmune.com/ http://www.actimmune.com/]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering-Plough</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg Intron</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) Powder for Injection has been approved by the FDA.Peg-Intron is a longer-acting formulation of Schering-Plough's Intron A, which is a recombinant version of a naturally occurring alpha interferon. In contrast to Intron A, which is administered three times weekly, Peg-Intron is administered subcutaneously once a week. This reduced frequency of administration may increase patient compliance.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.pegintron.com/index.html http://www.pegintron.com/index.html]</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Schering Corporation</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>REBETOL is a medicine used with either interferon alfa-2b (Intron A) or peginterferon alfa-2b (PegIntron) to treat chronic (lasting a long time) hepatitis C infection in people 3 years and older with liver disease.REBETOL Capsules consist of a white powder in a white, opaque, gelatin capsule. Each capsule contains 200 mg ribavirin and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide. The capsule is printed with edible blue pharmaceutical ink which is made of shellac, anhydrous ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ammonium hydroxide, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake.</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>[http://www.merck.com/product/home.html http://www.merck.com/product/home.html]</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Global Revenue Data Of products===<br />
<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>S.No</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Generic Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Brand Name</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Company</strong></td><br />
<td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>Global revenue ($ Million )</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2008</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2009</strong></td><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2010</strong></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>1</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Alpha IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intron®,Roferon®-A</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="bottom">38.4</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>2</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Beta IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Avonex</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Biogen IDEC</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2518.4</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2322.9</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">2202.6</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>3</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Gamma IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Actimmune®</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Intermune</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">29880</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">25428</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>4</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Pegylated IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Peg Intron</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center"> Schering-Plough</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">148.7</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(153, 204, 255); font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" bgcolor="#99ccff" valign="center"><strong>5</strong></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Recombinant IFN</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">(Rebetron®, Rebetol®).</td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">Schering Corporation</td><br />
<td style="border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
<td style="font-size: 10pt; border-top: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom: thick solid rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: thin solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center" valign="center">36.1</td><br />
<td style="border-width: thin thick thick thin; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><br />
</tr> <br />
</table></div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7672Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T08:51:03Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Sample Patents Analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
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Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm|1000px]]</mm><br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009 <br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Sample Patents Analysis===<br />
*The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.<br />
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]<br />
<br />
==Patent Ranking==<br />
10 Sample Patents were ranked according to the patent focus.<br />
*Patent Ranking Details<br />
1 : Granted Patent & Focus in Independent Claim <br><br />
2 : Granted Patent & Focus in Dependent Claim <br><br />
3 : Published Patent & Focus in independent Claim <br><br />
4 : Published Patent & Focus in Dependent claim <br><br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>S.No</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Type</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Patent Ranking</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US7482014B2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5997858A</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP288055A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>EP241242A1</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>5</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20100086518 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Dependent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>4</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4846782 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5824300 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Dependent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>2</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>8</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US20020107184</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Published And Independent</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>3</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>9</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US4762705 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>10</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>US5190751 </center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Granted And Independent Claim</center><br />
| style="padding:0.079cm;"| <center>1</center><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==<br />
===IP activity based on priority years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]<br />
<br />
===IP activity based on publication years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Geographical Distribution based on family members===<br />
<br />
* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members. <br />
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7671Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T08:48:52Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Sample patents */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
<br />
Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm|1000px]]</mm><br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009 <br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Sample Patents Analysis===<br />
*The above sample patents were analysed according to the taxonomy.<br />
[[Media:Sample analysis of Treating of melanoma.xls| '''Click here to download Sample analysis sheet on Interferon for treatment of Melanomas''']]<br />
<br />
==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==<br />
===IP activity based on priority years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]<br />
<br />
===IP activity based on publication years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Geographical Distribution based on family members===<br />
<br />
* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members. <br />
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7670Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T08:46:34Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Sample patents */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
<br />
Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm|1000px]]</mm><br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009 <br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==IP Activity Graphs Of Sample Patents==<br />
===IP activity based on priority years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on priority years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS priority year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on priority years]]<br />
<br />
===IP activity based on publication years===<br />
<br />
* Total of 10 Sample patents(basic patent number) were taken into consideration for the IP activity based on publication years.<br />
[[Image:IP act PS publication year Treatment Of Melanoma1.jpg|center|thumb|800 px| IP activity based on publication years]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Geographical Distribution based on family members===<br />
<br />
* The geographical distribution is based on 10 sample patent numbers along with all their family members. <br />
[[Image:Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma 1.jpg|center|thumb|500 px| Geographical Distribution based on Family members Melanoma]]</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7669Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T08:41:32Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Concept Table */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
<br />
Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Interactive Taxonomy==<br />
<mm>[[Interferon_For_the_treatment_Of_Melanoma.mm|1000px]]</mm><br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009 <br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7668Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T08:40:20Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Taxonomy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
<br />
Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Concept Table==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Skin Cancer</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''6'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanocyte</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
|}<br />
===French Keywords Concept table===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>mélanome</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interféron*</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Peau Cancer </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Carcinome </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumeur </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Mélanocyte </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===German Keywords Concept Table===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''S.No'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-1'''</center><br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''Concept-2'''</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''1'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanoma</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Interferon</center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''2'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Haut Krebs </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>huIFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''3'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Karzinoma </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>IFN </center><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''4'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Krebsgeschwür </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>'''5'''</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Tumor </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>6</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Geschwulst </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#99ccff;;padding:0.079cm;"| <center>7</center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <center>Melanozyten </center><br />
| style=";padding:0.079cm;"| <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009 <br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7667Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T08:38:36Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Dashboard */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
<br />
Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009 <br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Interferon_For_Treatment_of_Melanoma&diff=7666Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma2011-02-24T08:37:27Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Objective */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
<br />
* Click here to view '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=890 Sample Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
* Click here to view the '''[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=904 Dashboard]'''<br />
<br />
NOTE: You need to install Internet Explorer 8.0 and Adobe Flash Player to view the Dashboard.<br />
<br />
Please download [http://www.microsoft.com/windows/internet-explorer/default.aspx '''Internet Explorer 8.0'''] and [http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/?promoid=DRHWS '''Adobe Flash player''']<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
'''Primary objective of the study was to perform a prior art search on usage of interferon for the treatment of melanoma.''' <br />
<br />
To achieve our objective we performed following steps:<br />
<br />
*Created a multi level taxonomy to categorize the patents using interferon for melanoma treatment<br />
<br />
*Marked out relevant IPC, ECLA, US classes and Japanese F-term available for technology in question.<br />
<br />
*Identified and clubbed relevant keywords with classes to extract relevant patents.<br />
<br />
*Checked for patents in US, EP, PCT, JP, Great Britain, and German patent records <br />
<br />
*Performed MPI-INPADOC search which cover bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42 countries<br />
<br />
*Analyzed the patents and prepared an IPmap covering relevant patents for client usage.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Interferon===<br />
<br />
[[Image:interferon.jpg|250px|right|thumb|'''Interferon''' [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/1HIG_Interferon-Gamma01.png Source]]]<br />
<br />
Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges such as viruses, parasites and tumor cells. They belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines and are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma Source] <br />
<br />
Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, and increasing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. There are 3 known classes of interferons; type I, type II and type III. All classes are very important in fighting viral infections. Recent studies have shown that Interferon can also help stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon Source]<br />
<br />
===Melanoma===<br />
<br />
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells that make melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin also protects the deeper layers of the skin from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.When people spend time in the sunlight, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to tan. This also happens when skin is exposed to other forms of ultraviolet light (such as in a tanning booth). If the skin receives too much ultraviolet light, the melanocytes may begin to grow abnormally and become cancerous. This condition is called melanoma.People with melanoma who have one or more positive lymph nodes are at a high risk to have their melanoma recur. It is believed that 70 to 80% of these individuals will have their melanoma come back within the next three to five years. [http://www.melanoma.com/whatis.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Interferon for treatment of melanoma===<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has increased at a faster rate than that of any other solid tumor. In the 1930s, the lifetime risk for a person living in the U.S. to develop melanoma was 1 in 1,500. Currently, that risk is 1 in 74, and for 2003 it was estimated that 51,400 cases of invasive melanoma would be diagnosed. While efforts to improve early diagnosis through education have resulted in the increased detection of early-stage melanoma, many patients still present with high-risk primary melanomas. <br />
<br />
A beacon of hope in the treatment of melanoma has long been the observation that melanoma is susceptible to attack by the host’s immune system. This has resulted in the testing of a remarkably broad spectrum of immunotherapies, including the use of nonspecific immunostimulants, various approaches to vaccine therapies, and cytokine therapy. Many of these approaches failed to demonstrate a significant clinical impact, and the practitioner had been left with few options in treating high-risk melanoma patients with adjuvant therapy. One exception to this, however, has been the use of adjuvant interferon alpha (IFN-{alpha})<br />
<br />
While the precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood, there are multiple antitumor effects of IFN-{alpha}. These include a direct antiproliferative effect, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, and the upregulation of tumor antigens and/or HLA class I and class II antigens. Initial phase II clinical studies with IFN-{alpha} in metastatic melanoma showed response rates in the 10%–20% range [4, 5]. These response rates, while encouraging, were not significant enough to lead to its widespread use in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. [http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/451 Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
<br />
[[Image:taxonomy melanoma mod1.jpg|700px|center|thumb| '''Taxonomy''']]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Class codes identified for searches===<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant IPC classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''IPC'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|Therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations -antineoplastic agents<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant ECLA classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "4"|'''ECLA'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class coverage'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing peptides - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21A<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21B<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|A61K38/21C<br />
|align = "center"|Medicinal preparations containing IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001452<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof - Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons<br />
|align = "center"|Broad<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014555<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - Interferon<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001456<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-alpha<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014565<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-beta<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K001457<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids - IFN-gamma<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants - for interferons -<br />
|align = "center"|Specific<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Relevant US classes'''<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''US class'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class Code'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Class definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240854<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - this subclass provides for patents which broadly claim interferon or a method of treatment of interferon where the classification of the interferon as alpha, beta or gamma interferon is impossible<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|4242811<br />
|align = "center"| DRUG, BIO-AFFCTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Virus (e.g., interferon-inducing virus, etc.)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|42400141<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - Attached to lymphokine, cytokine, or other secreted growth regulatory factor, differentiation factor, or intercellular mediator specific for a hematopoietic cell (e.g., interferon, interleukin, macrophage factor, colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin); derivative thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|514889<br />
|align = "center"|DRUG, BIO-AFFECTING AND BODY TREATING COMPOSITIONS - INTERFERON INDUCER<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|530351<br />
|align = "center"| CHEMISTRY: NATURAL RESINS OR DERIVATIVES; PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS; LIGNINS OR REACTION PRODUCTS THEREOF - Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|930142<br />
|align = "center"|PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN SEQUENCE - Interferon<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240851<br />
|align = "center"|LYMPHOKINE - Included in this and the indented subclasses interferon, interleukin and macrophage factors (monokines)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240855<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma or immune: This subclass is indented under subclass 85.4. Subject matter in which the interferon is gamma or immune interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240856<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is beta or fibroblast interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|4240857<br />
|align = "center"|Subject matter in which the interferon is alpha or leukocyte interferon.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Intellectual property==<br />
<br />
===Search strategy and concept===<br />
<br />
Date of Search: 1836 to October 26, 2009 <br />
Database used: Micropatent - Include extensive full text and MPI-Inpadoc searches<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC,US,ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G OR 4240854 OR 4242811 OR 42400141 OR 514889 OR 530351 OR 930142<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|576<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR 4240851 OR 4240855 OR 4240856 OR 4240857 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|756<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|1019 records<br>'''571 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent full text - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
<br />
Micro patent full text search allow search in fulltext of US, EP, PCT, Great Britain, and German patent records as well as the front page of JP documents. US, EP, and DE are covered at first publication and when granted.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K001456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K001457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|184 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title, Abstract and Claims<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad classes of interferon AND melanoma<nowiki>’</nowiki>s and interferon<nowiki>’</nowiki>s foregin langugae keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K003819 OR C07K001452 OR A61P003500<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|3375 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''3422 hits<br>(2023 unique records, 30-35 % relevant)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - English language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract. <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|174<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|484<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Specific ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03821<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457 OR C07K014715G<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|102<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center"|Broad ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN) AND (Melanoma OR (Skin NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)) OR (Melanocyte<nowiki>*</nowiki> NEAR3 (cancer OR carcinoma OR tumor)))<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "4"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4'''<br />
|align = "center"|587 hits<br>'''232 unique records'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Micropatent MPI-INPADOC - Foreign language search===<br />
<br />
Micrpatent MPI-INPADOC search bibliographic data for 71 countries and legal status for 42. Only those patents were analyzed which have English title and/or abstract.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search concept'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Language'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search reason'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Class Code (IPC, ECLA)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Search query'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''No. of hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Specific IPC/ECLA classes of interferon AND melanoma keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03821 OR C07K014555 OR C07K01456 OR C07K014565 OR C07K01457<br />
|align = "center"|(mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|4 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" rowspan = "2"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Interferon for treating Melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|'''French'''<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Title and Abstract<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|Broad IPC classes of interferon AND melanoma, interferon keywords<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|A61K03819 OR C07K01452 OR A61P03500<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR Interféron<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interféron OR huIFN) AND (mélanome or (Peau NEAR3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)) OR (Mélanocytes Near3 (Cancer or Carcinome or Tumeur)))<br />
|align = "center" rowspan = "2"|25 hits<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|'''German'''<br />
|align = "center"|(IFN<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>IFN OR interferon<nowiki>*</nowiki> OR <nowiki>*</nowiki>interferon OR huIFN AND (Melanom or (Haut NEAR3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)) OR (Melanozyten Near3 (Krebs or Karzinom or Krebsgeschwür or Tumor or Geschwulst)))<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center" colspan = "5"|'''Final query'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''29 hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Search in Japanese database===<br />
<br />
Database: IPDL (Industrial property digital library), Japan<br />
<br />
Date of search: 1900/01/01 to 2009/10/26<br />
<br />
'''Total patents: 846 (Relevancy ~10%)'''<br />
<br />
* '''F-Terms and theme used in search''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="75%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Japanese F-term search'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Definition'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''F- Term theme'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''4H045'''<br />
|align = "center"|Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA15<br />
|align = "center"|Peptide or protein characterised by function - Interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA16<br />
|align = "center"|Alpha-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA17<br />
|align = "center"|Beta-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|F-term<br />
|align = "center"|DA18<br />
|align = "center"|Gamma-interferons<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sample patents==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Date of Publication'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Inventor(s)'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Dolcera Summary'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20051027&CC=US&NR=2005238621A1&KC=A1 US7482014B2]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|1/27/2009<br />
|align = "center"|Schering Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|Rybak, Mary Ellen and Rose, Esther Helen<br />
|align = "center"|Melanoma therapy<br />
|align = "center"|The invention relates to a method of treating a patient having Stage IIB or Stage III melanoma which has been surgically removed. A first dose of 6.0 micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for eight weeks, and then administering to the patient a second dose of 3.0 or less micrograms/kg of pegylated interferon alpha-2b once a week for the remainder of a five year treatment period.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19991207&CC=US&NR=5997858A&KC=A US5997858A]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|12/7/1999<br />
|align = "center"|Pharma Pacific Pty Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|Tovey, Michael Gerard and Kaido, Thomas James<br />
|align = "center"|Stimulation of host defense mechanisms against tumors<br />
|align = "center"|A method for treating multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, brain tumors etc. by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an interferon (1500 IU to about 20×10<sup>6</sup> IU for a 70 kg man per day) via oromucosal contact.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19881026&CC=EP&NR=0288055A1&KC=A1 EP288055A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/26/1988<br />
|align = "center"|MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS INC.<br />
|align = "center"|Sunkara, Sai P.<br />
|align = "center"|Use of ODC inhibitors, dacarbazine, and interferon, in the treatment of malignant melanoma<br />
|align = "center"|A combinational therapy containing an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, Interferon and Dacarbazine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in treating rapidly-proliferating cell-growth disease such as melanoma.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19871014&CC=EP&NR=0241242A1&KC=A1 EP241242A1]</u></font><br />
|align = "center"|10/14/1987<br />
|align = "center"|CETUS ONCOLOGY CORPORATION<br />
|align = "center"|Rudolph, Alfred<br />
|align = "center"|The use of interferon-beta and interleukin-2 for combination therapy and compositions therefor<br />
|align = "center"|A composition comprising of a mixture of lFN- beta and IL-2 for administration to human patients for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of cancer such as colon cancer, melanoma, renal cell cancer, lung cancer.<br />
|-<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Effect_of_CTA.jpg&diff=7593File:Effect of CTA.jpg2011-01-07T09:30:27Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Transdermal.jpg&diff=7592File:Transdermal.jpg2011-01-07T09:30:00Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:PSA_tapes.jpg&diff=7591File:PSA tapes.jpg2011-01-07T09:29:37Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pressure_sensitive_adhesives&diff=7590Pressure sensitive adhesives2011-01-07T09:27:34Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Search strategy */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Dashboard==<br />
Dolcera dashboard provides quick and easy navigation through the technology segments. Below is the snapshot of how it look like. Click on the link [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=262 '''Dolcera Dashboard'''] for Pressure Sensitive Adhesives. <br />
<br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=262 '''Dolcera Dashboard''']<br />
<br />
[[image:dashboard.jpg|center|500 px]]<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA, self adhesive, self stick adhesive) is adhesive that forms a bond when pressure is applied to marry the adhesive with the adherend. No solvent, water, or heat is needed to activate the adhesive. It is used in pressure sensitive tapes, labels, note pads, automobile trim, and a wide variety of other products.<br />
<br />
As the name "pressure sensitive" indicates, the degree of bond is influenced by the amount of pressure which is used to apply the adhesive to the surface.<br />
<br />
Surface factors such as smoothness, surface energy, removal of contaminants, etc. are also important to proper bonding.<br />
<br />
PSAs are usually designed to form a bond and hold properly at room temperatures. PSAs typically reduce or lose their tack at cold temperatures and reduce their shear holding ability at high temperatures: Specialty adhesives are made to function at high or low temperatures. It is important to choose an adhesive formulation which is designed for its intended use conditions.<br />
<br />
===Surface Energy===<br />
[[Image:Surface energy.jpg|thumb|right|800|Measuring of Surface Energy]]<br />
# Surface energy is a measure of how well an adhesive wets out over the surface of the material to which it is applied.<br />
# The most common method of determining the surface energy is to measure the contact angle of a water droplet on the substrate surface.<br />
# The contact angle between the solid and the fluid is the angle measured within the fluid, between the solid surface and the tangent plane to the liquid surface at the point of intersection.<br />
# A contact angle of greater than 90° indicates that the fluid (which is ink or adhesive in this case) has not wet the surface. Conversely an angle of less than 90° means that the fluid has wet the surface - if the angle approaches zero then the surface is completely wetted by the fluid.<br />
# The surface energy or the wetability of a particular substrate is measured in dynes/cm. [http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pcn.org/images/Technical%2520Notes%2520-%2520Corona1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.pcn.org/Technical%2520Notes%2520-%2520Corona.html&h=327&w=370&sz=13&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=Nb4kgRrPYnxojM:&tbnh=108&tbnw=122&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsurface%2Benergy%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX Source]<br />
===Low Surface Energy Substrates===<br />
# Low energy plastics, such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and Teflon (PTFE) are essentially "non- stick" plastics.<br />
# Their molecular structure inhibits the adhesion and printing processes - this molecular structure is basically inert or inactive – these polymers are said to have a low surface energy.<br />
# Materials with low surface energy (LSE) do not allow adhesives to wet out, while materials with high surface energy (HSE) provide excellent wet-out, providing the best adhesion.<br />
# Rubber-based adhesives usually provide better adhesion to LSE surfaces.<br />
# Some substrates require special treatment such as corona treating, primers, top coating, etc., in order to achieve better adhesion.<br />
# On some LSE substrates, adhesion levels improve the longer adhesive is applied. [http://www.chemsultants.com/latestprods/adhesive_definitions.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Adhesion===<br />
[[Image:Adhesionnew.jpg|thumb|right|800|Adhesion]]<br />
# Adhesion is the molecular force of attraction between unlike materials. <br />
# Adhesion and cohesion, attractive forces between material bodies. A distinction is usually made between an adhesive force, which acts to hold two separate bodies together (or to stick one body to another) and a cohesive force, which acts to hold together the like or unlike atoms, ions, or molecules of a single body.<br />
# For example water molecules stick to each other. This is caused by hydrogen bonds that form between the slightly positive and negative ends of neighboring molecules. <br />
# Water is found in drops; perfect spheres. It’s hard to imagine water behaving any other way due to cohesion and water molecules stick to other surfaces due to adhesion.[http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsBS/kons/kons/images/water-droplet.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsBS/kons/kons/physical_properties_of_water.htm&h=168&w=238&sz=15&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=UrmkX2TGv_os2M:&tbnh=77&tbnw=109&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwater%2Badhesion%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG Source]<br />
<br />
==Application of PSA==<br />
<br />
===Application in electronics and electrical industry===<br />
<br />
Electrical grade PSAs are critical components in the design many of today's electrical and electronic components in the electrical industry. The construction of this type of PSA is difficult since lower concentration of conductive filler must be used in order to prevent the drying out of polymer by the conductive filler, with attendant loss of tack. The conductivity of electrically conductive PSA in the direction of pressure action is to a certain extend depend on the direction of pressure applied [http://www.springerlink.com/content/j5448654801gg60q/ Florian, 2003] <br />
<br />
Electrical grade PSAs are designed and manufactured using materials using material that are physically and chemically stable in the presence of humidity and electrical stress. The acrylic high tack PSAs works very well in static and dynamic joints. The PSA agents are used in three forms i.e. modified aqueous dispersions or solutions in different solvents and as hot melts adhesives. PSA tapes find application in electronic assemblies [http://www.calce.umd.edu/articles/abstracts/2004/assemblies.htm Reliability of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Tapes for Heat Sink Attachment in Air-Cooled Electronic Assemblies]<br />
<br />
[[Image: PSA tapes.jpg|thumb|center|800px|[http://www.biztrademarket.com/User/166116/bb/insulation_tape_eho.jpg PSA tapes]]]<br />
<br />
===Application in automobile industry===<br />
While mechanical fasteners will always be the choice when maximum torque and linear force are required in automobile industry, pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) can often provide a better method of joining or bonding than traditional screws, nuts, bolts, rivets and welds. <br />
<br />
The design, performance, and production reasons for replacing mechanical or fusion fastening methods with PSAs include, but are not limited to: <br />
<br />
# Distributing stress over the entire bonded area: The concentrated stress of mechanical fasteners can be eliminated and design engineers can specify lighter, thinner materials without sacrificing durability and product integrity. <br />
# Bonding dissimilar materials: The ability to bond two totally different substrates can yield a superior combination for product strength and performance. PSAs are an ideal counterbalance for varying factors of expansion between surfaces, such as laminating layers of metal. <br />
# Maintaining assembled substrate integrity: Less machining and finishing means more latitude for design engineers and improved aesthetics for greater consumer appeal. <br />
# Incorporating fatigue resistance: PSAs bring great flexibility, allowing for high extension and recovery under heavy loads. <br />
# Durability by design: PSAs fill voids and gaps and can bond loose-fitting parts.<br />
Increasing production efficiency: PSAs reduce material requirements, provide product weight reduction, require fewer assembly and finishing steps, and minimize training [http://www.flexcon.com/Resource-Center/~/media/Files/PDFs/Website/Resource%20Center/White%20Papers/design%20engineering%20aspects%20of%20pressure-sensitive%20adhesives.ashx FLEXcon white paper]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Medical applications===<br />
<br />
There are two essential requirements of medical PSAs, that they should stick firmly to a difficult substrate (skin) and that they should be easily and cleanly removed from that substrate when desired. These requirements would seem to be in conflict: a high peel force usually signals the ability to stick firmly, while a low force is needed when removing dressings by peeling.<br />
<br />
A number of ways have been considered to resolve this conflict. These may be divided into two broad categories: those that make the best of existing PSA technology, broadly taking a physical approach, and those that introduce novel chemistry into the process. Physical approaches consider such details as the dependence of peel force on peel angle, peel rate, backing materials, the deformation of the skin during peeling and use of barrier films and solvents. As an alternative to simply making the best of the physics of the peeling process, various workers have devised chemical systems for making the adhesive less strongly adhering at the time of removal. These systems usually consist of introducing a ‘switch’ mechanism into a strongly adhering adhesive so that its adherence may be reduced significantly at the time of removal by operation of the ‘switch’. Means of activating the ‘switch’ include: heat (warming or cooling), application of water via an absorbent backing and exposure to visible light. These may produce physical or chemical changes in the adhesive [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-43W00T1-3&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2001&_alid=1598193691&_rdoc=3&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=15397&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=17b33208ec83c0db321e3d3882e5ffe3&searchtype=a Chivers, 2001]<br />
<br />
===PSAs drive transdermal delivery===<br />
Transdermal or through-the-skin delivery of drugs has assumed an important place in drug therapy, eliminating many of the shortcomings of syringes and pills. [http://www.adhesivesresearch.com/Pharmaceutical_ARx_LLC/Pharmaceutical/Component_Applications_And_Technologies/ActiveTransdermalDeliverySystems.aspx Active Transdermal Delivery Systems] The three most commonly used adhesives used for transdermal delivery are polyisobutylenes, polyacrylates and silicones [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VJY-3WRB3HM-6&_user=10&_coverDate=02%2F01%2F1999&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1598124405&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f7968d61a743de54de6d04fb28c0cf00&searchtype=a Tan and Pfister, 1999]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image: Transdermal.jpg|thumb|center|600px|[http://www.qmed.com/files/ck_images/images/Nusil.jpg Delivery to skin]]]<br />
<br />
* In a typical '''disk drive''', PSAs are applied to the base casting to secure the motor-mounting flange and motor assembly<br />
<br />
===Application in aerospace industry===<br />
<br />
Aerospace manufacturers uses PSAs to assemble sheet-metal components into sub assemblies. The aerospace industry, primarily satellite manufacturers, have expressed the need for a low outgas, thermally stable, adhesive tape which can work at both high, 175ºC, and low, -100ºC, temperatures. New silicone PSA was fabricated to pass, low outgassing requirements of 1% or less Total Mass Loss (TML) and 0.1% or less Collectable Volatile Condensable Materials (CVCM) [http://www.polytec-pt.de/ger/_files/24_LowOutgasSiliconePressureSensitiveAdhesiveForAerospaceApplications2%281%29.pdf Riegler, 2005].<br />
<br />
==Making of PSAs==<br />
<br />
Although PSPs can be obtained by different polymerization processes (i.e., emulsion, solution, hot-melt, or radiation curing), much attention has recently been devoted to the utilization of more environmentally friendly processes such as emulsion polymerization. Soft polymer networks are commonly used as previous termpressure sensitive adhesivesnext term (PSAs). This is due to their unique ability to deform and yet to resist flow. These contradictory requirements indicate that the mechanical properties are finely tuned, and that the types of deformation upon application are carefully considered. Variety of PSAs can be prepared by mixing a linear vinyl terminated polymer with a silane terminated f-functional cross-linker. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4VJ4WRW-1&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2009&_alid=1598127284&_rdoc=6&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=20058&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=31aa31be0a41e917372805a44d352007&searchtype=a Jensen et al., 2009]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="70%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''PSA process'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Chemical composition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Time of launch'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Solvent-based'''<br />
|align = "center"|Rubber/resin, acrylics, silicones<br />
|align = "center"|Since 19th century<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Hot-melt'''<br />
|align = "center"|Block copolymers, acrylics<br />
|align = "center"|1940s<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Emulsion (water)-based'''<br />
|align = "center"|Acrylics, natural and synthetic rubber, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer<br />
|align = "center"|1970s<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Radiation-cured'''<br />
|align = "center"| Acrylics, rubber<br />
|align = "center"|1970s<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="80%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Properties'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Solvent-based: acrylic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Hot-melt: styrene-isobutylene-styrene.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Emulsion based: acrylics'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|PS performance<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|align = "center"|Very good<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Ease of compounding<br />
|align = "center"|Moderate<br />
|align = "center"|Difficult<br />
|align = "center"|Easy<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Formulation flexibility<br />
|align = "center"|Limited<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|align = "center"|Moderate<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Coating method flexibility<br />
|align = "center"|Limited<br />
|align = "center"|Poor<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Ease of changeover<br />
|align = "center"|Limited<br />
|align = "center"|Poor<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|PSA reproducibility<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|align = "center"|Limited<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|Aging properties<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|align = "center"|Poor<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|Clarity/color<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|align = "center"|Poor<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|Safety/toxicity<br />
|align = "center"|Poor<br />
|align = "center"|Poor<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|Raw material costs<br />
|align = "center"|High<br />
|align = "center"|Low<br />
|align = "center"|Medium<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|Coating/compounding costs<br />
|align = "center"|High<br />
|align = "center"|Medium<br />
|align = "center"|Low<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Effect of important parameters on PSA making and performance===<br />
<br />
====Effect of polymer molecular weight and crosslinking reactions on the end-use properties of PSAs====<br />
In a study wherein polymer molecular weight and polymer microstructure were regulated using different chain transfer agent (CTA) concentrations and by addition of a diacrylic monomer (MM) it was shown that all of the measured adhesion properties strongly depend on molecular weight of the synthesized polymer and on the amount of gel phase [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4SH0Y17-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2009&_alid=1598127284&_rdoc=8&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=20058&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0c2fe11851b57347e066ff78a975a690&searchtype=a Kajtna et al., 2009]<br />
<br />
====Effect of composition on Mechanical behaviours and fracture energy of PSAs====<br />
In a study it was shown that the mechanical behaviour depend on their composition but majority of fracture energy is dissipated on the first millimetre near the bending zone where fibrils elongation is maximum. Observations of interfaces between PSAs and glass substrate underline that fracture energy varies linearly according to the contact area [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4N2D2V9-2&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2007&_alid=1598127284&_rdoc=16&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=20058&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6021375899d8929d9ec349bc3fd3c01d&searchtype=a Horgnies et al., 2007]<br />
<br />
====Effect of tackifier on PSAs====<br />
To study the effect of tackifier (such as hydrogenated cyclo-aliphatic resin) a model system consisting of polystyrene-b-polyisoprene-b-polystyrene triblock copolymer was prepared. Tackifier increased the peel adhesion significantly and the increase became stronger above 40 wt% tackifier. The higher peel adhesion was obtained in the system with the larger amount of agglomerates of tackifier in the polyisoprene matrix. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4RJKX1T-1&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2008&_alid=1598155857&_rdoc=4&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=18242&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=41c38a7bf066473704bf91918b843915&searchtype=a Sasaki et al., 2008]<br />
<br />
====Effect of chain transfer agent and cross-linker concentration in making of PSAs====<br />
In a study it was shown that a constant cross-linker concentration, one can manipulate the polymer micro-structure by adding varying amounts of chain transfer agent. Three examples of these micro-structures are depicted below which show a tight gel network with long-chain sol polymers, a loose gel network with shorter sol polymers, and an imperfect gel structure with highly branched sol polymers. By manipulating the micro-structure, previous termpressure-sensitive adhesivenext term performance can be affected. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TWW-4YG1M1T-3&_user=10&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2010&_alid=1598155857&_rdoc=10&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5573&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=18242&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=9b4d65da1531e13c4a9e3f5a986b03e4&searchtype=a Qie and Dube, 2010]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Effect of CTA.jpg| thumb|center|300px|Effect of chain transfer agent and cross-linker concentration in making of PSAs]]<br />
<br />
====Effect of flexible substrates on PSAs performance====<br />
The fracture energy (fracture toughness) of tapes during globally elastic unpeeling is often calculated from the relation G=P/b(1−cos θ). A study suggested that this expression is correct for elastic peeling from rigid substrates but it gives misleading results when peeling from reversible flexible substrates. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-46RKMVR-1&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2002&_alid=1598155857&_rdoc=14&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=18242&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=5a2c01b1375cc8e2d6e2d69ed8cd8aa4&searchtype=a Steven-Fountain et al., 2002]<br />
<br />
==PSA performance measurement==<br />
<br />
PSAs polymeric materials effect tack, peel and shear strength . Inherent properties such as copolymer composition and microstructure, molecular weight and distribution are among the most influential factors affecting PSA properties directly as well as indirectly through their influence on physical properties (e.g., the glass transition temperature, Tg) and thus, rheological properties of the polymer (e.g., viscoelastic regions, moduli).<br />
<br />
Therefore, PSA is the result of a fine balance between these three major, interrelated properties.<br />
<br />
===Tack===<br />
It is a measure of the force required to remove, say a foam gasket and its adhesive, from the substrate. It usually refers to the initial attraction of the adhesive to the substrate. Tack can be measured by four basic methods these are loop tack, rolling ball, Quick stick and probe measurement devices. [http://www.adhesivestoolkit.com/Docu-Data/NPLDocuments/P%20A%20J/PAJ%20Reports/PAJ1%20Reports/PAJ1%20Report%205.pdf Review Of Methods For The Measurement Of Tack]<br />
<br />
===Peel strength===<br />
<br />
Peel strength is measured as a force required to remove a standard PSA strip from a specified test surface under a standard test angle (e.g., 90° or 180°) under standard conditions. Much like tack, manufacturers control adhesion to create different products based on user requirements. After a PSA has been applied to the substrate, adhesion continues to increase for a period of time — typically 24 hr. <br />
<br />
===Shear strength===<br />
Shear strength is the internal or cohesive strength of the adhesive mass. Usually, it is determined as the length of time it takes for a standard strip of PSA to fall from a test panel after application of a load. Usually, tack and adhesion decrease as shear strength increases. [http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a713642457&fulltext=713240928 Emulsion-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives: A Review]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==PSA products==<br />
<br />
The most common products that utilize PSAs are tapes, labels, and protective films. The PSA sector is among the fastest growing in the adhesive market, making the search for new pressure-sensitive products (PSP) and applications highly competitive.<br />
<br />
* '''PSA tapes:''' Self-adhesive materials usually produced by coating an adhesive onto a carrier and used as a continuous web.<br />
<br />
* '''PSA labels:''' Self-adhesive laminated carrier materials. The self-adhesive layer is protected with a supplemental material (release liner).<br />
<br />
* '''Protective films:''' Carrier material possesses built-in or built-on self-adhesive properties.<br />
<br />
==Recycling issues with PSA==<br />
<br />
PSAs exact a considerable cost on the paper recycling industry, an estimated $700 million per year. Most paper recycling systems converts paper into pulp in presence of water, which is then transformed back into paper. PSAs do not dissolve in water, but rather fragment into smaller particles during the repulping process. These particles are known as stickies, get deformed under heat and pressure, making them difficult to screen or filter out of the pulp. Stickies can become lodged on papermaking and can cause damage to equipment or even in the paper. [http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ReduceWaste/Business/officepaper/PSAFacts.htm Source]<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="90%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''"Sticky" PSA Product'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Alternative Product/Procedure'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Address Labels<br />
|align = "left"|1. Print addresses directly on envelopes<br>2. Using glassine (cellulose) film window or filmless window envelopes, and print mailing addresses directly on the letter to show through the window.<br>3. Handprint addresses directly on large mailing envelopes..<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Sticky Notes<br />
|align = "left"|1.Use scratch paper for notes and secure with paper clips.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Postage Stamps<br />
|align = "left"|1. Use moisture-activated postage stamps<br>2. Postal meter that prints postage directly on envelopes or that uses moisture-activated meter tape<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|File Folder Index Labels<br />
|align = "left"|1. Handprint file subjects directly on index tabs, instead of using an index label. When recycling file folders with index labels, tear off the index tab.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Closure Tabs<br />
|align = "left"|1. Sharply folding fliers and newsletters is often sufficient to send them safely and securely through the mail.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Search strategy==<br />
<br />
Search strategy last updated on: 7th January 2011<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="60%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''Search string'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''Hits'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Google'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making<br />
|align = "center"|7,510,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application<br />
|align = "center"|7,650,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automobile<br />
|align = "center"|436,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automotive<br />
|align = "center"|479,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive drug delivery<br />
|align = "center"|275,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive tack*<br />
|align = "center"|354,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive product<br />
|align = "center"|8,120,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive recycl*<br />
|align = "center"|447,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Google scholar'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making<br />
|align = "center"|21,50,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application<br />
|align = "center"|21,50,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Scirus'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making<br />
|align = "center"|130,055<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application<br />
|align = "center"|200,950<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive product<br />
|align = "center"|136,169<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Sciencedirect'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive electronics<br />
|align = "center"|2,450<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making<br />
|align = "center"|7,212<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application<br />
|align = "center"|15,405<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automobile<br />
|align = "center"|951<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automotive<br />
|align = "center"|1,406<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive drug delivery<br />
|align = "center"|2,876<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Springerlink'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making<br />
|align = "center"|2,149<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application<br />
|align = "center"|3,901<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Google images'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making<br />
|align = "center"|3,580,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application<br />
|align = "center"|2,210,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive electronics<br />
|align = "center"|1,690,000<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
* According to a report from the Business Communications Company, the 2001 US market for specialty adhesives was about $5.7 billion, and is forecast to grow at 4.3% per year, with medical and dental applications being the fastest-growing sector at 5.9% per year. [http://www.marketfile.com/print/paint/title5/index.htm Source]<br />
* Frost and Sullivan report the size of the European PSA market (medical and non-medical) to be $620 million in 2000, forecast to grow to $796 million in 2007. [http://www.engineeringtalk.com/news/fro/fro122.html Source]<br />
* The world value of the overall adhesives market is estimated at US $22 billion.<br />
* '''Total Market Expected to Grow at a CAGR of 9 Percent''': The U.S. PSA markets for labels and narrow-web graphics is expected to growth with a CAGR of 9 percent during the years 2006–2012. The total U.S. PSA markets for labels and narrow-web graphics unit shipments are expected to continue to growth at a CAGR of 6.6 percent due to high end-user growth. The UV technology is a new technology that have started to receive wide acceptance in the industry and that segment of the industry is a fragmented and developing segment with growth rates in double digits. While the solvent-based PSAs are expected to show decreasing growth percents, the water-based and solvent-based segments are expected to growth in the lines of the total industry. [http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/report-brochure.pag?id=F652-01-00-00-00 Source]<br />
<br />
* According to '''World Adhesives File 2000-2005''', the leading handful of adhesives suppliers, including pressure sensitive companies, already controlled almost half the global market in 1999. Henkel leads the way with an estimated 12% global market share, which will probably increase to around 14% with the purchase of Dexter’s adhesives interests. Pressure sensitive suppliers 3M and Avery Dennison are ranked second and third, with 9% and 7% shares respectively, followed jointly by National Starch and H.B. Fuller — both at 6%. The newly enlarged Atofina and Rohm and Haas follow closely behind.” [http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=60487 Source]<br />
* Growth of the world market averages about 2-3% per year.<br />
* Packaging adhesives make up the majority of the market.<br />
* The electronic and medical adhesives market is currently experiencing the most rapid growth.<br />
<br />
* Market leaders by country are as follows:<br />
** United States - approximately 2.6 tonnes annually<br />
** China<br />
** Japan <br />
** Germany<br />
** UK [[image:players_logo.jpg|right|500 px]]<br />
* Market leaders by company(which account for one-third of the market share) are:<br />
** Henkel <br />
** 3M<br />
** Avery Denison<br />
** HB Fuller<br />
** National Starch<br />
** Atofina<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
<br />
===Patent Search Table===<br />
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|colspan = "5"|<br />
* Patent search on Micropat<br />
* Databases searched: '''USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Query.No.'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Searched Sections'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Years Searched'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Query'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|Claims, Title or Abstract<br />
|1836 – Date<br />
||(rubber OR acryl* OR silicone OR oil*1 OR resin*1 OR ethylen* OR isoprene OR terpene OR copolymer* OR vinyl* OR siloxane* ((acid OR anhydride) ADJ1 (acrylic OR crotonic OR (vinyl ADJ1 acetic) OR fumaric OR maleic OR malonic OR succinic OR itaconic OR citraconic)) OR polymer* OR styrene OR ester*) SAME (((pressure ADJ1 sensitive) NEAR2 (adhesive* OR glue OR paste OR (binding ADJ1 agent) OR (epoxy ADJ1 resin*) OR film) OR PSA OR PSAs) OR (adhesion* WITH (peel OR tensile OR shear) OR stick*) OR (radical* ADJ1 (initiator* OR maker*)))<br />
|76006<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Claims, Title or Abstract<br />
|1836 – Date<br />
|(((low ADJ surface ADJ energy) WITH (substrate*1 OR polymer OR compound* OR material OR film)) OR (surface ADJ1 tension) OR (surface ADJ1 rough*) OR viscosity OR (oily ADJ surface) OR (low ADJ1 energy ADJ1 surface*)) AND (polyolefin*1 OR polyethylene*1 OR polypropylene*1 OR (polyvinyl ADJ1 chloride ADJ1 film) OR (oil ADJ1 contaminated ADJ1 metal) OR polybutene OR polyisoprene*1 OR (polyvinylidene ADJ1 fluoride*) OR polytetrafluoroethylene*1 OR polyester*1 OR polyamide*1 OR polyacetal*1 OR polystyrene*1 OR polyurethane* OR polyurea OR silan* OR polycarbonate*)<br />
|75602<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Claims, Title or Abstract<br />
|1836 – Date<br />
|1 AND 2<br />
|2272<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
* Total number of patents - 2272<br />
* Total number of unique patent families - 1483<br />
<br />
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<br />
===Taxonomy for analysis===<br />
[[Image:adhesion-3Mnew2.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Taxonomy map - Adhesion]]<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy for PSA composition===<br />
[[Image:adhesion-final version.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Taxonomy map - Adhesion]]<br />
<br />
===IP Activity===<br />
[[image:Priority year_PSA.jpg|center|600 px|thunb|Competitors]]<br />
<br />
===Major Competitors===<br />
[[image:competitors_PSA.jpg|center|600 px|thunb|Competitors]]<br />
<br />
===Composition components matrix===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Assignees'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Rubber'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Silicone'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Polymers'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Acrylic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Tackifying resin'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Plasticizer oil'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Carboxylic acids'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Acid Esters'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Priority Year'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Patent numbers'''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan = "5"|3M Innovative Properties Company<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|2000<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6630531 US6630531]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|2000<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6632872 US6632872]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|2000<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6455634 US6455634]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|1993<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5612136 US5612136]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|1993<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5602221 US5602221]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|American Tape Company<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1997<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5798175 US5798175]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|Ashland Oil, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1991<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5434213 US5434213]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan = "4"|Atlantic Richfield Company<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1984<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4656213 US4656213]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1996<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5817426 US5817426]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1996<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5817426 US5817426]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1997<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6461707 US6461707]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|Coloplast<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1980<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6437038 US6437038]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan = "5"|Dow Corning Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1970<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5916981 US5916981]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1990<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6337086 US6337086]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1990<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6121368 US6121368]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1994<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5561203 US5561203]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1996<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5861472 US5861472]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1993<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5714254 US5714254]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|Fujikura Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|2000<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6388556 US6388556]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|General Electric Company<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|2000<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6387487 US6387487]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|H Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1996<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5741840 US5741840]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|H. B. Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1997<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5869562 US5869562]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|Johnson & Johnson Products Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1981<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4335026 US4335026]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
<br />
<br />
|Nichiban Company Limited<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1997<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6274235 US6274235]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|None<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|1996<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030136510%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030136510&RS=DN/20030136510 US20030136510]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|PPG Industries, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1996<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5776548 US5776548]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|Ralf Korpman Associates, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1992<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5760135 US5760135]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Technology Tree===<br />
<br />
As it is evident from the the technology tree below, although the IP activity in the area of Pressure sensitive adhesive was initiated during 1970s, companies are continuously trying new combinations of different components.<br />
[[image:Technology tree.jpg|center|500 px]]<br />
<br />
==Key findings==<br />
* In the medical field, pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are used for many different applications in the hospital and health areas and also they can be used to adhere two surfaces together such as the flaps of packing material or fabric to a surface<br />
* In many commercial applications of pressure-sensitive adhesives, it would be preferred to use an acrylate polymer or copolymer having an intrinsic viscosity of at least about 2.5 dl/g<br />
* Ideally, a process for producing an acrylate-based polymer for a pressure-sensitive adhesive provides a means for controlling both molecular weight, i.e., intrinsic viscosity, and molecular weight distribution.<br />
* Pressure-sensitive adhesives require a delicate balance of viscous and elastic properties that result in a four-fold balance of adhesion, cohesion, stretchiness and elasticity. Pressure-sensitive adhesives generally comprise elastomers that are either inherently tacky, or elastomers or thermoplastic elastomers that are tackified with the addition of tackifying resins.<br />
<br />
==Analysis Sheet==<br />
[[Media:Sample analysis sheet.xls|Sample Analysis Sheet]]<br />
<br />
<br />
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|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pressure_sensitive_adhesives&diff=7589Pressure sensitive adhesives2011-01-07T09:25:41Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Overview */</p>
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==Overview==<br />
Pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA, self adhesive, self stick adhesive) is adhesive that forms a bond when pressure is applied to marry the adhesive with the adherend. No solvent, water, or heat is needed to activate the adhesive. It is used in pressure sensitive tapes, labels, note pads, automobile trim, and a wide variety of other products.<br />
<br />
As the name "pressure sensitive" indicates, the degree of bond is influenced by the amount of pressure which is used to apply the adhesive to the surface.<br />
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Surface factors such as smoothness, surface energy, removal of contaminants, etc. are also important to proper bonding.<br />
<br />
PSAs are usually designed to form a bond and hold properly at room temperatures. PSAs typically reduce or lose their tack at cold temperatures and reduce their shear holding ability at high temperatures: Specialty adhesives are made to function at high or low temperatures. It is important to choose an adhesive formulation which is designed for its intended use conditions.<br />
<br />
===Surface Energy===<br />
[[Image:Surface energy.jpg|thumb|right|800|Measuring of Surface Energy]]<br />
# Surface energy is a measure of how well an adhesive wets out over the surface of the material to which it is applied.<br />
# The most common method of determining the surface energy is to measure the contact angle of a water droplet on the substrate surface.<br />
# The contact angle between the solid and the fluid is the angle measured within the fluid, between the solid surface and the tangent plane to the liquid surface at the point of intersection.<br />
# A contact angle of greater than 90° indicates that the fluid (which is ink or adhesive in this case) has not wet the surface. Conversely an angle of less than 90° means that the fluid has wet the surface - if the angle approaches zero then the surface is completely wetted by the fluid.<br />
# The surface energy or the wetability of a particular substrate is measured in dynes/cm. [http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pcn.org/images/Technical%2520Notes%2520-%2520Corona1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.pcn.org/Technical%2520Notes%2520-%2520Corona.html&h=327&w=370&sz=13&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=Nb4kgRrPYnxojM:&tbnh=108&tbnw=122&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsurface%2Benergy%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX Source]<br />
===Low Surface Energy Substrates===<br />
# Low energy plastics, such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and Teflon (PTFE) are essentially "non- stick" plastics.<br />
# Their molecular structure inhibits the adhesion and printing processes - this molecular structure is basically inert or inactive – these polymers are said to have a low surface energy.<br />
# Materials with low surface energy (LSE) do not allow adhesives to wet out, while materials with high surface energy (HSE) provide excellent wet-out, providing the best adhesion.<br />
# Rubber-based adhesives usually provide better adhesion to LSE surfaces.<br />
# Some substrates require special treatment such as corona treating, primers, top coating, etc., in order to achieve better adhesion.<br />
# On some LSE substrates, adhesion levels improve the longer adhesive is applied. [http://www.chemsultants.com/latestprods/adhesive_definitions.html Source]<br />
<br />
===Adhesion===<br />
[[Image:Adhesionnew.jpg|thumb|right|800|Adhesion]]<br />
# Adhesion is the molecular force of attraction between unlike materials. <br />
# Adhesion and cohesion, attractive forces between material bodies. A distinction is usually made between an adhesive force, which acts to hold two separate bodies together (or to stick one body to another) and a cohesive force, which acts to hold together the like or unlike atoms, ions, or molecules of a single body.<br />
# For example water molecules stick to each other. This is caused by hydrogen bonds that form between the slightly positive and negative ends of neighboring molecules. <br />
# Water is found in drops; perfect spheres. It’s hard to imagine water behaving any other way due to cohesion and water molecules stick to other surfaces due to adhesion.[http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsBS/kons/kons/images/water-droplet.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsBS/kons/kons/physical_properties_of_water.htm&h=168&w=238&sz=15&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=UrmkX2TGv_os2M:&tbnh=77&tbnw=109&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwater%2Badhesion%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG Source]<br />
<br />
==Application of PSA==<br />
<br />
===Application in electronics and electrical industry===<br />
<br />
Electrical grade PSAs are critical components in the design many of today's electrical and electronic components in the electrical industry. The construction of this type of PSA is difficult since lower concentration of conductive filler must be used in order to prevent the drying out of polymer by the conductive filler, with attendant loss of tack. The conductivity of electrically conductive PSA in the direction of pressure action is to a certain extend depend on the direction of pressure applied [http://www.springerlink.com/content/j5448654801gg60q/ Florian, 2003] <br />
<br />
Electrical grade PSAs are designed and manufactured using materials using material that are physically and chemically stable in the presence of humidity and electrical stress. The acrylic high tack PSAs works very well in static and dynamic joints. The PSA agents are used in three forms i.e. modified aqueous dispersions or solutions in different solvents and as hot melts adhesives. PSA tapes find application in electronic assemblies [http://www.calce.umd.edu/articles/abstracts/2004/assemblies.htm Reliability of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Tapes for Heat Sink Attachment in Air-Cooled Electronic Assemblies]<br />
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[[Image: PSA tapes.jpg|thumb|center|800px|[http://www.biztrademarket.com/User/166116/bb/insulation_tape_eho.jpg PSA tapes]]]<br />
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===Application in automobile industry===<br />
While mechanical fasteners will always be the choice when maximum torque and linear force are required in automobile industry, pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) can often provide a better method of joining or bonding than traditional screws, nuts, bolts, rivets and welds. <br />
<br />
The design, performance, and production reasons for replacing mechanical or fusion fastening methods with PSAs include, but are not limited to: <br />
<br />
# Distributing stress over the entire bonded area: The concentrated stress of mechanical fasteners can be eliminated and design engineers can specify lighter, thinner materials without sacrificing durability and product integrity. <br />
# Bonding dissimilar materials: The ability to bond two totally different substrates can yield a superior combination for product strength and performance. PSAs are an ideal counterbalance for varying factors of expansion between surfaces, such as laminating layers of metal. <br />
# Maintaining assembled substrate integrity: Less machining and finishing means more latitude for design engineers and improved aesthetics for greater consumer appeal. <br />
# Incorporating fatigue resistance: PSAs bring great flexibility, allowing for high extension and recovery under heavy loads. <br />
# Durability by design: PSAs fill voids and gaps and can bond loose-fitting parts.<br />
Increasing production efficiency: PSAs reduce material requirements, provide product weight reduction, require fewer assembly and finishing steps, and minimize training [http://www.flexcon.com/Resource-Center/~/media/Files/PDFs/Website/Resource%20Center/White%20Papers/design%20engineering%20aspects%20of%20pressure-sensitive%20adhesives.ashx FLEXcon white paper]<br />
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<br />
===Medical applications===<br />
<br />
There are two essential requirements of medical PSAs, that they should stick firmly to a difficult substrate (skin) and that they should be easily and cleanly removed from that substrate when desired. These requirements would seem to be in conflict: a high peel force usually signals the ability to stick firmly, while a low force is needed when removing dressings by peeling.<br />
<br />
A number of ways have been considered to resolve this conflict. These may be divided into two broad categories: those that make the best of existing PSA technology, broadly taking a physical approach, and those that introduce novel chemistry into the process. Physical approaches consider such details as the dependence of peel force on peel angle, peel rate, backing materials, the deformation of the skin during peeling and use of barrier films and solvents. As an alternative to simply making the best of the physics of the peeling process, various workers have devised chemical systems for making the adhesive less strongly adhering at the time of removal. These systems usually consist of introducing a ‘switch’ mechanism into a strongly adhering adhesive so that its adherence may be reduced significantly at the time of removal by operation of the ‘switch’. Means of activating the ‘switch’ include: heat (warming or cooling), application of water via an absorbent backing and exposure to visible light. These may produce physical or chemical changes in the adhesive [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-43W00T1-3&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2001&_alid=1598193691&_rdoc=3&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=15397&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=17b33208ec83c0db321e3d3882e5ffe3&searchtype=a Chivers, 2001]<br />
<br />
===PSAs drive transdermal delivery===<br />
Transdermal or through-the-skin delivery of drugs has assumed an important place in drug therapy, eliminating many of the shortcomings of syringes and pills. [http://www.adhesivesresearch.com/Pharmaceutical_ARx_LLC/Pharmaceutical/Component_Applications_And_Technologies/ActiveTransdermalDeliverySystems.aspx Active Transdermal Delivery Systems] The three most commonly used adhesives used for transdermal delivery are polyisobutylenes, polyacrylates and silicones [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VJY-3WRB3HM-6&_user=10&_coverDate=02%2F01%2F1999&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1598124405&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f7968d61a743de54de6d04fb28c0cf00&searchtype=a Tan and Pfister, 1999]<br />
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[[Image: Transdermal.jpg|thumb|center|600px|[http://www.qmed.com/files/ck_images/images/Nusil.jpg Delivery to skin]]]<br />
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* In a typical '''disk drive''', PSAs are applied to the base casting to secure the motor-mounting flange and motor assembly<br />
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===Application in aerospace industry===<br />
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Aerospace manufacturers uses PSAs to assemble sheet-metal components into sub assemblies. The aerospace industry, primarily satellite manufacturers, have expressed the need for a low outgas, thermally stable, adhesive tape which can work at both high, 175ºC, and low, -100ºC, temperatures. New silicone PSA was fabricated to pass, low outgassing requirements of 1% or less Total Mass Loss (TML) and 0.1% or less Collectable Volatile Condensable Materials (CVCM) [http://www.polytec-pt.de/ger/_files/24_LowOutgasSiliconePressureSensitiveAdhesiveForAerospaceApplications2%281%29.pdf Riegler, 2005].<br />
<br />
==Making of PSAs==<br />
<br />
Although PSPs can be obtained by different polymerization processes (i.e., emulsion, solution, hot-melt, or radiation curing), much attention has recently been devoted to the utilization of more environmentally friendly processes such as emulsion polymerization. Soft polymer networks are commonly used as previous termpressure sensitive adhesivesnext term (PSAs). This is due to their unique ability to deform and yet to resist flow. These contradictory requirements indicate that the mechanical properties are finely tuned, and that the types of deformation upon application are carefully considered. Variety of PSAs can be prepared by mixing a linear vinyl terminated polymer with a silane terminated f-functional cross-linker. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4VJ4WRW-1&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2009&_alid=1598127284&_rdoc=6&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=20058&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=31aa31be0a41e917372805a44d352007&searchtype=a Jensen et al., 2009]<br />
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<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="70%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''PSA process'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Chemical composition'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Time of launch'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Solvent-based'''<br />
|align = "center"|Rubber/resin, acrylics, silicones<br />
|align = "center"|Since 19th century<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Hot-melt'''<br />
|align = "center"|Block copolymers, acrylics<br />
|align = "center"|1940s<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Emulsion (water)-based'''<br />
|align = "center"|Acrylics, natural and synthetic rubber, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer<br />
|align = "center"|1970s<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Radiation-cured'''<br />
|align = "center"| Acrylics, rubber<br />
|align = "center"|1970s<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="80%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Properties'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Solvent-based: acrylic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Hot-melt: styrene-isobutylene-styrene.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Emulsion based: acrylics'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|PS performance<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|align = "center"|Very good<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Ease of compounding<br />
|align = "center"|Moderate<br />
|align = "center"|Difficult<br />
|align = "center"|Easy<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Formulation flexibility<br />
|align = "center"|Limited<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|align = "center"|Moderate<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Coating method flexibility<br />
|align = "center"|Limited<br />
|align = "center"|Poor<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Ease of changeover<br />
|align = "center"|Limited<br />
|align = "center"|Poor<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|PSA reproducibility<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|align = "center"|Limited<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|Aging properties<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|align = "center"|Poor<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|Clarity/color<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|align = "center"|Poor<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''9'''<br />
|align = "center"|Safety/toxicity<br />
|align = "center"|Poor<br />
|align = "center"|Poor<br />
|align = "center"|Excellent<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''10'''<br />
|align = "center"|Raw material costs<br />
|align = "center"|High<br />
|align = "center"|Low<br />
|align = "center"|Medium<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''11'''<br />
|align = "center"|Coating/compounding costs<br />
|align = "center"|High<br />
|align = "center"|Medium<br />
|align = "center"|Low<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Effect of important parameters on PSA making and performance===<br />
<br />
====Effect of polymer molecular weight and crosslinking reactions on the end-use properties of PSAs====<br />
In a study wherein polymer molecular weight and polymer microstructure were regulated using different chain transfer agent (CTA) concentrations and by addition of a diacrylic monomer (MM) it was shown that all of the measured adhesion properties strongly depend on molecular weight of the synthesized polymer and on the amount of gel phase [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4SH0Y17-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2009&_alid=1598127284&_rdoc=8&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=20058&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0c2fe11851b57347e066ff78a975a690&searchtype=a Kajtna et al., 2009]<br />
<br />
====Effect of composition on Mechanical behaviours and fracture energy of PSAs====<br />
In a study it was shown that the mechanical behaviour depend on their composition but majority of fracture energy is dissipated on the first millimetre near the bending zone where fibrils elongation is maximum. Observations of interfaces between PSAs and glass substrate underline that fracture energy varies linearly according to the contact area [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4N2D2V9-2&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2007&_alid=1598127284&_rdoc=16&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=20058&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6021375899d8929d9ec349bc3fd3c01d&searchtype=a Horgnies et al., 2007]<br />
<br />
====Effect of tackifier on PSAs====<br />
To study the effect of tackifier (such as hydrogenated cyclo-aliphatic resin) a model system consisting of polystyrene-b-polyisoprene-b-polystyrene triblock copolymer was prepared. Tackifier increased the peel adhesion significantly and the increase became stronger above 40 wt% tackifier. The higher peel adhesion was obtained in the system with the larger amount of agglomerates of tackifier in the polyisoprene matrix. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-4RJKX1T-1&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2008&_alid=1598155857&_rdoc=4&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=18242&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=41c38a7bf066473704bf91918b843915&searchtype=a Sasaki et al., 2008]<br />
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====Effect of chain transfer agent and cross-linker concentration in making of PSAs====<br />
In a study it was shown that a constant cross-linker concentration, one can manipulate the polymer micro-structure by adding varying amounts of chain transfer agent. Three examples of these micro-structures are depicted below which show a tight gel network with long-chain sol polymers, a loose gel network with shorter sol polymers, and an imperfect gel structure with highly branched sol polymers. By manipulating the micro-structure, previous termpressure-sensitive adhesivenext term performance can be affected. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TWW-4YG1M1T-3&_user=10&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2010&_alid=1598155857&_rdoc=10&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5573&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=18242&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=9b4d65da1531e13c4a9e3f5a986b03e4&searchtype=a Qie and Dube, 2010]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Effect of CTA.jpg| thumb|center|300px|Effect of chain transfer agent and cross-linker concentration in making of PSAs]]<br />
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====Effect of flexible substrates on PSAs performance====<br />
The fracture energy (fracture toughness) of tapes during globally elastic unpeeling is often calculated from the relation G=P/b(1−cos θ). A study suggested that this expression is correct for elastic peeling from rigid substrates but it gives misleading results when peeling from reversible flexible substrates. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW7-46RKMVR-1&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2002&_alid=1598155857&_rdoc=14&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5555&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=18242&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=5a2c01b1375cc8e2d6e2d69ed8cd8aa4&searchtype=a Steven-Fountain et al., 2002]<br />
<br />
==PSA performance measurement==<br />
<br />
PSAs polymeric materials effect tack, peel and shear strength . Inherent properties such as copolymer composition and microstructure, molecular weight and distribution are among the most influential factors affecting PSA properties directly as well as indirectly through their influence on physical properties (e.g., the glass transition temperature, Tg) and thus, rheological properties of the polymer (e.g., viscoelastic regions, moduli).<br />
<br />
Therefore, PSA is the result of a fine balance between these three major, interrelated properties.<br />
<br />
===Tack===<br />
It is a measure of the force required to remove, say a foam gasket and its adhesive, from the substrate. It usually refers to the initial attraction of the adhesive to the substrate. Tack can be measured by four basic methods these are loop tack, rolling ball, Quick stick and probe measurement devices. [http://www.adhesivestoolkit.com/Docu-Data/NPLDocuments/P%20A%20J/PAJ%20Reports/PAJ1%20Reports/PAJ1%20Report%205.pdf Review Of Methods For The Measurement Of Tack]<br />
<br />
===Peel strength===<br />
<br />
Peel strength is measured as a force required to remove a standard PSA strip from a specified test surface under a standard test angle (e.g., 90° or 180°) under standard conditions. Much like tack, manufacturers control adhesion to create different products based on user requirements. After a PSA has been applied to the substrate, adhesion continues to increase for a period of time — typically 24 hr. <br />
<br />
===Shear strength===<br />
Shear strength is the internal or cohesive strength of the adhesive mass. Usually, it is determined as the length of time it takes for a standard strip of PSA to fall from a test panel after application of a load. Usually, tack and adhesion decrease as shear strength increases. [http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a713642457&fulltext=713240928 Emulsion-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives: A Review]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==PSA products==<br />
<br />
The most common products that utilize PSAs are tapes, labels, and protective films. The PSA sector is among the fastest growing in the adhesive market, making the search for new pressure-sensitive products (PSP) and applications highly competitive.<br />
<br />
* '''PSA tapes:''' Self-adhesive materials usually produced by coating an adhesive onto a carrier and used as a continuous web.<br />
<br />
* '''PSA labels:''' Self-adhesive laminated carrier materials. The self-adhesive layer is protected with a supplemental material (release liner).<br />
<br />
* '''Protective films:''' Carrier material possesses built-in or built-on self-adhesive properties.<br />
<br />
==Recycling issues with PSA==<br />
<br />
PSAs exact a considerable cost on the paper recycling industry, an estimated $700 million per year. Most paper recycling systems converts paper into pulp in presence of water, which is then transformed back into paper. PSAs do not dissolve in water, but rather fragment into smaller particles during the repulping process. These particles are known as stickies, get deformed under heat and pressure, making them difficult to screen or filter out of the pulp. Stickies can become lodged on papermaking and can cause damage to equipment or even in the paper. [http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ReduceWaste/Business/officepaper/PSAFacts.htm Source]<br />
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{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="90%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''"Sticky" PSA Product'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''Alternative Product/Procedure'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Address Labels<br />
|align = "left"|1. Print addresses directly on envelopes<br>2. Using glassine (cellulose) film window or filmless window envelopes, and print mailing addresses directly on the letter to show through the window.<br>3. Handprint addresses directly on large mailing envelopes..<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Sticky Notes<br />
|align = "left"|1.Use scratch paper for notes and secure with paper clips.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Postage Stamps<br />
|align = "left"|1. Use moisture-activated postage stamps<br>2. Postal meter that prints postage directly on envelopes or that uses moisture-activated meter tape<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|File Folder Index Labels<br />
|align = "left"|1. Handprint file subjects directly on index tabs, instead of using an index label. When recycling file folders with index labels, tear off the index tab.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#B8CCE4"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Closure Tabs<br />
|align = "left"|1. Sharply folding fliers and newsletters is often sufficient to send them safely and securely through the mail.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Search strategy==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="60%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''Search string'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''Hits'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Google'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making<br />
|align = "center"|7,510,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application<br />
|align = "center"|7,650,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automobile<br />
|align = "center"|436,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automotive<br />
|align = "center"|479,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive drug delivery<br />
|align = "center"|275,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive tack*<br />
|align = "center"|354,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''7'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive product<br />
|align = "center"|8,120,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''8'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive recycl*<br />
|align = "center"|447,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Google scholar'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making<br />
|align = "center"|21,50,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application<br />
|align = "center"|21,50,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Scirus'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making<br />
|align = "center"|130,055<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application<br />
|align = "center"|200,950<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive product<br />
|align = "center"|136,169<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Sciencedirect'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive electronics<br />
|align = "center"|2,450<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making<br />
|align = "center"|7,212<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application<br />
|align = "center"|15,405<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automobile<br />
|align = "center"|951<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive automotive<br />
|align = "center"|1,406<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''6'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive drug delivery<br />
|align = "center"|2,876<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Springerlink'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making<br />
|align = "center"|2,149<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application<br />
|align = "center"|3,901<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C5BE97" colspan = "3"|'''Google images'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive making<br />
|align = "center"|3,580,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive application<br />
|align = "center"|2,210,000<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#95B3D7"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|Pressure sensitive adhesive electronics<br />
|align = "center"|1,690,000<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
* According to a report from the Business Communications Company, the 2001 US market for specialty adhesives was about $5.7 billion, and is forecast to grow at 4.3% per year, with medical and dental applications being the fastest-growing sector at 5.9% per year. [http://www.marketfile.com/print/paint/title5/index.htm Source]<br />
* Frost and Sullivan report the size of the European PSA market (medical and non-medical) to be $620 million in 2000, forecast to grow to $796 million in 2007. [http://www.engineeringtalk.com/news/fro/fro122.html Source]<br />
* The world value of the overall adhesives market is estimated at US $22 billion.<br />
* '''Total Market Expected to Grow at a CAGR of 9 Percent''': The U.S. PSA markets for labels and narrow-web graphics is expected to growth with a CAGR of 9 percent during the years 2006–2012. The total U.S. PSA markets for labels and narrow-web graphics unit shipments are expected to continue to growth at a CAGR of 6.6 percent due to high end-user growth. The UV technology is a new technology that have started to receive wide acceptance in the industry and that segment of the industry is a fragmented and developing segment with growth rates in double digits. While the solvent-based PSAs are expected to show decreasing growth percents, the water-based and solvent-based segments are expected to growth in the lines of the total industry. [http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/report-brochure.pag?id=F652-01-00-00-00 Source]<br />
<br />
* According to '''World Adhesives File 2000-2005''', the leading handful of adhesives suppliers, including pressure sensitive companies, already controlled almost half the global market in 1999. Henkel leads the way with an estimated 12% global market share, which will probably increase to around 14% with the purchase of Dexter’s adhesives interests. Pressure sensitive suppliers 3M and Avery Dennison are ranked second and third, with 9% and 7% shares respectively, followed jointly by National Starch and H.B. Fuller — both at 6%. The newly enlarged Atofina and Rohm and Haas follow closely behind.” [http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=60487 Source]<br />
* Growth of the world market averages about 2-3% per year.<br />
* Packaging adhesives make up the majority of the market.<br />
* The electronic and medical adhesives market is currently experiencing the most rapid growth.<br />
<br />
* Market leaders by country are as follows:<br />
** United States - approximately 2.6 tonnes annually<br />
** China<br />
** Japan <br />
** Germany<br />
** UK [[image:players_logo.jpg|right|500 px]]<br />
* Market leaders by company(which account for one-third of the market share) are:<br />
** Henkel <br />
** 3M<br />
** Avery Denison<br />
** HB Fuller<br />
** National Starch<br />
** Atofina<br />
<br />
==Intellectual Property==<br />
<br />
===Patent Search Table===<br />
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|colspan = "5"|<br />
* Patent search on Micropat<br />
* Databases searched: '''USG USA EPA EPB WO JP DEG DEA DET DEU GBA FRA'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Query.No.'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Searched Sections'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Years Searched'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Query'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Hits'''<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|Claims, Title or Abstract<br />
|1836 – Date<br />
||(rubber OR acryl* OR silicone OR oil*1 OR resin*1 OR ethylen* OR isoprene OR terpene OR copolymer* OR vinyl* OR siloxane* ((acid OR anhydride) ADJ1 (acrylic OR crotonic OR (vinyl ADJ1 acetic) OR fumaric OR maleic OR malonic OR succinic OR itaconic OR citraconic)) OR polymer* OR styrene OR ester*) SAME (((pressure ADJ1 sensitive) NEAR2 (adhesive* OR glue OR paste OR (binding ADJ1 agent) OR (epoxy ADJ1 resin*) OR film) OR PSA OR PSAs) OR (adhesion* WITH (peel OR tensile OR shear) OR stick*) OR (radical* ADJ1 (initiator* OR maker*)))<br />
|76006<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Claims, Title or Abstract<br />
|1836 – Date<br />
|(((low ADJ surface ADJ energy) WITH (substrate*1 OR polymer OR compound* OR material OR film)) OR (surface ADJ1 tension) OR (surface ADJ1 rough*) OR viscosity OR (oily ADJ surface) OR (low ADJ1 energy ADJ1 surface*)) AND (polyolefin*1 OR polyethylene*1 OR polypropylene*1 OR (polyvinyl ADJ1 chloride ADJ1 film) OR (oil ADJ1 contaminated ADJ1 metal) OR polybutene OR polyisoprene*1 OR (polyvinylidene ADJ1 fluoride*) OR polytetrafluoroethylene*1 OR polyester*1 OR polyamide*1 OR polyacetal*1 OR polystyrene*1 OR polyurethane* OR polyurea OR silan* OR polycarbonate*)<br />
|75602<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Claims, Title or Abstract<br />
|1836 – Date<br />
|1 AND 2<br />
|2272<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
* Total number of patents - 2272<br />
* Total number of unique patent families - 1483<br />
<br />
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<br />
===Taxonomy for analysis===<br />
[[Image:adhesion-3Mnew2.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Taxonomy map - Adhesion]]<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy for PSA composition===<br />
[[Image:adhesion-final version.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Taxonomy map - Adhesion]]<br />
<br />
===IP Activity===<br />
[[image:Priority year_PSA.jpg|center|600 px|thunb|Competitors]]<br />
<br />
===Major Competitors===<br />
[[image:competitors_PSA.jpg|center|600 px|thunb|Competitors]]<br />
<br />
===Composition components matrix===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Assignees'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Rubber'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Silicone'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Polymers'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Acrylic'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Tackifying resin'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Plasticizer oil'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Carboxylic acids'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Acid Esters'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Priority Year'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Patent numbers'''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan = "5"|3M Innovative Properties Company<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|2000<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6630531 US6630531]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|2000<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6632872 US6632872]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|2000<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6455634 US6455634]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|1993<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5612136 US5612136]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|1993<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5602221 US5602221]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|American Tape Company<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1997<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5798175 US5798175]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|Ashland Oil, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1991<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5434213 US5434213]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan = "4"|Atlantic Richfield Company<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1984<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4656213 US4656213]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1996<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5817426 US5817426]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1996<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5817426 US5817426]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1997<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6461707 US6461707]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|Coloplast<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1980<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6437038 US6437038]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan = "5"|Dow Corning Corporation<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1970<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5916981 US5916981]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1990<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6337086 US6337086]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
<br />
|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1990<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6121368 US6121368]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1994<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5561203 US5561203]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1996<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5861472 US5861472]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1993<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5714254 US5714254]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|Fujikura Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|2000<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6388556 US6388556]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|General Electric Company<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|2000<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6387487 US6387487]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|H Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1996<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5741840 US5741840]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|H. B. Fuller Licensing & Financing, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1997<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5869562 US5869562]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|Johnson & Johnson Products Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1981<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=4335026 US4335026]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
<br />
<br />
|Nichiban Company Limited<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1997<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6274235 US6274235]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|None<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|1996<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030136510%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030136510&RS=DN/20030136510 US20030136510]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|PPG Industries, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1996<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5776548 US5776548]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|Ralf Korpman Associates, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|x<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|1992<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=5760135 US5760135]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Technology Tree===<br />
<br />
As it is evident from the the technology tree below, although the IP activity in the area of Pressure sensitive adhesive was initiated during 1970s, companies are continuously trying new combinations of different components.<br />
[[image:Technology tree.jpg|center|500 px]]<br />
<br />
==Key findings==<br />
* In the medical field, pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are used for many different applications in the hospital and health areas and also they can be used to adhere two surfaces together such as the flaps of packing material or fabric to a surface<br />
* In many commercial applications of pressure-sensitive adhesives, it would be preferred to use an acrylate polymer or copolymer having an intrinsic viscosity of at least about 2.5 dl/g<br />
* Ideally, a process for producing an acrylate-based polymer for a pressure-sensitive adhesive provides a means for controlling both molecular weight, i.e., intrinsic viscosity, and molecular weight distribution.<br />
* Pressure-sensitive adhesives require a delicate balance of viscous and elastic properties that result in a four-fold balance of adhesion, cohesion, stretchiness and elasticity. Pressure-sensitive adhesives generally comprise elastomers that are either inherently tacky, or elastomers or thermoplastic elastomers that are tackified with the addition of tackifying resins.<br />
<br />
==Analysis Sheet==<br />
[[Media:Sample analysis sheet.xls|Sample Analysis Sheet]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==<span style="color:#C41E3A">Like this report?</span>==<br />
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| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
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|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Valuation_Sample&diff=7444Valuation Sample2010-06-29T12:11:51Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Analysis for XYZ application number */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview of valuation==<br />
<br />
IP valuation is a complex procedure taking into account economic, technology-related as well as juridical factors. The heterogeneity of the factors concerned and the specific purposes addressed in every valuation do not allow adopting one generally-accepted standardized IP valuation model, but there are a variety of different models and tools comprising different approaches. The main approaches are:<br />
<br />
# '''Cost based method''' - This method is based on the analysis of costs necessary to replace the IP concerned, as well as on costs that have been invested for the development, application, maintenance and commercialization<br />
# '''Income based method''' - The value derived by this method is based on the expected income attributable to the asset during its remaining economic life. The fair value of asset can be expressed as the present value of the future stream of the economic benefits that are derived from the ownership of the property<br />
# '''Market based method''' - This method assesses the market value by reference to comparable market transactions. The method basically consists of assessing prices and/or profits achieved by third parties in comparable market transactions, such as mergers and acquisitions, sales or the grant of licenses etc<br />
<br />
===Why Income method ?===<br />
<br />
We have used the '''Discounted Cash Flow''' (income based method) due to following reasons:<br />
<br />
* It is a fundamental valuation method<br />
* The value is based on the ability of the asset to generate future positive cash flows<br />
* When appropriately discounted, this method gives the net present value of all the future cash flows<br />
* Future business and market dynamics are considered while calculating future cash flows<br />
* Easy to interpret and understand<br />
<br />
==Objective==<br />
<br />
* To estimate the market for an IP<br />
* To estimate revenue generated from a particular IP<br />
* To identify the main players<br />
* To identify the importance of the product to the market<br />
* To identify the importance of the patent to the product market<br />
<br />
==Methodology==<br />
<br />
The generic methodology for IP revenue estimation is given below<br />
*To forecast the market of VoIP and segregate the markets based on the categories listed below<br />
**Wireless Dual Mode VoIP phones<br />
*:Cellular and Wi-Fi<br />
*:Landline & VoIP<br />
**3G Wireless Router<br />
**Wi-Fi VoIP<br />
**Wireless VoIP<br />
**Receiver Circuitry<br />
*:VoIP All Phones<br />
*:VoIP Wireless Phones<br />
*:Adaptive Rate/Redundancy<br />
*:Echo Cancellation<br />
**VoIP Phone w/prioritization<br />
**Hybrid VoIP network (Wired & Wireless)<br />
*Determine the complete VoIP market<br />
*Determine the market for each category listed above <br />
*Identify the top players in each category<br />
*Identify the importance of the product to the market based on the revenue, market share and acceptability<br />
*Analyzing the importance of IP to the product market<br />
*Determine the revenues for that particular IP<br />
<br />
==Analysis for XYZ application number==<br />
The application number XYZ comes under the category of '''Dual mode cellular/Wi-Fi'''. <br />
<br />
The major claim of XYZ is that of a multimode communication device -- It is a device that allows a phone or device to have more than one network e.g. Apple i-Phone has both Wi-Fi & Mobile capabilities. Similarly some new phones even claim both GSM & CDMA capabilties. <br />
<br />
The Application is a continuity of Patent No. YZW which essential talks about supporting voice communication via packet network.<br />
<br />
The Patent is in turn a continuity of Patent No. ZWX which covers communication network system which supports the transmission of both voice and Data.<br />
<br />
The patent is in turn a continuity of Patent No. WXZ which in essence is a wireless communication network supporting the trasmission of voice and Data inside a premises. <br />
<br />
The filing date of Patent No WXZ is Dec 5th 1992, that means that if granted XYZ will have a period till Dec 5th 2012. <br />
<br />
'''*UPDATE - The USPTO has granted the application with a project patent No. XYZ to be issued on 18th Jun 2010, and they have issued an extension of 1885 Days i.e. till May 2016 (est.)<br />
'''<br />
<br />
===Dual mode mobile market===<br />
<br />
The growth of dual mode mobile handset units and the market share of leading Wi-Fi handset vendors is shown below:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Dual mode.jpg|center|550 px|border|thumb|[http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1256113 Source: Gartner], [http://techcrunchies.com/wi-fi-mobile-phones-as-percentage-of-total-mobile-handsets/ Techcrunchies], [http://www.abiresearch.com/press/1593-Mobile+Handset+Demand+Fuels+336.5+Million+Shipments Abiresearch]]]<br />
<br />
The market share of leading vendors of WiFi enabled phones as of 2nd quarter of 2009 is shown below<br />
<br />
[[Image:Dfg.JPG|center|535 px|border|thumb|[http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10390525-1.html Source: CNET]]]<br />
<br />
===Importance of dual mode mobile phones===<br />
<br />
* Mobile voice-over-IP applications will reach 278 million users, generating $32.2 billion in annual revenues by 2013, a third of that going to reluctant cellular operators<br />
<br />
* "The participants include a broad spectrum of mobile VoIP industry participants, including start-ups, online VoIP providers, mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs), and mobile virtual network enablers (MVNEs)—and the mobile operators themselves; all of whom are leveraging, or will leverage, very different opportunities associated with mobile VoIP," says Frank Dickson, analyst with Arizona-based research firm In-Stat<br />
<br />
* "Sooner or later, mobile operators will be forced to deploy their own VoIP services, since next-generation networks, such as Long Term Evolution and WiMAX are all-IP and don’t support circuit voice," explained John Blau, a German-based research associate with Unstrung Insider<br />
<br />
* By 2019, half of all mobile calls will be over all-IP networks, according to reports published earlier this year<br />
<br />
[http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3840816 Source: Wi-Fi Planet], [http://www.voipmonitor.net/CategoryView,category,VoIP%2BReports.aspx VOIP Monitor]<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===Importance of IP to the product market===<br />
<br />
Application Number - XYZ<br />
<br />
===='''Focus of the patent'''====<br />
Multi-mode communication device and method of its operation<br />
<br><br />
===='''Device specification'''====<br />
* Device capable of working on two communication network interfaces i.e. cellular & WLAN or Wi-Fi<br />
* Device having transceivers for communication with respective communication networks & processor for routing the calls to any one of the communication networks based on the mode of communication and cost of use of communication network<br />
* Transceiver of the device which communicates via WLAN network, communicates at app. 2.4 gigahertz using spread spectrum technique i.e. frequency hopping spread spectrum technique<br />
* One of the transceivers is disposed on a user removable circuit card which is compliant with a Personal Computer Memory Card Interface Association (PCMCIA)<br />
<br />
===='''Method of communication'''====<br />
* Detecting an action (one of voice, a key press, and handwritten) by a user<br />
* Determining a type of call (voice call, a data call, and a voice and data call) based upon the user action<br />
* Selecting (based on evaluating a cost of use of a communication network) at least one wireless communication interface from the plurality of wireless communication interfaces based upon the type of call (voice call, a data call, and a voice and data call)<br />
* Establishing call communication via the at least one wireless communication interface; and exchanging information (representative of voice or others) via the at least one wireless communication interface<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===Valuation for XYZ application number===<br />
<br />
====Steps of valuation====<br />
<br />
For the estimation of value of patent number XYZ!, the following methodology was used:<br />
[[Image:presentation1.jpg|800px|thumb|center|Steps in valuation]]<br />
<br />
As indicated by [http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&at=31&locale=en_EP&FT=D&CC=US&NR=2005008002A1&KC=A1 Espacenet] all the forms in which the patent has been published are restricted to US, thus for the same reason, we shall restrict our analysis to the US too.<br />
<br />
====The working sheet====<br />
Clients can download the '''interactive''' excel sheet containing estimations.<br />
<br />
Snapshots of the same are shown below<br />
<br />
1. Front sheet<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bcom_a.JPG|1000px|thumb|center|Front sheet]]<br />
<br />
2. Calculation of p & q values for Bass Diffusion <br />
<br />
[[Image:Bcom_c.JPG|1000px|thumb|center|Calculation of p & q values for Bass diffusion]]<br />
<br />
3. DCF Calculation<br />
<br />
[[Image:Bcom_d.JPG|1000px|thumb|center| DCF calculation]]<br />
<br />
====Assumptions====<br />
There are two types of assumptions <br />
* Qualitative - These form the bases of the analysis, these can be amended post feasibility discussions<br />
* Quantitative - These are easily easily changeable in the interactive excel sheet linked above<br />
<br />
The assumptions in the analysis are as given below:<br />
<br />
Qualitative:<br />
# The forecast by TechCrunch for Wifi enabled devices till 2013 are accurate<br />
# Wifi Enabled Phones are a suitable proxy for this device<br />
# This is a disruptive innovation, not an incremental innovation over current dual mode devices<br />
# There is no competition during the life of the patent enforcement<br />
# Demand to be independent of pricing strategy<br />
<br />
All these issues can be tackled by enriching the model as per your requirement and taking suitable qualitative assumptions, we can discuss over the same e.g. Issues 1 & 2 can be tackled with use of more apt proxies, 4 & 5 by enriching the Bass diffusion Model, and 3 by segmentation modeling<br />
<br />
For alternative scenarios, one can alter the quantitative inputs in the form of :<br />
# Expected market size at maturity (analyst estimate)<br />
# WACC of Broadcom (taken from wikinvest)<br />
# Average price of device (from discussion with client)<br />
# Average usage of device by consumer (taking mobile phone usage as a proxy)<br />
# Royalty Rate (client discussion)</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Access_details&diff=7403Access details2010-06-09T16:46:11Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Demo Dashboard for [http://www.dolcera.com/auth/dashboarddemo/dashboard.php?workfilegroup_id=154 Alopecia Landscape]'''<br />
<br />
Access credentials:<br />
<br />
'''Username''': demo@dolcera.com <br><br />
'''Password''': dolcerademo<br />
<br />
''View [http://www.youtube.com/dolcera1#p/u/3/JJXzGVpBdiY this video] to learn about the features of the Dashboard v1.1''</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=7402Main Page2010-06-09T16:26:20Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Dashboard 1.1 */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
===[[#Intellectual Property (IP) Services|Intellectual Property(IP) Services]]===<br />
===[[#Business & Information Research Services|Business and Information Research Services]]===<br />
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{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"<br />
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! style="background:lightgrey;width:50%" valign = "top" | <br />
===Life Sciences and Chemistry===<br />
! style="background:lightgrey;width:50%" valign = "top" | <br />
===Technology===<br />
|-<br />
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* [[Alopecia - Hair Loss]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAIoyKuKQ6o Video])<br />
* [[Inflammation and cardiovascular drugs]]<br />
* [[RNA Interference]]<br />
* [[RNAi Database sample wiki]]<br />
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* [[Non-wovens]]<br />
* [[Pressure sensitive adhesives]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plP3TzjYsiQ Video])<br />
* [[Ureteral Stent]]<br />
* [[Smart miniature drug delivery systems]]<br />
* [[Silicone Hydrogel contact lens]]<br />
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* [[Golf Club Head Landscape]]<br />
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<br />
*[[Holographic Image Display]]<br />
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===Life Sciences and Chemistry===<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top width=50%|<br />
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|-<br />
| valign=top |<br />
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! style="background:lightgrey" | Samir Raiyani<br />
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|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Silicone_Hydrogel_contact_lens&diff=7397Silicone Hydrogel contact lens2010-06-02T16:50:12Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Contact Lens==<br />
Contact Lenses are shaped pieces of transparent material, which are place on the cornea of the eye, usually with the aim to correct the refractive error (long or short -sightedness) of an individual.<br />
Approximately 120 million people globally wear contact lenses. Over 600 million people need and can afford to wear lenses [http://www.optvissci.com/pt/re/ovs/abstract.00006324-200704000-00021.htm;jsessionid=G46XKGdQHxJRyMKZDVt532XkGkWLkvQw2LPYXgTq1MmghnNkvhSM!2112021004!181195629!8091!-1 Source].<br />
<br />
==Types of Contact Lenses==<br />
There are two [http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/contactlenses/types.html#lc general categories of contact lenses] – soft and rigid gas permeable (RGP).<br />
* '''Soft Contact Lenses'''<br><br />
Soft contact lenses are made of soft, flexible plastics that allow oxygen to pass through to the cornea. Soft contact lenses may be easier to adjust to and are more comfortable than rigid gas permeable lenses. Newer soft lens materials include silicone-hydrogels to provide more oxygen to your eye while you wear your lenses.<br />
* '''Rigid Gas Permeable (RGP) Contact Lenses'''<br><br />
Rigid gas permeable contact lenses (RGPs) are more durable and resistant to deposit buildup, and generally give a clearer, crisper vision. They tend to be less expensive over the life of the lens since they last longer than soft contact lenses. They are easier to handle and less likely to tear. However, they are not as comfortable initially as soft contacts and it may take a few weeks to get used to wearing RGPs, compared to several days for soft contacts.<br />
* '''Extended Wear Contact Lenses''' <br><br />
Extended wear contact lenses are available for overnight or continuous wear ranging from one to six nights or up to 30 days. Extended wear contact lenses are usually soft contact lenses. They are made of flexible plastics that allow oxygen to pass through to the cornea. There are also a very few rigid gas permeable lenses that are designed and approved for overnight wear. Length of continuous wear depends on lens type and your eye care professional’s evaluation of your tolerance for overnight wear. It’s important for the eyes to have a rest without lenses for at least one night following each scheduled removal.<br />
* '''Disposable (Replacement Schedule) Contact Lenses'''<br><br />
The majority of soft contact lens wearers are prescribed some type of frequent replacement schedule. “Disposable,” as defined by the FDA, means used once and discarded. With a true daily wear disposable schedule, a brand new pair of lenses is used each day.<br><br />
Some soft contact lenses are referred to as “disposable” by contact lens sellers, but actually, they are for frequent/planned replacement. With extended wear lenses, the lenses may be worn continuously for the prescribed wearing period (for example, 7 days to 30 days) and then thrown away. When you remove your lenses, make sure to clean and disinfect them properly before reinserting.<br />
* '''Specialized Uses of Contact Lenses:''' Conventional contact lenses correct vision in the same way that glasses do, only they are in contact with the eye. Two types of lenses that serve a different purpose are orthokeratology lenses and decorative (plano) lenses.<br />
* '''Orthokeratology (Ortho-K)'''<br><br />
Orthokeratology, or Ortho-K, is a lens fitting procedure that uses specially designed rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses to change the curvature of the cornea to temporarily improve the eye’s ability to focus on objects. This procedure is primarily used for the correction of myopia (nearsightedness).<br />
<br />
Overnight Ortho-K lenses are the most common type of Ortho-K. There are some Ortho-K lenses that are prescribed only for daytime wear. Overnight Ortho-K lenses are commonly prescribed to be worn while sleeping for at least eight hours each night. They are removed upon awakening and not worn during the day. Some people can go all day without their glasses or contact lenses. Others will find that their vision correction will wear off during the day.<br />
* '''Decorative (Plano) Contact Lenses'''<br><br />
Some contact lenses do not correct vision and are intended solely to change the appearance of the eye. These are sometimes called plano, zero-powered or non-corrective lenses. For example, they can temporarily change a brown-eyed person’s eye color to blue, or make a person’s eyes look “weird” by portraying Halloween themes. Even though these decorative lenses don’t correct vision, they’re regulated by the FDA, just like corrective contact lenses. They also carry the same risks to the eye. These risks include:<br />
* conjunctivitis (pink eye)<br />
* corneal ulcers<br />
* corneal abrasion<br />
* vision impairment or blindness<br />
<br />
'''Lens Type - By Implantation''': Collectively, types of contact lenses are as follows [http://www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/#types| Source]<br />
* '''Bifocal Contact Lenses''' - They provide both near and distance vision<br />
* '''Colored Contact Lenses''' - They give your eyes a subtle or dramatic change<br />
* '''Disposable Contact Lenses''' - They enable a healthier wearing experience<br />
* '''Extended Wear Contact Lenses''' - They are for safe overnight wear<br />
* '''Gas Permeable (GP) Contact Lenses''' - They are for the ultimate in crisp vision<br />
* '''Monovision''' - They are an alternative to bifocals for presbyopia<br />
* '''Orthokeratology Lenses''' - They are for overnight corneal reshaping<br />
* '''Prosthetic Contact Lenses''' - They are mask eye injury or disfigurements<br />
* '''Silicone Hydrogel Contacts''' - They transmit more oxygen to your eyes<br />
* '''Special-Effect Contact Lenses''' - They let you become a leopard or cheetah<br />
* '''Specialty Lenses''' - They are for the "hard-to-fit" patient<br />
* '''Toric Contact Lenses''' - They provide good vision if you have astigmatism<br />
<br />
==Classification of lenses==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Lens Types'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Advantages'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Disadvantages'''<br />
|-<br />
|'''Rigid gas-permeable (RGP)'''<br>Made of slightly flexible plastics that allow oxygen to pass through to the eyes.<br />
|Excellent vision... short adaptation period... comfortable to wear... correct most vision problems... easy to put on and to care for... durable with a relatively long life... available in tints (for handling purposes) and bifocals.<br />
|Require consistent wear to maintain adaptation... can slip off center of eye more easily than other types... debris can easily get under the lenses... requires office visits for follow-up care<br />
|-<br />
|'''Daily-wear soft lenses'''<br>Made of soft, flexible plastic that allows oxygen to pass through to the eyes.<br />
|Very short adaptation period... more comfortable and more difficult to dislodge than RGP lenses... available in tints and bifocals... great for active lifestyles.<br />
|Do not correct all vision problems... vision may not be as sharp as with RGP lenses... require regular office visits for follow-up care... lenses soil easily and must be replaced.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Extended-wear'''<br>Available for overnight wear in soft or RGP lenses.<br />
|Can usually be worn up to seven days without removal.<br />
|Do not correct all vision problems... require regular office visits for follow-up care... increases risk of complication... requires regular monitoring and professional care.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Extended-wear disposable'''<br>Soft lenses worn for an extended period of time, from one to six days and then discarded.<br />
|Require little or no cleaning... minimal risk of eye infection if wearing instructions are followed... available in tints and bifocals... spare lenses available.<br />
|Vision may not be as sharp as RGP lenses... do not correct all vision problems... handling may be more difficult.<br />
|-<br />
|'''Planned replacement'''<br>Soft daily wear lenses that are replaced on a planned schedule, most often either every two weeks, monthly or quarterly.<br />
|Require simplified cleaning and disinfection... good for eye health... available in most prescriptions.<br />
|Vision may not be as sharp as RGP lenses... do not correct all vision problems... handling may be more difficult.<br />
|-<br />
|colspan = "3"|[http://www.aoa.org/x5234.xml American Optometric Association]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Conventional Vs Silicone Hydrogels - Status=== <br />
* Newer Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses Offer Significantly Improved Comfort Over Hydrogel Lenses in Adverse Environments. [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/04-25-2007/0004573573&EDATE=| American Optometry Society]<br />
<br />
* Morgan et al reported for the fifth time on the survey for international contact lens prescribing and suggest that during 2005 non-disposable soft lenses were down to 10 percent of soft lenses prescribed to new patients for all countries surveyed and as low as 1 percent in Norway and 2 percent in the United Kingdom [http://www.clspectrum.com/article.aspx?article=12935| Source]<br />
<br />
* A survey of lens fitting within 15 countries found that silicone hydrogel lens materials now account for more than 90% of soft lens extended-wear fits. The two exceptions: Russia, where silicone hydrogels comprise 78% of soft lens extended wear fits, and the United States, where they account for 48%. In the United States, the number of silicone hydrogel lenses prescribed for daily wear has increased approximately eightfold since 2003 [http://www.revoptom.com/index.asp?ArticleType=SiteSpec&page=osc/105239/lesson.htm| Blue Book of Optometry]<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Silicon Hydrogel Contact lens=== <br />
<br />
They are a new generation of "super-permeable" contact lenses can transmit unprecedented amounts of oxygen to your cornea and, in some cases, enable 30 consecutive days of wear without removal.<br />
<br />
Silicone hydrogel contact lenses represent a breakthrough over traditional hydrogel soft contact lenses, because silicone lets so much oxygen (essential for a healthy cornea) pass through the lens <br><br />
[http://www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/silicone-hydrogel.htm| Source]<br />
====Working====<br />
Traditional soft contact lenses are made from hydrogel polymers (soft, water-containing plastics). The plastic itself is not oxygen permeable, so the water performs the job of carrying oxygen through the lens to the eye. But water can carry only so much oxygen — and the more water a lens contains, the greater its tendency to dehydrate after long periods of wear.<br />
<br />
Silicone is oxygen permeable. So silicone hydrogel lenses use both their water and polymer content to transmit oxygen to the eye.<br />
<br />
====Benefits to wearers include comfort and convenience====<br />
Silicone hydrogel contact lenses contain less water than traditional hydrogel lenses. As a result, they aren<nowiki>’</nowiki>t as prone to dehydration while you<nowiki>’</nowiki>re wearing them. For some people who wear their lenses for long days, this can mean better end-of-day comfort.<br>Silicone hydrogels also have made 30-day contact lens wear — sometimes called "continuous wear" — available once again.<br />
<br />
====Different flavors of silicone hydrogel==== <br />
Because silicone hydrogel lenses provide increased oxygen to your eyes, 30-day wear isn<nowiki>’</nowiki>t the only reason to consider using them. And in fact, not all silicone hydrogel brands are approved for 30 days of wear [http://www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/silicone-hydrogel.htm| Source]<br />
<br />
[[Image:night-and-day-wearing-time.gif|thumb|center|250 px| Flavours]]<br />
<br />
The table shown below describes the current brands of spherical silicone hydrogel lenses available, in order of highest oxygen transmissibility to lowest and two brands of toric (astigmatism correcting) silicone hydrogel lenses [http://www.aclens.com/silicone-hydrogel-contact-lenses.asp| Source]<br />
<br />
[[Image:SiHy table.jpg|thumb|center|800 px| Brands]]<br />
----<br />
<br />
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<br><br />
<br />
==Lens solution==<br />
* Among various lens maker lens solution is important source of revenue and there is lot of research going on in this field.<br />
* Dry eye, which affects up to 34% of the general population, is a condition resulting primarily from a disturbance of the tear film caused by either deficiency (i.e., reduced tear production or excessive evaporation) or poor quality. <br />
* Dry eye symptoms are much more prevalent in patients who wear contact lenses (affecting about 50%) than in the non-lens wearing population. <br />
* Contact lens wearers are 12 times more likely to report symptoms of dry eye than clinical emmetropes and 5 times more likely to report symptoms than spectacle wearer.<br />
* About 18 million contact lens wearers in North America experience dryness symptoms, but on a positive note, about 90% of these patients employ strategies such as reducing their wearing time or use rewetting drops that allow them to continue lens wear. <br />
* Guillon et al. noted that contact lens wearers are more likely to report “dryness” symptoms, whereas nonwearers tend to report symptoms of “soreness” and “burning.” [http://www.optvissci.com/pt/re/ovs/abstract.00006324-200704000-00009.htm;jsessionid=G45QfLQSbf4pdvf6khcv2VTXrhyv1vSPw6xRfhpp11hTBTV19rd1!-170133123!181195628!8091!-1 Source]<br />
<br />
==Future research ideas for improving comfort, reducing complications==<br />
* The advent of silicone hydrogel lenses has indeed shown that in their highest Dk/t modality they virtually eliminate all hypoxic side effects. Further, if Dk/t is maintained above 125 across the whole lens it is a reasonable proposition that it will allow lenses to be worn for decades without corneal metabolic malfunction or physiological failure due to hypoxia. <br />
* The peripheral cornea is an important consideration in both the short-term and long-term health of the cornea, as the limbal region is the source of epithelial stem cells. Current Dk/t at the limbus with thick periphery silicone hydrogel lenses may not be high enough. Thin periphery lens designs should be tried to increase the Dk/t.<br />
* New research directions are necessary to achieve a truly biocompatible lens that causes fewer disturbances to the tear film, cornea, and conjunctiva. Modification of materials, designs, solutions, and better surfaces to limit the adherence of deposits and inhibit microorganism colonization are under investigation.<br />
* Recent studies on antibacterial contact lenses coated with selenium in rabbits and lens cases impregnated with silver in a 1-month clinical trial showed that there was less adhesion of microbes and bacterial contamination in the test lenses and cases than in the control ones. These are promising results, but the components used must be effective against micro-organisms and at the same time not cause any adverse reaction to the ocular tissue. This new technology should reduce the risk of infection and infiltrative corneal conditions during contact lens wear.<br />
* Recent polymer soaking solution additives designed to keep the lens moist over time have made some headway, but a new approach is needed to optimize the polymer-surface-solution to achieve the next breakthrough in comfort. [http://www.optvissci.com/pt/re/ovs/abstract.00006324-200704000-00021.htm;jsessionid=G46XKGdQHxJRyMKZDVt532XkGkWLkvQw2LPYXgTq1MmghnNkvhSM!2112021004!181195629!8091!-1 Source]<br />
----<br />
<br />
==IP Analysis==<br />
<br />
===Patent Search Strategy===<br />
'''Search scope:''' US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP (bibliographic data only) DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A; Full patent spec.<br><br />
'''Years:''' 1981-2007<br><br />
Text: (((Silicone and hydrogel) or SiHy or siloxane) and (contact adj1 lens*))<br> <br />
'''Number of records:''' 1686 records<br><br />
<br />
===IP Trends over publication years===<br />
[[Image:IP_trend.jpg|thumb|center|1000 px|IP Trends]]<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Taxonomy===<br />
* The technology mapping parameters are based on general study of the silicon hydrogel lens technology.<br />
* These parameters are used as guidelines when studying patent information. The patent information analyzed is then classified into each of these parameters, which in turn provides guidelines of research trends over time and competitor focus areas.<br />
[[Image:SiHy contact lens1.jpg|thumb|center|800 px| Taxonomy]]<br />
<br />
==Market Information==<br />
* It has been estimated that about 125 million people use contact lenses worldwide (2%), including 28 to 38 million in the United States and 13 million in Japan.<br />
* By 2009, silicone hydrogel lenses are expected to account for more than two-thirds of U.S. soft contact lens sales (in dollars), according to equity research firm Robert W. Baird & Co.<br />
* Spurred by favorable trends, the world contact lens and lens care solutions market is expected to reach US$6.7 billion by 2010 [http://medical.presslib.com/medical-products/537345.htm Source].<br />
<br />
====Clinical information====<br />
* A British study conducted at the University of Manchester and published in 2005 found that people who slept in traditional hydrogel lenses were five times more likely to develop keratitis than those sleeping in silicone hydrogel lenses.<br />
<br />
====Statistics in USA====<br />
* Currently, more than 34 million people wear contact lenses in the United States.<br />
* Approximately 85% of wearers use soft contact lenses and 15% wear gas permeable hard lenses. <br />
* Eighty percent are using daily wear or flexible wearing schedules whereas 20% of patients use an extended-wear schedule.<br />
* An estimated 4.1 million people were wearing contact lenses in an extended fashion by 1987, with more than 97% of those wearing the lenses for cosmetic correction.<br />
* An incidence of ulcerative keratitis of 0.2% in patients with extended wear, a risk five times that of daily wear contact lenses.<br />
* Because of the concerns of increased risk of infectious keratitis the percentage of people using contact lenses in extended wear in the United States dropped from 21% in 1995 to approximately 10% in 2002.<br />
* A survey of 93 members of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists (CLAO) conducted in 2001 indicated that only 10% of ophthalmologists, optometrists, and opticians prescribed extended wear, and that even with the approval and promise of the high-Dk silicone hydrogel lenses only 15% of ophthalmologists and 18% of optometrists anticipated prescribing them for extended wear (CLAO Survey, Foulks GN, 2001). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16458698&dopt=AbstractPlus Source]<br />
<br />
====Medical practioner survey information====<br />
* A recent online survey asked Eye Care Professionals if they prescribed silicone hydrogel contact lenses and given the numerous benefits of these lenses, the results were somewhat of a surprise. Of those participating in the survey, 36% prescribed for 30-day wear, 27% for daily wear, 16% for 7-day wear and a remarkable 21% of eyecare professionals did not even prescribe these lenses. [http://www.imperialoptical.com/news052907.aspx| Source]<br />
* In a survey conducted to find the use of Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses by Canadian Optometrists from 2000 – 2006, Soft contact lenses were fit to 91.3% of the patients. Of the soft fits the percentage of silicone hydrogel lenses increased from 5.4% in 2000 to 42.9% in 2006. Initially, silicone hydrogel lenses were prescribed for continuous wear exclusively. In 2004 two new daily wear silicone hydrogel lenses were introduced into the Canadian market. The proportion of silicone hydrogel lenses being fit for daily wear increased from 33.7% in 2004 to 86.1% in 2006. [http://www.siliconehydrogels.org/posters/mar_07.asp| Silicon Hydrogels.org]<br />
<br />
====Company surveys and findings====<br />
* Bausch & Lomb (manufacturer of Purevision, Purevision Toric and Purevision Multifocal contact lenses) reported that 40% of new contact lens fits are now silicone hydrogel contacts. They claim that 94% of wearers of their sector leading Soflens 66 Toric contacts can be migrated to the Purevision Toric lens without a script change.<br />
* Vistakon, manufacturer of the Ultra-Comfort series of contact lenses which comprises the Acuvue Advance, Acuvue Advance for Astigmatism and the Acuvue Oasys says their silicone hydrogels are all addressing the issue of end-of-day comfort for contact lens wearers. Prescription parameter ranges are being expanded for each of these lenses (most recently, plus powers for Oasys were made available). Acuvue Oasys was also recently given FDA approval for up to 7 days of continuous wear. Vistakon claims to have the number one silicone hydrogel with their Acuvue Advance and the number one new-wearer toric in the Advance for Astigmatism [http://www.aclens.com/silicone-hydrogel-contact-lenses.asp| Source]<br />
* A post approval study of one year was conducted by CIBA vision, the study followed the experiences of 6,000 people who were prescribed Night & Day for up to 30 nights of consecutive wear. In the study, the incidence of microbial keratitis (an infection that can result in vision loss) was less than 0.18 percent, and the rate of microbial keratitis resulting in reduction of visual acuity was less than 0.04 percent. These rates are higher than for daily wear, but are still considered reasonable by many as a tradeout for the benefits of continuous wear.<br />
* Focus Night & Day were the subject of a three year study by Ciba Vision. In particular, the study of 317 patients showed that Focus Night & Day wearers had less problems with red eye, reduced dryness (22%) and neo-vascularization (the development of new blood vessels in the cornea) was reduced by 13%. During the first 8 months of 2005, Silicone Hydrogels represented 24% of all soft contact lens sales – more than double the figure for the same period of 2004. Ciba lenses represented almost 50% of silicone hydrogel sales during this time.<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Key Companies===<br />
* Alcon<br />
* Bausch & Lomb<br />
* Ciba Vision<br />
* Jonhson & Johnson (Vistakon)<br />
* Cooper vision<br />
* Art Optical Contact Lens<br />
* RX Optical Corporate<br />
* Unilens <br />
* 1-800 Contacts Inc.<br />
----<br />
<br />
=== Research Collaborations (from patent searches)===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="70%" align="center"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Collaborations'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''No. of records'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|Menicon Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Shin Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|6<br />
|-<br />
|Genencor International, Inc. <nowiki>|</nowiki> The Procter & Gamble Company<br />
|align = "center"|5<br />
|-<br />
|CIBA Vision Corporation <nowiki>|</nowiki> Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organsation<br />
|align = "center"|4<br />
|-<br />
|Shin Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Toyo Contact Lens Co., Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|3<br />
|-<br />
|Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Li, Fumian<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|-<br />
|Novartis AG <nowiki>|</nowiki> Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|-<br />
|California Institute of Technology <nowiki>|</nowiki> The Regents of the University of California<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Chitogenics, Inc. <nowiki>|</nowiki> The American National Red Cross <nowiki>|</nowiki> Coalition for Hemophilia B<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Biopolymerix, Inc <nowiki>|</nowiki> Surfacine Development Company, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Organogenesis, Inc. <nowiki>|</nowiki> The President and Fellows of Harvard College<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Ricky Contact Lens Research Institute Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Asahikasei Aime Co. Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> CooperVision, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Southwest Research Institute <nowiki>|</nowiki> Keraplast Technologies, Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Takiron Co. Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Osaka Municipal Government<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Adeka Corporation <nowiki>|</nowiki> The Kansai Electric Power CO., INC.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill <nowiki>|</nowiki> North Carolina State University <nowiki>|</nowiki> Synecor, LLC<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Quick Med Technologies, inc. <nowiki>|</nowiki> University of Florida Research Foundation, Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Combinatorx, Incorporated <nowiki>|</nowiki> Angiotech International Ag<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Sosei Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> Combinatorx incorporated<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Smart Holograms Limited <nowiki>|</nowiki> Ciba Vision Corporation <nowiki>|</nowiki> Cambridge University Technical Services Ltd.<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|Kuraray Co Ltd <nowiki>|</nowiki> Sagami Chem Res Center<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
----<br />
====Based on general web search====<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Company''' '''1'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Company''' '''2'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Collaboration year'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Collaboration type'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Collaborated for Link'''</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|<font color="#993366">'''Link'''</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Fenway Partners<br />
|align = "center"|1-800 Contacts Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|2007<br />
|align = "justify"|Buy out<br />
|align = "justify"|Replacement contact lenses<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.pewnews.com/story.asp?sectioncode=44&storycode=42236 Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Implantable Vision Inc<br />
|align = "center"|Ciba Vision Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|2006<br />
|align = "justify"|Licensing agreement<br />
|align = "justify"|Acquire patents and intellectual property regarding an inside-the-eye contact lens for $1 million<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://denver.bizjournals.com/denver/stories/2006/06/26/daily5.html Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Cooper Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|Occular sciences Inc.<br />
|align = "center"|2004<br />
|align = "justify"|Merger<br />
|align = "justify"|Merger will result in worlds 3rd largest contact lens company<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.azom.com/details.asp?newsID=2329 Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Vision CRC<br />
|align = "center"|IER and CCLRU<br />
|align = "center"|2004<br />
|align = "justify"|Research study Collaboration<br />
|align = "justify"|The study is to study rates of corneal infection with contact lenses<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.visioncrc.org/our_activities/myopia.asp Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|CIBA Vision<br />
|align = "center"|Wesley Jessen corp.<br />
|align = "center"|2001<br />
|align = "justify"|Merger <br />
|align = "justify"|Merger of two Novartis contact lens subsdiaries<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=23560 Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|CRC<br />
|align = "center"|CIBA Vision<br />
|align = "center"|1997<br />
|align = "justify"|Research Collaboration<br />
|align = "justify"|To develop silicone hydrogel contact lens that can be worn for 30 days and nights and also for daily wear lens<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.visioncrc.org/latest_news/Feature%20Project/index.asp Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Allergan<br />
|align = "center"|Ioptex Research global intraocular lens <br />
|align = "center"|1994<br />
|align = "justify"|Licensing agreement<br />
|align = "justify"|Intraocular lens product line<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Allergan-Inc-Company-History.html Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council<br />
|align = "center"|Vista Optics Ltd<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "justify"|Jointly funding agreement<br />
|align = "justify"|To develop new generation of ophthalmic biomaterials<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.aston.ac.uk/downloads/marketing/aston_review.pdf Source]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|CIBA vision <br />
|align = "center"|Laboratories Faure <br />
|align = "center"|1993<br />
|align = "justify"|Licensing agreement<br />
|align = "justify"| <br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.cibavision.com/about_worldwide/milestones.shtml Source ]</u></font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Unilens<br />
|align = "center"|Novartis<br />
|align = "center"| <br />
|align = "justify"|Licensing agreement<br />
|align = "justify"|Aquaflex and Softcon EW contact lens products<br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.bizjournals.com/tampabay/stories/2005/02/21/daily28.html Source]</u></font><br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Venture capital===<br />
* Bausch & Lomb Inc., the eye-products maker rocked last year by financial restatements and the recall of its contact-lens solution, agreed to be bought by private equity firm Warburg Pincus for $3.67 billion in cash. [http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aSqIyHsrQezs&refer=home Source]<br />
<br />
* To develop a handheld reader that takes the glucose readings from the lens and to conduct early clinical trials, CIBA vison has raised CHF 10.7 million (€6.5 million) in a Series A round led by Swiss-based BioMedinvest and Life Sciences Partners, a Dutch venture firm in 2006 [http://swissventures.blogspot.com/2006_02_01_archive.html Source]<br />
<br />
* Bausch & Lomb Ireland has announced a €42m expansion of its contact lens plant in Waterford [http://www.bizplus.ie/news/ Source]<br />
<br />
* E-Dr. Network, Inc. (E-Dr.) announced today that it has received venture capital financing of $8 million led by Noro-Moseley Partners of Atlanta, Georgia, with a co-investment from Benchmark Capital of Menlo Park, California. The company is the leading web-based business-to-business, e-commerce provider in the vision care segment of the U.S. healthcare industry. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_Dec_16/ai_58271122 Source]<br />
* Scottish Equity Partners (SEP) invested an initial £1 million and in 2002 injected a further £2 million to fund additional production lines at Provis’ manufacturing facility in Hamilton International Technology Park [http://www.sepl.co.uk/venturer/profile_provis.html Source]<br />
<br />
* Ophthonix has raised $35.1 million in "Series D" financing for its vision correcting products/lenses. [http://www.interwest.com/news/releases-portfolio/pr_121406_ophthonix.html Source]<br />
<br />
* Cooper vision in 2005 announced its plans to introduce a two week continuous wear re-usable silicon hydrogel lens.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
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<br></div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Estimation_of_liquid_carrying_vehicles_in_USA&diff=7396Estimation of liquid carrying vehicles in USA2010-05-20T16:40:59Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* '''Executive Summary''' */</p>
<hr />
<div>=='''Executive Summary'''==<br />
<br />
*Industry: The research report analyzes the transportation industry and is targeted at truck rebuilders, manufactures of spare parts, chassis, etc<br />
<br />
*Mathematical Mode: This research uses modeling to calculate the total number of the trucks<br />
<br />
*Scope: The research focuses on the US market<br />
<br />
*Result: By the end of the year 2013 total number of trucks carrying liquid toiletries would be 9767 having a CAGR growth of 6.10%.<br />
<br />
'''*Note:''' The numbers provided in this report are dummy numbers and only serve to explain the methodology followed<br />
<br />
=='''Methodology'''==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Methodology-trucks.jpg|thumb|700px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Objective===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
* The research focuses on the estimation of total number of trucks carrying the toiletries. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Situation Analysis===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*Truck rebuilders, manufactures of spare parts, chassis, etc. and other service providers in the industry tend to misjudge the market size due to lack of information.<br />
*This research would help aforementioned market players and companies in this industry to get information about the tank trucks carrying toiletries within USA.<br />
*Due to unavailability of secondary data, primary research was undertaken to assimilate the relevant data for the research.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Data Sources-truck===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Secondary Data Sources:'''<br />
Secondary sources of information used were Euromonitor International, Marketresearch.com, Datamonitor, Official website of Eurostat, Official website of Federal government of Germany, USCENSUS data, Official website of Department of Statistics –UK, National Statistics Department of UK, Factiva, Wikipedia, Various online published reports.<br />
<br />
'''Primary Data Sources:'''<br />
Primary data sources included telephonic interviews with truck manufacturers, trailer body builders, transportation companies and government officials from various countries.<br />
<br />
===Challenges===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*There is no tailor-made data available for number of trucks/trailers carrying the liquid for human consumption.<br />
*The trucks used for transporting liquids are essentially tank trucks and the transport agencies do not necessarily register them with the transport department.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Interpretation of Data===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*Various reports and some useful data were collected from the secondary sources.<br />
*Data pertaining to consumption habits of the consumers was available from Euromonitor. This data was further used for Modeling.<br />
*Primary research provided useful information over the trucks carrying toiletries in Germany which was further used for Modeling. Data was also available from other countries but Germany provided the perfect basis to do Modeling in order to generate data for USA.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Solution===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Modeling was done to find the number of trucks within USA that carry toiletries based on the data available for Germany.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Modeling.jpg|center|thumb|700px|Modeling Procedure]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Calculating Market Size:'''<br />
<br />
Model country used: GERMANY <br />
<br />
Reason for choosing GERMANY as a model country: <br />
<br />
*Availability of data for vehicles carrying liquid commodity in Germany.<br />
*For Germany data is gathered from the government data sources. <br />
*Germany, a developed country could be used as a proxy state since data from Germany would approximately mimic the industry structure in the US.<br />
<br />
'''Modeling:'''<br />
<br />
Modeling was done on the basis of the consumption data available for liquid toiletries.<br />
<br />
'''Toiletries'''<br />
<br />
The total volume of toiletries was obtained from Euromonitor.<br />
<br />
The number of trucks carrying this commodity is calculated as below:<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="69%" align="center"<br />
|Total Volume<br />
|81,595 ,000 Liters<br />
|-<br />
|Total Trucks<br />
|3497<br />
|-<br />
|Therefore, average liquid per vehicle<br />
|23333 liters/truck<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
The total number of trucks in USA was derived using the average liquid per vehicle calculated above.<br />
'''<br />
For Example''' <br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="68%" align="center"<br />
|align = "justify"|Total Volume<br />
|align = "justify"|169481Liters<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|Average liquid per vehicle<br />
|align = "justify"|23333 liters/truck<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|Total trucks carrying toiletries in USA in 2008<br><br />
|7265<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Result-01.jpg|center|thumb|700px|Result Table]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Forecast for number of vehicles carrying toiletries in USA is done using the straight line method based on the consumption data.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Forecast-Trucks.jpg|thumb|700px|center|Forecast]]</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pinene:_An_off_flavor_in_mango_juice&diff=7395Pinene: An off flavor in mango juice2010-05-13T13:40:44Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Objectives */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Objectives==<br />
<br />
[[Image:pine cone.jpg|right|thumb|200 px|'''Pine cone. [http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photography-big-pine-cone-image25902 Source]''']]<br />
<br />
'''The primary objective of this review was to compile experimental information and relevant literature to help researches working in the area of pinene removal, an off flavor, form mango juice.'''<br />
<br />
Associated objectives were:<br />
<br />
* To map the biological pathway of pinene synthesis in mango from the basic element available to cell such as carbohydrate or proteins.<br />
<br />
* To find out methods from literature which can help in cutting down the synthesis of pinene in mango (or other fruits). The challenge was to ascertain physical parameters that can affect pinene synthesis in fruits such as temperature, pH, humidity, oxygen concentration and stage of ripening. These parameters can then be taken care of during farming, storage, fruit processing and juice production stages to avoid pinene production in mango. Playing with physical conditions mentioned above are far more cost effective and time saving than the usage of more complex and costly methods such as usage of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering, which may not always prove successful.<br />
<br />
* To provide literature uncovering methods of pinene isolation from mango and other fruits.<br />
<br />
* To provide other important supporting information such as chemical synthesis methods of pinene, isomers of pinene, chemical and physical properties of pinene that could be helpful from researcher's point of view.<br />
<br />
* To give IP activity in the area of pinene which may involve methods patented to synthesize pinene in labs, usage of pinene to synthesize other important compounds etc.<br />
<br />
* Finally, based on our extensive analysis we proposed a way which can turn out to be a cost effective measure to curb pinene production in mango.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
The chemical compound pinene is a bicyclic terpene known as a monoterpene. There are two structural isomers found in nature: α-pinene and β-pinene. As the name suggests, both forms are important constituents of pine resin; they are also found in the resins of many other conifers, and more widely in other plants. Both are also used by many insects in their chemical communication system. '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinene e-soruce 1]'''<br />
<br />
===Alpha-Pinene===<br />
<br />
Alpha –Pinene (α-pinene) is an organic compound of the terpene class, one of two isomers of pinene. It is an alkene and it contains a reactive four-membered ring. It is found in the oils of many species of many coniferous trees, notably the pine. It is also found in the essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Both enantiomers (shown below) are known in nature; 1S, 5S- or (−)-α-pinene is more common in European pines, whereas the 1R,5R- or (+)-α-isomer is more common in North America. The racemic mixture is present in some oils such as eucalyptus oil. '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Pinene e-source 2]''' In Brazil alone, the pine resin tapping activity is increasingly important, producing resin mostly for export; 100,000.00 tons were produced in 2002, a market that moved some US$ 25 millions, providing over 12,000.00 direct jobs in the countryside. [http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol10/issue4/full/8/8.pdf '''Limberger et al., 2007] & [http://www.aresb.com.br/estatisticas/index.htm e-source 3]''' <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:vainllin str.jpg|center|thumb|450 px|'''2D and 3D structure of Alpha-Pinene enantiomers. [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=82227&loc=ec_rcs (+)-alpha- Pinene ]'''and '''[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=440968&loc=ec_rcs (-)-alpha-Pinene]''']]<br />
<br />
===Beta-Pinene===<br />
<br />
Beta-Pinene (β-pinene) is a colorless liquid, soluble in alcohol, but not water. It has a woody-green pine-like smell. It occurs naturally in rosemary, parsley, dill, basil, yarrow, and rose. Both enantiomers (+)-beta- Pinene and (-)-beta- Pinene are shown below. '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Pinene e-source 4]'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:beta pinene str.jpg|center|thumb|450 px|'''2D and 3D structure of Beta-Pinene enantiomers. [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=10290825&loc=ec_rcs (+)-beta- Pinene ]'''and '''[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=440967&loc=ec_rcs (-)-beta-Pinene]''']]<br />
<br />
==Important properties of pinene in juices==<br />
<br />
* Give piney aroma to juices. '''[http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0008969 Bell, 2004]'''<br />
<br />
* Concentration of pinene was reported to be 2.56µL/L and 7.92µL/L in mature-green (MG) and tree-ripe (TR) mangoes respectively. '''[http://www.hos.ufl.edu/jkbweb/JKB%20cv%20pdfs/684.pdf Bender and Brecht, 2000]'''<br />
<br />
* Retention time of pinene in mango juice was reported to be 23.13 minutes. '''[http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jps.2006.98.105 Zhang et al., 2006]'''<br />
<br />
* m/z of pinene was found to be 91.1. '''[http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0008969 Bell, 2004]'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:pinene mz.jpg|center|thumb|500 px|'''m/z of pinene. [http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0008969 Bell, 2004]''']]<br />
<br />
==Synthesis of pinene==<br />
<br />
===Biological synthesis of pinene===<br />
<br />
====Step 1: Formation of GPP from Acetyl-CoA====<br />
<br />
The mevalonate pathway or HMG-CoA reductase pathway or mevalonate-dependent (MAD) route or isoprenoid pathway, is an important cellular metabolic pathway present in all higher eukaryotes and many bacteria. It is important for the production of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which serve as the basis for the biosynthesis of molecules used in processes as diverse as terpenoid synthesis. (Figure below '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMG-CoA_reductase_pathway e-source 5]'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:pinene step 1.1.jpg|center|thumb|700 px|'''Synthesis of DMAPP and IPP from Acetyal CoA. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMG-CoA_reductase_pathway e-source 5]''']]<br />
<br />
Geranyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, terpenes and terpenoids and is formed by the reaction between DMAPP and IPP. (Figure below). '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranyl_pyrophosphate e-source 6]'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:pinene step 1.2.jpg|center|thumb|700 px|'''Synthesis of GPP from DMAPP and IPP. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranyl_pyrophosphate e-source 6]''']]<br />
<br />
====Step 2: Synthesis of pinene from GPP====<br />
<br />
α-Pinene and β-pinene are both produced from geranyl pyrophosphate, via cyclisation of linaloyl pyrophosphate followed by loss of a proton from the carbocation equivalent. '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinene e-source]'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:pinene step 2.jpg|center|thumb|700 px|'''Synthesis of pinene from GPP. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinene e-source]''']]<br />
<br />
<br />
====Role of pinene cyclase I and II in conversion of GPP to α & β pinene====<br />
<br />
The soluble enzyme preparations from tissue of Saluia officinalis leaves were shown to catalyze the divalent cation dependent cyclization of the acyclic C10 precursor [l-3H] GPP1 to (+/-)-7- H] α -pinene and (-)-[7-3H] β – pinene. The co-occurrence in the same species of the (+)- and (-)- modification is fairly common among the cyclic monoterpenes but rare among the higher terpenes, and it is generally assumed that such enantiomers are synthesized independently via stereochemically distinct routes. <br />
<br />
On fractionation by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 has shown two regions of enzymatic activity termed geranyl pyroph0sphate: Pinene cyclase I (Mr = 96,000), which catalyzed the conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate to the bicyclic olefin (+)-a-pinene, and geranyl pyrophosphate: pinene cyclase II (Mr = 55,000), which transformed the acyclic precursor to (-)-a-pinene and (-) β- pinene. '''[http://www.jbc.org/content/259/2/740.full.pdf Gambliel and Croteaug et al., 1984]'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:pinene cyclase.jpg|center|thumb|700 px|'''Role of pinene cyclase I (left) and II (right). [http://www.jbc.org/content/259/2/740.full.pdf Gambliel and Croteaug et al., 1984]''']]<br />
<br />
====Effect of ripening and temperature on pinene synthesis in mangoes====<br />
<br />
The concentrations of all four of the terpene volatiles including alpha-pinene were influenced by initial ripeness stage, with mature-green (MG) fruit from all atmosphere treatments stored at 12 °C having lower concentrations than did tree-ripe (TR) mangoes stored at the same temperature (figure below). However, there was no significant temperature effect on the levels of the terpene volatile, alpha-pinene, for TR mangoes stored at 8 or 12 °C. This shows that the concentration of pinene in mangoes remains nearly unaffected with change in temperature from 8 deg C to 12 deg C but increase significantly with ripening of fruit. '''[http://www.hos.ufl.edu/jkbweb/JKB%20cv%20pdfs/684.pdf Bender and Brecht, 2000]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:pinene temp ripe.jpg|center|thumb|700 px|'''Effect of ripening and temperature on pinene synthesis in mangoes. [http://www.hos.ufl.edu/jkbweb/JKB%20cv%20pdfs/684.pdf Bender and Brecht, 2000]''']]<br />
<br />
==Isolation and analysis of pinene==<br />
<br />
===Aroma characteristics of Chinese mango cultivars by GC/MS===<br />
<br />
The figure below shows aroma volatile properties of pinene in three kinds of Chinese mango cultivars Xiangya, Xiaoniang, Jidan mangoes. Fit value was referred to what degree the target spectrum matched the standard spectrum in theNIST library (100 relates to a perfect fit). Area of the peak of an aroma volatile (%) was calculated by dividing Area of the peak of an aroma volatile by total area of all aroma volatile. '''[http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jps.2006.98.105 Zhang et al., 2006]'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:gc ms peniene123.jpg|center|thumb|700 px|'''Aroma characteristics of Chinese mango cultivars by GC/MS. [http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jps.2006.98.105 Zhang et al., 2006]''']]<br />
<br />
===Retention characteristics of pinene in grapefruit juice===<br />
<br />
Aroma active peaks with tentative identification based on aroma attributes and retention characteristics for grapefruit juice samples as detected by GC-O on polar and non-polar columns for pinene is shown in the figure below. <br />
<br />
[[Image:aroma.jpg|center|thumb|700 px|'''Retention characteristics of pinene in grapefruit juice detected by GC-O. [http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0008969 Bell, 2004]''']]<br />
<br />
Three aroma active compounds, α-pinene, myrcene and β-sinensal, exhibited greater aroma intensities in the unheated reconstituted juice compared to that of the two heated juice samples. Pinene is a low boiling point compound, which has higher aroma intensity in the unheated reconstituted juice compared to the two heated juice treatments. In both heated samples, the response for α-pinene was less than 45% that of the unheated reconstituted juice. '''[http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0008969 Bell, 2004]''' <br />
<br />
[[Image:gc retention.jpg|center|thumb|700 px|'''Pinene show greater aroma intensity in unheated juice than in the heated samples. [http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0008969 Bell, 2004]''']]<br />
<br />
==Chemical and physical properties of pinene==<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align = "center" width="70%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF" colspan = "3"|'''Vanillin Comprehensive Information Table'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|Molecular Weight<br />
|align = "center"|136.23404 <nowiki>[</nowiki>g/mol<nowiki>]</nowiki><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|Molecular Formula<br />
|align = "center"|C10H16<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|XLogP3-AA<br />
|align = "center"|2.8<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''4'''<br />
|H-Bond Donor<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|H-Bond Acceptor<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''6'''<br />
|Rotatable Bond Count<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''7'''<br />
|Exact Mass<br />
|align = "center"|136.125201<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''8'''<br />
|MonoIsotopic Mass<br />
|align = "center"|136.125201<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''9'''<br />
|Topological Polar Surface Area<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''10'''<br />
|Heavy Atom Count<br />
|align = "center"|10<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''11'''<br />
|Formal Charge<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''12'''<br />
|Complexity<br />
|align = "center"|186<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''13'''<br />
|Isotope Atom Count<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''14'''<br />
|Defined Atom StereoCenter Count<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''15'''<br />
|Undefined Atom StereoCenter Count<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''16'''<br />
|Defined Bond StereoCenter Count<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''17'''<br />
|Undefined Bond StereoCenter Count<br />
|align = "center"|0<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''18'''<br />
|Covalently-Bonded Unit Count<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Patents on pinene==<br />
<br />
Some of the patents involving synthesis of pinene or compounds from pinene are shown below.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Sr. No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Abstract'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''1'''<br />
|align = "center"|US3676504A<br />
|align = "center"|PREPARATION OF A TEREPENE ALCOHOL<br />
|align = "center"|Synthesis of terpinene-4-ol from terpinolene.<br />
|align = "center"|R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''2'''<br />
|align = "center"|GB1033170A<br />
|align = "center"|Isomerisation of -pinene<br />
|align = "center"|b -Pinene is obtained by catalytic isomerization of a -pinene containing less than the equilibrium amount of b -pinene under neutral to basic conditions at 20 DEG to 300 DEG C., using as catalyst Pd, Pt, Ni, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir, alkali metal, sulphur, iodine, alkali metal alkoxide having 2 or more carbon atoms, palladium chloride or platinum oxide. The catalyst may be supported on a non-acidic carrier and contact times of 0.05 second to 2 minutes are used. b -Pinene is preferably recovered by distillation and in one embodiment make up feed is introduced into a fractionation column in which a -pinene is separated overhead for isomerization from b -pinene product and to which is also fed the isomerizate.<br />
|align = "center"|GLIDDEN CO<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''3'''<br />
|align = "center"|WO2008044640A1<br />
|align = "center"|&<nowiki> </nowiki>946;-PINENE POLYMER AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION THEREOF<br />
|align = "center"|The invention provides a &<nowiki> </nowiki>946;-pinene polymer which is excellent in heat resistance in spite of its having thermoplasticity and exerts excellent strength without impair in the inherent characteristics such as small specific gravity and excellent transparency. An objective &<nowiki> </nowiki>946;-pinene polymer which has a weight-average molecular weight of 90,000 to 1,000,000 and a glass transition temperature of 80°C or above can be obtained by polymerizing &<nowiki> </nowiki>946;-pinene in the presence of a bifunctional vinyl compound.<br />
|align = "center" Yasuhara Chemical Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> KURARAY Co., Ltd. <nowiki>|</nowiki> National University Corporation Nagoya University <nowiki>|</nowiki> KAMIGAITO, Masami <nowiki>|</nowiki> SATOH, Kotaro <nowiki>|</nowiki> SUGIYAMA, Hiroko<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''4'''<br />
|align = "center"|GB190202129A<br />
|align = "center"|Improvements in the Production of Derivatives of Pinene.<br />
|align = "center"|2129. Mills, C. K., <nowiki>[</nowiki>Ampere Electro-Chemical Co.<nowiki>]</nowiki>. Jan. 27. Dipentene and camphor.-Relates to improvements in the process described in Specification No. 14,754, A.D. 1900, and consists chiefly in an adaptation of the process for the purpose of separately collecting the dipentene which is produced by it. Rectified and dehydrated turpentine is heated with anhydrous oxalic acid at 120‹-130‹ C., whereby a mixture of dipentene with smaller quantities of pinyl formate and oxalate, free camphor, borneol oxalate and formate, and higher polymerization products of pinene, is produced. The mass is washed with water to remove free acid, enough alkali is added to saponify the borneol oxalate and formate, and the mixture is distilled. The first portion of the distillate, which consists mainly of dipentene, is collected separately. The remainder of the distillate, consisting of camphor, borneol, and oils, is frozen, treated centrifugally, and washed with cold water to separate the oils, and the residue is oxidized with potassium bichromate and sulphuric acid to convert the borneol into camphor. The camphor produced is centrifugalled, washed, dried, and sublimed with lime.<br />
|align = "center"|None<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#99CCFF"|'''5'''<br />
|align = "center"|JP8034821A<br />
|align = "center"|PRODUCTION OF ALPHA-PINENE RESIN HAVING HIGH SOFTENING POINT<br />
|align = "center"|PURPOSE: To produce an &<nowiki> </nowiki>945;-pinene resin having a softening point as high as 140°C or above in yields as high as 80% or above. CONSTITUTION: This production process is one for producing an &<nowiki> </nowiki>945;-pinene resin by polymerizing &<nowiki> </nowiki>945;-pinene in the presence of a catalyst system comprising aluminum chloride and antimony chloride in an inert solvent, which process comprises separately adding a mixture prepared by adding 0.5-1.5 pts. wt. antimony chloride to an inert solvent and &<nowiki> </nowiki>945;-pinene to a dispersion prepared by dispersing 1 pt.wt. aluminum chloride within the scope in which the total amount of the catalyst system used is 1-2wt.% based on the &<nowiki> </nowiki>945;-pinene to polymerize the &<nowiki> </nowiki>945;-pinene and further adding aluminum chloride and antimony chloride to the reaction system to polymerize the &<nowiki> </nowiki>945;-pinene.COPYRIGHT: (C)1996,JPO&Japio<br />
|align = "center"|ARAKAWA CHEM IND CO LTD<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''To download the complete patent sheet [[Media:pinene.xls| click here]]'''<br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
Pinene, a monoterpene is known to exist as an off flavor in mango juice. Pinene exists in two structural isomers in nature, α-pinene and β-pinene. Biologically, synthesis of pinene can be summarized in two steps. In step one, acetyl CoA results in formation of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) via HMG CoA reductase pathway. Further, DMAPP and IPP combines to form Geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP). In step two, GPP undegoes cyclization to give pinene. Pinene cyclase I and II are the two enzymes responsible for conversion of GPP to (+)-a-pinene and (-)-a-pinene, (-) β- pinene, respectively. Production of pinene was found to be increased in mangoes as the ripen during fruit maturation. Change in temperature from 8 deg C to 12 deg C was shown to have no significant impact on pinene production in mangoes. On the other hand, aroma intensity of pinene was found to be more in unheated samples than heated samples. From these studies it can be hypothesized that to curtail the formation of pinene, an off flavor in mango juice, it is important to consider the ripening stage of fruit. Since, there was no significant change in pinene concentration with increase in tempearture, heat treatment can prove helpful in decreasing the aroma intensity of pinene in mango juice. The review has further covered isolation and analysis of pinene by GC/MS and GC-O lab techniques, from mango and grape fruits sufficiently. A comprehensive information table on various important chemical and physical properties of pinene has been presented. The IP activity in the field of pinene synthesis and application of pinene for synthesis of several other compounds have also been summarized towards the end.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
* Bell WAM. 2004. Examination of aroma volatiles formed from thermal processing of florida reconstituted grapefruit juice. '''[http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0008969 Bell, 2004]'''<br />
<br />
* Bender RJ and Brecht JK. 2000. Aroma volatiles of mature-green and tree-ripe ‘Tommy Atkins’ mangoes after controlled atmosphere vs. air storage. HORTSCIENCE 35: 684–686. '''[http://www.hos.ufl.edu/jkbweb/JKB%20cv%20pdfs/684.pdf Bender and Brecht, 2000]'''<br />
<br />
* Gambliel H and Croteaug R. 1984. Pinene Cyclases I and II. THE JOURNAOLF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 259: 740-748. '''[http://www.jbc.org/content/259/2/740.full.pdf Gambliel and Croteaug et al., 1984]'''<br />
<br />
* Limberger RP, Aleixo AM, Fett-Neto AG, Henriques AT. 2007. Bioconversion of (+)- and (-)-alpha-pinene to (+)- and (-)-verbenone by plant cell cultures of Psychotria brachyceras and Rauvolfia sellowii. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. DOI: 10.2225/vol10-issue4-fulltext-8. '''[http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol10/issue4/full/8/8.pdf Limberger et al., 2007]'''<br />
<br />
* Zhang ZM, Zeng DDand Li GK. 2006. The Study of the Aroma Characteristics of Chinese Mango Cultivars by GC/MS with Solid Phase Microextraction. Journal of Plant Sciences 1: 98-105. '''[http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jps.2006.98.105 Zhang et al., 2006]'''</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Transactional_memory_in_hardware&diff=7383Transactional memory in hardware2010-05-04T15:58:10Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Background==<br />
===Transactional memory===<br />
*Transactional memory is a general and flexible way to allow programs to read and modify disparate primary memory locations atomically as a single operation, much as a database transaction can atomically modify many records on disk.<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_memory Transactional memory] attempts to simplify parallel programming by allowing a group of load and store instructions to execute in an atomic way. Transactional memory is a concurrency control mechanism analogous to database transactions for controlling access to shared memory in concurrent computing. A transaction is a piece of code that executes a series of reads and writes to shared memory.<br />
*Transactional memory (TM) supports code sections that are executed atomically, i.e., so that they appear to be executed one at a time, with no interleaving between their steps. TM significantly reduces the difficulty of writing correct concurrent programs. A good TM implementation avoids synchronization between concurrently executed transactional sections unless they actually conflict. TM can significantly improve the performance and scalability of concurrent programs, as well as makes them easier to write, understand and maintain.<br />
*[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070156994%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070156994&RS=DN/20070156994 Transactional memory] generally refers to a synchronization model that allows multiple threads to concurrently access a shared resource (such as a data structure stored in memory) without acquiring a lock as long as the accesses are non-conflicting, for example, as long as the accesses are directed to different portions of the shared resource. <br />
'''[[More details]]'''<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Transactional programming models===<br />
*[http://research.sun.com/spotlight/2007/2007-08-13_transactional_memory.html Transactional programming models] can be supported in software using software-based transactional memory (STM), in hardware using hardware- based transactional memory (HTM), or in a combination of the two (Hybrid TM, or HyTM).<br />
**[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_transactional_memory Software based Transactional memory] (STM) can allow sequences of concurrent operations to be combined into atomic transactions, thereby reducing the complexity of both programming and verification. STM is a scheme for concurrent programming with multiple threads that uses transactions similar to those used in databases.<br />
**Hardware based Transactional memory (HTM) system requires no read or write barriers within the transaction code. The hardware manages data versions and tracks conflicts transparently.<br />
**[http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~fedorova/papers/asplos165-damron.pdf Hybrid Transactional memory] (HyTM) implements Transactional memory in software so that it can use best-effort Hardware Transactional memory (HTM) to boost performance but does not depend on HTM.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Software based Transactional memory===<br />
*Software transactional memory (STM) is implemented in software. All speculative STM transactional data is stored in the system memory and indicated to be in a non-committed state. When the STM transaction commits, any data the transaction writes is indicated as committed and subsequently available to other threads and transactions. In certain STM systems, a flag may be set to indicate the data as committed and accessible and available in memory to other transactions. <br />
<br />
====DracoSTM====<br />
*[http://eces.colorado.edu/~gottschl/dracoSTM/pubs/lcsd07-dracostm.pdf DracoSTM] is a high performance lock-based C++ Software Transactional memory research library. DracoSTM uses only native object-oriented language semantics, increasing its intuitiveness for developers while maintaining high programmability via automatic handling of composition, locks and transaction termination.<br />
*DracoSTM is a lock-based STM system. At its core, DracoSTM uses one lock per thread to implement transactional reads and writes. This allows multiple transactions to simultaneously read and write without blocking other transactions’ progress.<br />
<br />
<br />
====Dynamic STM (DSTM)====<br />
*[http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/PODC03.pdf Dynamic Software Transactional Memory (DSTM)] is a low-level application programming interface (API) for syn-chronizing shared data without using locks.<br />
*DSTM supports dynamic-sized data structures. DSTM has non-blocking implementation. The non-blocking property is obstruction-freedom. Dynamic means that the set of locations accessed by the transaction is not known in advance and is determined during its execution.<br />
*DSTM techniques allow transactions and transactional objects to be created dynamically.Transactions may determine the sequence of objects to access based on the values observed in objects accessed earlier in the same transaction. DSTM is well suited to the implementation of dynamic-sized data structures such as lists and trees.<br />
<br />
====Dynamic Software Transactional Memory 2.0 (DSTM2)====<br />
*[http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/OOPSLA2006.pdf DSTM2] is a Java-based software library that provides a flexible framework for implementing STM. DSTM2 significantly improves the programming interface of its predecessor DSTM. The code is provided in Java libraries and any Java programmer can use it easily. DSTM2 allows researchers to plug in their STM implementations and directly compare them with others.<br />
*The DSTM2 library assumes that multiple concurrent threads share data objects. The DSTM2 library provides a new kind of thread that can execute transactions, which access shared atomic objects. DSTM2 threads provide methods for creating new atomic classes and executing transactions.<br />
<br />
====Nonblocking Software Transactional Memory====<br />
*[http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/PPoPP2008-NBSTM.pdf Nonblocking STMs] are obstruction free. Nonblocking Software Transactional Memory guarantees that, if a transaction is repeatedly retried and eventually encounters no interference from other transactions, then eventually the transaction commits successfully.<br />
*Nonblocking STM “steals” ownership of a memory location from another transaction, rather than waiting for the other transaction to explicitly release it. Accessing stolen locations is more complicated and expensive than accessing unstolen ones, but stealing is worthwhile in order to avoid waiting for another transaction that is delayed for a long time.<br />
<br />
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====[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=3&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=transactional.TI.&s2=memory.TI.&OS=TTL/transactional+AND+TTL/memory&RS=TTL/transactional+AND+TTL/memory Non-blocking conditions]====<br />
<br />
=====Lock-free transactional memory=====<br />
*'''Lock-free transactional memory:''' A transactional memory implementation is lock-free if all its operations are lock-free and if some thread repeatedly attempts to commit transactions, then eventually some thread performs a successful commit.<br />
*'''Lock-freedom:''' An implementation of an operation is lock-free if after a finite number of steps of any execution of that operation, some operation execution completes (irrespective of the timing behavior of any concurrent operation executions). <br />
<br />
=====Wait-free transactional memory=====<br />
*'''Wait-free transactional memory:''' A transactional memory implementation is wait-free if all its operations are wait-free and any thread that repeatedly attempts to commit transactions eventually performs a successful commit.<br />
*'''Wait-freedom''': An implementation of an operation is wait-free if after a finite number of steps of any execution of that operation, that operation execution completes (irrespective of the timing behavior of any concurrent operation executions).<br />
<br />
=====Obstruction-free transactional memory=====<br />
*'''Obstruction-free transactional memory:''' A transactional memory implementation is obstruction-free if all its operations are obstruction-free and if some thread repeatedly attempts to commit transactions, and runs in isolation after some point, then it eventually performs a successful commit. <br />
*'''Obstruction-freedom:''' An implementation of an operation is obstruction-free if every operation execution that executes in isolation after some point completes after a finite number of steps.<br />
<br />
===Hardware based Transactional memory===<br />
*HTM comprises hardware transactions implemented entirely in processor hardware. For hardware transactions, data may be stored in hardware registers and cache, such that all cache actions are done atomically in hardware and data in the HTM is only written to the main memory upon committing the transaction. The HTM holds all the speculative writes without propagating to the main system memory, such as a Random Access Memory (RAM) device, until the transaction commits. If the hardware transaction aborts, then the cache lines holding the tentative writes in the HTM are discarded. HTM hardware transactions may utilize cache coherency protocols to detect and manage conflicts between HTM hardware transactions. The cache coherency protocols keep track of accesses within a hardware transaction. If two hardware transactions are accessing a same memory location, then the HTM aborts one transaction if there is a conflict, else the transaction's changes may be committed to the system memory.<br />
*HTM transactions usually require less overhead then STM transactions because HTM transactions occur entirely in hardware. HTM transactions may be limited to smaller transactions due to hardware limitations, whereas STM transactions can handle large and longer transactions. [http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070143287%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070143287&RS=DN/20070143287 Source]<br />
*The multi-core processor '''Rock''' supports [http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/TRANSACT2008-ATMTP-Apps.pdf Hardware Transactional Memory] (HTM).<br />
*'''Rock'''’s HTM feature is an important but modest first step in integrating HTM support into a mainstream commercial multi-core processor.<br />
*'''Rock''' supports HTM with two new instructions, chkpt and commit, and a new checkpoint status (cps) register. A transaction is started by a chkpt instruction, and is terminated by either a commit instruction or the failure of the transaction. If a transaction fails, some indication of the cause of failure is stored in the cps register, and control is transferred to the PC-relative offset (fail pc) specified by the chkpt instruction.<br />
<br />
====Adaptive Transactional Memory Test Platform====<br />
*The [http://www.cs.wisc.edu/gems/doc/gems-wiki/moin.cgi/ATMTP Adaptive Transactional Memory Test Platform] (ATMTP) provides a first-order approximation of the success and failure characteristics of transactions on '''Rock'''. ATMTP will allow developers to test and tune their code for '''Rock'''.<br />
*ATMTP correctly models '''Rock'''’s HTM-related instructions, and fairly accurately reflects most of the circumstances that cause '''Rock''' transactions to fail. ATMTP provides a good platform for experimenting with HTM-based code that will behave similarly on '''Rock'''.<br />
<br />
====Unbounded Hardware Transactional Memory (UHTM)====<br />
*[http://supertech.csail.mit.edu/papers/xaction.pdf UHTM] is commited in-cache. When not possible, hardware “spills” transaction information into memory, allowing (essentially) unbounded transactions. UTM is more appealing for programmer, but is significantly more complicated. Unbounded means that there is no limit on the number of locations accessed by the transaction.<br />
<br />
====Best-effort Hardware Transactional Memory====<br />
*Best-effort Hardware Transactional Memory transactions are committed in-cache and aborted if they don’t fit. Best-effort Hardware Transactional Memory has simple design.Best-effort Hardware Transactional Memory violates Principle of Least Astonishment. Programmer should not have to think about cache mapping, cache size, cache organization, etc.<br />
*[http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/TRANSACT2008-ATMTP-Apps.pdf Best-effort HTM] does not guarantee to support transactions of any size and duration, and thus is free to simply abort transactions that exceed on-chip resources for HTM or encounter difficult events or situations.<br />
<br />
====Split Hardware Transaction (SpHT)====<br />
*The [http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/PPoPP2008-SpHT.pdf Split Hardware Transaction (SpHT])uses minimal software support to combine multiple segments of an atomic block, each executed using a separate hardware transaction, into one atomic operation. The idea of segmenting transactions can be used for many purposes, including nesting, local retry, or Else, and user-level thread scheduling. SpHT overcomes the limited expressive power of best-effort HTM while imposing overheads dramatically lower than STM and preserving useful guarantees such as strong atomicity provided by the underlying HTM.<br />
<br />
====Virtualized Transactional Memory (VTM)====<br />
*[http://www.cs.wisc.edu/trans-memory/misc-papers/moir:hybrid-tm:tr:2005.pdf Virtualized TM (VTM)] maintains atomicity and isolation even if a transaction is interrupted by a cache overflow or a system event. VTM maps the key bookkeeping data structures for transactional execution (read set, write set, write buffer or undo-log) to virtual memory, which is effectively unbounded and is unaffected by system interruptions. The hardware caches hold the working set of these data structures. VTM also suggested the use of hardware signatures to avoid redundant searches through structures in virtual memory.<br />
<br />
====[http://research.microsoft.com/~larus/Papers/p80-larus.pdf Conflict detection]====<br />
*HTM systems rely on a computer’s cache hierarchy and the cache coherence protocol to implement conflict detection. Caches observe all reads and writes issued by a processor, can buffer a significant amount of data, and can be searched efficiently because of their associative organization. All HTMs modify the first-level caches, but the approach extends to higher-level caches, both private and shared.<br />
*Conflict detection occurs as other processors receive the coherence messages from the committing transaction. Hardware looks up the received block address in the local caches. If the block is in a cache and has its R or W bit set, there is a read-write or a write-write conflict between the committing and the local transaction. The hardware signals a software handler, which aborts the local transaction and potentially retries it after a backoff period.<br />
*'''Direct memory updates:''' For direct updates, the hardware transparently logs the original value in a memory block before its first modification by a transaction. If the transaction aborts, the log is used to undo any memory updates.<br />
*'''Early conflict detection :''' For early conflict detection, the hardware acquires exclusive access to the cache block on the first write and maintains it until the transaction commits.<br />
<br />
===Hybrid Transactional memory (HyTM)===<br />
*The HyTM approach is to provide an STM implementation that does not depend on hardware support beyond what is widely available today, and also to provide the ability to execute transactions using whatever HTM support is available in such a way that the two types of transactions can coexist correctly.<br />
*The key idea to achieving correct interaction between software transactions and hardware transactions is to augment hardware transactions with additional code that ensures that the transaction does not commit if it conflicts with an ongoing software transaction. <br />
<br />
====Phased Transactional Memory (PhTM)====<br />
*[http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/TRANSACT2007-PhTM.pdf Phased Transactional Memory (PhTM])supports switching between different “phases”, each implemented by a different form of transactional memory support. PhTM allows to adapt between a variety of different transactional memory implementations.<br />
<br />
====Nonblocking Zero-Indirection Transactional Memory (NZTM)====<br />
*[http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/TRANSACT2007-NZTM.pdf Nonblocking Zero-Indirection Transactional Memory (NZTM)] is a nonblocking, zero-indirection object-based hybrid transactional memory system. NZTM can execute transactions using best-effort hardware transactional memory or by using compatible software transactional memory system.<br />
<br />
====[http://research.microsoft.com/~larus/Papers/p80-larus.pdf Hardware-Accelerated STM (HASTM)]====<br />
*Hardware-Accelerated STM (HASTM) system proposes hardware support to reduce the overhead of STM instrumentation. The supplementary hardware allows software to build fast filters that could accelerate the common case of read set maintenance.<br />
*HASTM provides the STM with two capabilities through per-thread mark bits at the granularity of cache blocks. <br />
*'''Conflict detection:''' Software can check if a mark bit was previously set for a given block of memory and that no other thread wrote to the block since it was marked.<br />
*'''Validation:''' Software can query if potentially there were writes by other threads to any of the memory blocks that the thread marked.<br />
<br />
====[http://research.microsoft.com/~larus/Papers/p80-larus.pdf Signature-Accelerated STM (SigTM)]====<br />
*[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1250673 Signature-Accelerated STM (SigTM)]uses hardware signatures to encode the read set and write set for software transactions. A hardware Bloom filter outside of the caches computes the signatures.b Software instrumentation provides the filters with the addresses of the objects read or written within a transaction. To detect conflicts, hardware in the computer monitors coherence traffic for requests for exclusive accesses to a cache block, which indicates a memory update.<br />
*The hardware tests if the address in a request is potentially in a transaction’s read or write set by examining the transaction’s signatures. If so, the memory reference is a potential conflict and the STM can either abort a transaction or turn to software validation.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Search strategy==<br />
===Search concepts===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" align="left"<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Transactional memory'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Atomic memory transactions'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Concurrency control'''<br />
|bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Shared memory access'''<br />
|-<br />
|transactional memory<br />
|atomic memory transactions<br />
|concurrency control<br />
|shared memory synchronization<br />
|-<br />
|transactional execution AND memory<br />
|atomically memory accesses<br />
|concurrent computing<br />
|shared memory access<br />
|-<br />
|hybrid transactional memory<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|software transactional memory<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|hardware transactional memory<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br clear="all"><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Search strings===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" align="left"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Concepts'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Scope'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Search string'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''No of hits'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|''' '''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Transactional memory'''<br />
|rowspan = "3"|'''Search scope:''' US Granted US Applications EP-A EP-B WO JP DE-C,B DE-A DE-T DE-U GB-A FR-A; <br>'''Claims, Title or Abstract'''<br>'''Years: '''1836-2008<br />
|(transactional ADJ memory) OR ((transactional ADJ execution) SAME memory)<br />
|align = "center"|'''167'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Other Keywords'''<br />
|(atomic<nowiki>*</nowiki>4 NEAR2 memory NEAR2 (transaction<nowiki>*</nowiki>1 OR access<nowiki>*</nowiki>2)) OR (((concurrency ADJ control) OR (concurrent ADJ computing)) WITH ((shared ADJ memory) AND (synchronization OR access<nowiki>*</nowiki>2)))<br />
|align = "center"|'''24'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#FFFF99"|'''Final'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''1 OR 2'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''82 unique (189 patents including families)'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br clear="all"><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==IP Trend==<br />
*75 patents published in the last 10 years.<br />
*Patent filing is more in the last 4 years(75 %)<br />
<br />
[[Image:Year_wise_graph-Transactional_memory.jpg|align|thumb|center|500px|Year wise graph]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Key companies==<br />
* Intel(26 patents) and Sun Microsystems (19 patents) are major players. <br />
* Microsoft(11 patents) and IBM(7 patents) are next to them. <br />
<br />
[[Image:Assignee_graph-Transactional_memory.jpg|align|thumb|center|500px|Top Assignees]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Top IPC and US Classes==<br />
*'''Top IPC class:''' G06F<br />
<br />
[[Image:IPC_class-Transactional_memory.jpg|align|thumb|center|500px|IPC class]]<br />
<br />
*'''Top US class:''' 711, 707, 712, 717, 718<br />
[[Image:US_class-Transactional_memory.jpg|align|thumb|center|500px|US class]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Sample analysis==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">S.No.</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">Patent/Publication No.</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">Title</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">Transactional memory</font><br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">Summary</font><br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">1</font><br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040015642%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040015642&RS=DN/20040015642 US20040015642A1]</u></font><br />
|Software transactional memory for dynamically sizable shared data structures<br />
|align = "center"|Dynamic STM (DSTM)<br />
|A software transactional memory that allows concurrent non-blocking access to a dynamically sizable data structure defined in shared storage managed by the software transactional memory is described. The implementation is called dynamic software transactional memory (DSTM). DSTM techniques allow transactions and transactional objects to be created dynamically. The non-blocking property considered here is obstruction-freedom.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">2</font><br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20060085591.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060085591&RS=DN/20060085591 US20060085591A1]</u></font><br />
|Hybrid hardware and software implementation of transactional memory access<br />
|align = "center"|Phased Transactional Memory (PhTM)<br />
|The invention relates to a hybrid hardware and software implementation of transactional memory accesses in a computer system. A processor including a transactional cache and a regular cache is utilized in a computer system that includes a policy manager to select one of a first mode (a hardware mode) or a second mode (a software mode) to implement transactional memory accesses. In the hardware mode the transactional cache is utilized to perform read and write memory operations and in the software mode the regular cache is utilized to perform read and write memory operations.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">3</font><br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20070028056.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070028056&RS=DN/20070028056 US20070028056A1]</u></font><br />
|Direct-update software transactional memory<br />
|align = "center"|Dynamic STM (DSTM)<br />
|A transactional memory programming interface allows a thread to directly and safely access one or more shared memory locations within a transaction while maintaining control structures to manage memory accesses to those same locations by one or more other concurrent threads. Each memory location accessed by the thread is associated with an enlistment record, and each thread maintains a transaction log of its memory accesses.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">4</font><br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20070156780.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070156780&RS=DN/20070156780 US20070156780A1]</u></font><br />
|Protecting shared variables in a software transactional memory system<br />
|align = "center"|Dynamic STM (DSTM)<br />
|For a variable accessed at least once in a software-based transactional memory system (STM) defined (STM-defined) critical region of a program, modifying an access to the variable that occurs outside any STM-defined critical region system by starting a hardware based transactional memory based transaction, within the hardware based transactional memory based transaction, checking if the variable is currently owned by a STM transaction, If the variable is not currently owned by a STM transaction, performing the access and then committing the hardware based transactional memory transaction and if the variable is currently owned by a STM transaction, performing a responsive action.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">5</font><br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20070156994.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070156994&RS=DN/20070156994 US20070156994A1]</u></font><br />
|Unbounded transactional memory systems<br />
|align = "center"|Unbounded Hardware Transactional Memory (UHTM)<br />
|Methods and apparatus to provide unbounded transactional memory systems are described. Transactional memory is implemented through a table lookup mechanism. To access a shared resource, a thread may first check a table stored in memory to determine whether another thread is accessing the same portion of the shared resource. Accessing a table that is stored in memory may generate overhead that decreases performance.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">6</font><br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20070239942.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070239942&RS=DN/20070239942 US20070239942A1]</u></font><br />
|Transactional memory virtualization<br />
|align = "center"|Virtualized Transactional Memory (VTM)<br />
|Methods and apparatus to provide transactional memory execution in a virtualized mode are described. Data corresponding to a transactional memory access request is stored in a portion of a memory after an operation corresponding to the transactional memory access request causes an overflow and a stored value may be updated for an occurrence of the overflow.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">7</font><br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20070300238.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070300238&RS=DN/20070300238 US20070300238A1]</u></font><br />
|Adapting software programs to operate in software transactional memory environments<br />
|align = "center"|Dynamic Software Transactional Memory 2.0 (DSTM2)<br />
|Software transactional memory is used in non-managed language environments and with legacy codes without requiring a software programmer to change the programming paradigm they are currently used to. STM adapter system automatically transforms all the binary code executed within that block to execute atomically. STM adapter system automatically transforms lock-based critical sections in existing binary code to atomic blocks,<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">8</font><br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20080005504.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080005504&RS=DN/20080005504 US20080005504A1]</u></font><br />
|Global overflow method for virtualized transactional memory<br />
|align = "center"|Virtualized Transactional Memory (VTM)<br />
|A method and apparatus for virtualizing and/or extending transactional memory is described. Transactions are executed using local shared transactional memory, such as a cache memory. Upon overflowing the shared transactional memory, the transactional memory is virtualized and/or extended into a higher-level memory, such as a system memory.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">9</font><br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PG01&p=1&S1=20080098374.PGNR.&OS=DN/20080098374&RS=DN/20080098374 US20080098374A1]</u></font><br />
|Method and apparatus for performing dynamic optimization for software transactional memory<br />
|align = "center"|Dynamic STM (DSTM)<br />
|The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for performing dynamic optimization for STM. An optimistically immutable field is determined in the transaction to write. The transaction optimization unit keeps track of the status of object and class fields in a transaction. The transaction optimization unit invalidates methods corresponding to an optimistically immutable field in response to determining that the field has been written to and is therefore not immutable.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#969696"|<font color="#00FFFF">10</font><br />
|align = "center"|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/fetch.jsp?LANG=ENG&DBSELECT=PCT&SERVER_TYPE=19-10&SORT=41253138-KEY&TYPE_FIELD=256&IDB=0&IDOC=1629252&C=10&ELEMENT_SET=B&RESULT=1&TOTAL=1&START=1&DISP=25&FORM=SEP-0/HITNUM,B-ENG,DP,MC,AN,PA,ABSUM-ENG&SEARCH_IA=US2008050081&QUE WO2008088931A2]</u></font><br />
|FACILITATING EFFICIENT TRANSACTIONAL MEMORY AND ATOMIC OPERATIONS VIA CACHE LINE MARKING<br />
|align = "center"|Hardware-Accelerated STM (HASTM)-Conflict detection<br />
|The system starts by executing a transaction for a thread, wherein executing the transaction involves placing load-marks on cache lines which are loaded during the transaction and placing store-marks on cache lines which are stored to during the transaction. Upon completing the transaction, the system releases the load-marks and the store-marks from the cache lines which were load-marked and store-marked during the transaction. Note that during the transaction, the load-marks and store-marks prevent interfering accesses from other threads to the cache lines.<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Patent dashboard==<br />
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| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
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|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_-_Hair_Loss&diff=7373Alopecia - Hair Loss2010-03-23T17:15:13Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Interactive Taxonomy */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCrightEx}}<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55 Source]<br />
* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/ Source]<br />
* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE= Source]<br><br><br />
<br />
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<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
=== Hair basics ===<br />
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.<br />
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.<br />
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of lips, eyelids, palms of the hands and soles of the feet.<br />
* Hair is basically a form of skin. <br />
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.<br />
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin. <br />
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm Source]<br />
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html Source]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]<br />
<br />
=== What causes hair loss? === <br />
* Decrease in growth of hair <br />
* Increase in shedding of hair <br />
* Breakage of hair <br />
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs <br />
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]<br />
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Types of alopecia===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia Areata (AA): Hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.<br />
* Alopecia Totalis (AT): Total loss of the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia Universalis (AU): Total loss of all hair on the body.<br />
* Alopecia Barbae: Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.<br />
* Alopecia Mucinosa: A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.<br />
* Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA): Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.<br />
* Traction Alopecia: Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles from developing and leads to permanent hair loss.<br />
* Anagen Effluvium: This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then leads to total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.<br />
* Scarring Alopecia: A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.<br />
* Telogen Effluvium: A form of hair loss where more than normal numbers of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. ([http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp Source])<br />
<br />
=== Androgenetic alopecia ===<br />
* Gradual onset<br />
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, non-pigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas<br />
* Characterized by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head<br />
<br />
'''Main causes'''<br />
* Genetic predisposition<br />
* Hormonal effect of androgen <br />
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle<br />
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells<br />
<br />
'''Some facts from Japan''' <br />
<br />
* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion<br />
* Number of products: more than 100<br />
<br />
(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)<br />
<br />
== IP activity over the years ==<br />
The graph indicates:<br />
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).<br />
* First solution proposed in 1973<br />
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.<br />
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]<br />
<br />
== Major players ==<br />
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]<br />
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br><br />
<br />
* '''Active assignees'''<br />
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005. <br />
* Warner with 9 patents,<br />
* Bristol with 6 and<br />
* Abbott with 5.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]<br />
<br />
== Taxonomy ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Alopecia toxonomy.jpg|thumb|center|800px]]<br />
<br />
== Interactive Taxonomy ==<br />
''Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the detailed taxonomy'' <br><br />
''Click on the red arrow on the side of a node name to view the content for that particular node in the dashboard'' <br />
<br />
<mm>[[Map12.mm]]</mm><br />
<br />
== Treatment Approaches==<br />
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:<br />
<br />
* Anti-androgens (Finasteride) [http://www.emedicine.com/DERM/topic21.htm source]<br />
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil) [http://www.emedicine.com/DERM/topic21.htm source]<br />
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)<br />
* Hair matrix cells activator<br />
<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"<br />
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"<br />
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected<br />
<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway<br />
<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway<br />
<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator<br />
| <br />
* Wnt pathway<br />
* STAT pathway<br />
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway<br />
* FGF Pathway<br />
* MAPK Pathway<br />
* NOTCH Pathway<br />
* Hedgehog Pathway<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Anti-androgens ===<br />
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.<br />
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.<br />
<br />
'''What causes hair loss?'''<br />
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.<br />
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle. <br />
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.<br />
<br />
'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''<br />
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.<br />
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.<br />
<br />
==== Functions of Anti-androgen ==== <br />
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]<br />
<br />
==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"<br />
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''<br />
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''<br />
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition''' <br />
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[[US20060009430]] <br />
BLOTECH (2004)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone<br />
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.<br />
<br />
Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.<br />
<br />
Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]<br />
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulator and blocks formation of DHT.<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]<br />
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]<br />
APHIOS Corp (2003)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]<br />
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]<br />
PFIZER INC (2001)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]<br />
N/A (1995)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]<br />
KAO Corp (1987)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===<br />
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.<br />
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.<br />
<br />
'''What causes hair loss?'''<br />
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries line the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.<br />
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.<br />
<br />
'''How does Minoxidil treat hair loss?'''<br />
* Minoxidil is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.<br />
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro and in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells. ([http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php Source])<br />
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.<br />
<br />
==== Functions of Vasodilators ==== <br />
<br />
[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]<br />
<br />
==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"<br />
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''<br />
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''<br />
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''<br />
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''<br />
|- style="height:100px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]<br />
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers<br />
|- style="height:100px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]<br />
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===<br />
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.<br />
<br />
'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''<br />
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.<br />
* Anti-androgen only prevents binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.<br />
<br />
'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''<br />
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) do not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles. <br />
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilate blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT still gets produced in the body, enters the scalp and hair follicles causing hair loss.<br />
<br />
'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''<br />
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.<br />
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil cause vasodilation and therefore improve supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.<br />
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.<br />
<br />
==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== <br />
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]<br />
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]<br />
<br />
==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"<br />
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''<br />
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''<br />
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition''' <br />
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''<br />
|- style="height:100px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405] <br />
N/A(2000)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhancer and sunscreen<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp<br />
|- style="height:100px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577] <br />
L'OREAL(2000)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP<br />
|- style="height:100px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762] <br />
COLOMER GROUP(1999)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Hair matrix cell activator ===<br />
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.<br />
<br />
'''What causes hair loss?'''<br />
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.<br />
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.<br />
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.<br />
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''<br />
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.<br />
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.<br />
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.<br />
<br />
==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ====<br />
[http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]<br />
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]<br />
<br />
==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"<br />
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''<br />
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition''' <br />
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''<br />
|- style="height:50px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]<br />
SHISEIDO(1999) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect<br />
|- style="height:50px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]<br />
L'OREAL(1998) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slows down or inhibits the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surrounding the hair follicle) <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Technology mapping based on patents analyzed ==<br />
<br />
=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"<br />
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts''' <br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''<br />
|- style="height:10px"<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005 <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004 <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|}<br />
=== Focus of patents ===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"<br />
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''<br />
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''<br />
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Technology focus===<br />
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]<br />
=== Distribution of patents ===<br />
<br />
==== By patent types ====<br />
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==== By key ingredients ====<br />
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]<br />
<br />
==== By target disease ====<br />
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====<br />
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Target species ====<br />
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Mode of administration ====<br />
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Product type vs. Product form ====<br />
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]<br />
<br />
==== Patents by target diseases ====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"<br />
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''<br />
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''<br />
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders. <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Patents by application ====<br />
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]<br />
<br />
==== [[List of patents]] ====<br />
== Pathways and linkages ==<br />
<br />
=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===<br />
<br />
'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.<br />
<br />
* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.<br />
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.<br />
* '''STAT pathway'''<br />
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation<br />
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.<br />
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.<br />
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.<br />
<br />
=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===<br />
[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]<br />
==== Players of WNT inhibition Pathway ==== <br />
[[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"<br />
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''<br />
|- style="height:10px"<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds <br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds <br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds <br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, ß-catenin<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7 <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|ß-catenin, GSK3, Wnt<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|ß-catenin<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|a-catenin, ß-catenin<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|ß-catenin<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|ß-catenin<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====<br />
'''Pyrazole'''<br />
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.<br />
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of a,ß-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation <br />
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]<br />
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.<br />
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.<br />
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]<br />
<br />
==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====<br />
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"<br />
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]<br />
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]<br />
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247] <br />
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]<br />
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256] <br />
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein <br />
T is a valence bond and <br />
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring; <br />
<br />
R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and <br />
R2'= hydrogen; <br />
<br />
R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein <br />
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and <br />
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and <br />
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring<br />
<br />
|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length; <br />
<br />
R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02; <br />
<br />
R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and <br />
<br />
R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).<br />
<br />
|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;<br />
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====<br />
<br />
'''Patent Number''': US6989385<br />
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''<br />
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors<br />
<br />
'''Basic Structure''':<br />
<br />
[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]<br />
<br />
'''Patent Number''': US7008948 <br />
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated<br />
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors<br />
<br />
'''Basic Structure'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]<br />
<br />
'''Patent Number''': US6977262<br />
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation<br />
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof<br />
<br />
'''Basic Structure''':<br />
<br />
[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''Patent Number''': US6664247<br />
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated<br />
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''<br />
<br />
'''Basic Structure''': <br />
<br />
[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944<br />
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC<br />
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors<br />
<br />
'''Basic Structure''': <br />
<br />
[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]<br />
<br />
[[Other derivates for alopecia]]<br />
<br />
==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====<br />
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]<br />
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified. <br />
<br />
* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.<br />
<br />
* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.<br />
<br />
* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.<br />
<br />
'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''<br />
<br />
'''Key points'''<br />
<br />
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]<br />
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]<br />
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]<br />
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]<br />
<br />
'''GK3 Inhibition:''' <br />
<br />
* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.<br />
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]<br />
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]<br />
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]<br />
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]<br />
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.<br />
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP. <br />
<br />
[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation. <br />
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation. <br />
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom. <br />
<br />
'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''<br />
<br />
[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]<br />
<br />
* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.<br />
<br />
* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.<br />
<br />
* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.<br />
<br />
* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive. <br />
<br />
* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.<br />
<br />
* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]<br />
<br />
# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation<br />
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation<br />
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation<br />
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation<br />
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins<br />
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations<br />
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity<br />
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.<br />
<br />
'''Key Finding'''<br />
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]<br />
<br />
=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===<br />
<br />
* Dihydrotestosterone <br />
** Formed by peripheral conversion of testosterone by 5-alpha reductase<br />
** Binds to androgen receptor on susceptible hair follicles<br />
* Hormone-receptor complex activates genes responsible for gradual transformation of large terminal follicles to miniaturized (progressive diminution of hair shaft diameter and length in response to systemic androgens) follicles<br />
<br />
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]<br />
<br />
==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====<br />
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]<br />
<br />
=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodilators) ===<br />
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana, a Vasodilator, acts on the NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression.<br />
[[image:vasodiator-rev.jpg|800 px|center]]<br />
<br />
== Alopecia IPMap == <br />
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/d8r3/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Patent activity in China ==<br />
===Treatment approaches===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center"|'''Treatment approach'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Patent number'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Priority year'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Assignee/Inventor'''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan = "7"|Vasodilators<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN200510107497.8&leixin=fmzl&title=治疗瘀血阻滞型脱发的中草药汤剂及制备方法&ipc=A61K36/804(2006.01)I CN1772105]<br />
|2005<br />
|叶明伟<br />
|-<br />
|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=CN1772139&F=0 CN1772139]<br />
|2005<br />
|王亚杰<br />
|-<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN03139861.8&leixin=fmzl&title=一种可用于治疗脱发、白发的天然中草药提取组合物及应用&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1569080]<br />
|2003<br />
|谈汝标<br />
|-<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN02155404.8&leixin=fmzl&title=毛囊激活液&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1506103]<br />
|2002<br />
|赵章光<br />
|-<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN01127395.X&leixin=fmzl&title=一种止脱生发药物及其制备方法&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1403100]<br />
|2001<br />
|范希田<br />
|-<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN96116925.7&leixin=fmzl&title=免洗养发生发香波&ipc=C11D3/48 CN1165181]<br />
|1996<br />
|殷国健<br />
|-<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN88103853.9&leixin=fmzl&title=一种通络生发香波&ipc=A61K7/06 CN1031022]<br />
|1988<br />
|天津市轻工业化学研究所<br />
|-<br />
|Hair matrix activator<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN02111941.4&leixin=fmzl&title=一种含中西药复方的育发剂&ipc=A61K7/06 CN1463693]<br />
|2002<br />
|朱静建<br />
|-<br />
|Anti-androgen <nowiki>+</nowiki> Vasodilator<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN96109964.X&leixin=fmzl&title=一种治疗脂溢性脱发的高效低副作用外用药物&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1150043]<br />
|1996<br />
|梅晓春<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Details of treatment approaches===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" align="left"<br />
|align = "center"|'''Patent number'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Patent title'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Treatment approach'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Composition nature'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Composition'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Composition action'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN200510107497.8&leixin=fmzl&title=治疗瘀血阻滞型脱发的中草药汤剂及制备方法&ipc=A61K36/804(2006.01)I CN1772105]<br>YE MINGWEI (CN)<br>叶明伟 (2005)<br />
|align = "justify"|Chinese herbal medicine decoction for treating blood stasis obstruction type alopecia and its prepn<br>治疗瘀血阻滞型脱发的中草药汤剂及制备方法<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|align = "justify"|Herbal extract<br />
|align = "justify"|Astragalus root, prepared rhizome of rehmannia, white peony root, angelica, peach kernel and sufflower<br />
|align = "justify"|Promote blood circulation<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=CN1772139&F=0 CN1772139<br>]WANG YAJIE (CN)<br>王亚杰 2005<br />
|align = "justify"|Alopecia areata treating medicine<br>一种治疗斑秃的药物<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|align = "justify"|Herbal extract<br />
|align = "justify"|Pinellia tuber, fleeceflower root, arborvitae seed, chickení s gizzard membrane, prepared rhizome of rehmannia, Poris cocos, Codonopsis pilosula, etc<br />
|align = "justify"|Promote blood circulation<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN03139861.8&leixin=fmzl&title=一种可用于治疗脱发、白发的天然中草药提取组合物及应用&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1569080]<br>TAN RUBIAO (CN)<br>谈汝标 2003<br />
|align = "justify"|Natural Chinese herb composition for treating alopecia and leucotrichia and its application<br>一种可用于治疗脱发、白发的天然中草药提取组合物及应用<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|align = "justify"|Herbal extract<br />
|align = "justify"|Ginger, Cinnamomum cassia, myrrh, clove, mace nutmeg, Loranthus mulberry mistletoe, rhizoma dioscoreae, ligustrum japonicum, drynaria, fleece-flower root, and black sesame seeds<br />
|align = "justify"|Enhances the hair growth and healthier hairs<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN02111941.4&leixin=fmzl&title=一种含中西药复方的育发剂&ipc=A61K7/06 CN1463693]<br>朱静建 2002<br />
|Hair growing preparation containing compound of Chinese medicine and Western medicine<br>一种含中西药复方的育发剂<br />
|align = "justify"|Hair matrix activator<br />
|Mixture of Herbal extracts and western medicine<br />
|align = "justify"|Persimmon leaf, oriental arbor-vitae leaf, ginseng leaf, yellow qi, fruit of the glossy privet, polygonum multiflorum, Kudzu root, dry ginger; Plus:Minoxidil, Vitamins and derivative, cystine, serine, leucine.<br />
|align = "justify"|Better and faster hair growth<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN02155404.8&leixin=fmzl&title=毛囊激活液&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1506103]<br>赵章光2002<br />
|align = "justify"|Hair follice activating liquid<br>毛囊激活液<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|align = "justify"|Herbal extract<br />
|align = "justify"|Ginseng, twists the stock blue, the licorice, the Sophora flavescens and hot peppers<br />
|align = "justify"|Activates the hair-follicle and enhances the hair growth.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN01127395.X&leixin=fmzl&title=一种止脱生发药物及其制备方法&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1403100]<br>范希田 2001<br />
|align = "justify"|Trichogen and its prepn<br>一种止脱生发药物及其制备方法<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|align = "justify"|Herbal extract<br />
|align = "justify"|Ginseng, ganoderma lucidum, Chinese rhubarb, polygonum multiflorum, Chinese prickly ash, ginger, grass seed<br />
|align = "justify"|Promote blood circulation and enhance hair growth<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN96116925.7&leixin=fmzl&title=免洗养发生发香波&ipc=C11D3/48 CN1165181]<br>殷国健 1996<br />
|Washing free shampoo for nourishing and growing hair<br>免洗养发生发香波<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilator<br />
|Vitamin composition<br />
|align = "justify"|Vitamin P (Bioflavonoids), Vitamin B15, Vitamin B2, nicotinic acid, bromo—geramineum<br />
|align = "justify"|Stimulate hair growth<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN96109964.X&leixin=fmzl&title=一种治疗脂溢性脱发的高效低副作用外用药物&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1150043]<br>梅晓春 1996<br />
|Efficient low-side effect external use medicine for curing seborrheic baldness<br>一种治疗脂溢性脱发的高效低副作用外用药物<br />
|align = "justify"|Anti-androgen <nowiki>+</nowiki> Vasodilator<br />
|Mixture of Herbal extracts and organic compounds<br />
|align = "justify"|Polygonum multiflorum, Ligustrum lucidum, Morus alba, Rehmannia glutinosa, Eclipta prostrata, Saliva miltiorrhiza, Carthamus tinctorius, Cnidium monnieri, Sophora flavescens, Dictamnus dasycarpus, Kochia scoparia, and antioxidants<br />
|align = "justify"|Inhibit the excess secretion of the sebaceous glands, increase the blood circulation on scalp and enhance the hair growth<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN88103853.9&leixin=fmzl&title=一种通络生发香波&ipc=A61K7/06 CN1031022]<br>天津市轻工业化学研究所 1988<br />
|Channel-stimulating and hair-growing hair shampoo<br>一种通络生发香波<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|Herbal extract <nowiki>+</nowiki> detergent<br />
|align = "justify"|<font color="#454545">Herbal extracts, Penetration media, Detergents.</font><br />
|align = "justify"|Increases the blood circulation under the scalp, reduces the hair los<br />
|-<br />
|}<br clear="all"><br />
<br />
<br />
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<br><br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.<br />
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.<br />
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.<br />
<br />
==Contact Dolcera==<br />
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|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_-_Hair_Loss&diff=7372Alopecia - Hair Loss2010-03-22T21:40:30Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Interactive Taxonomy */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCrightEx}}<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55 Source]<br />
* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/ Source]<br />
* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE= Source]<br><br><br />
<br />
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<br><br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
=== Hair basics ===<br />
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.<br />
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.<br />
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of lips, eyelids, palms of the hands and soles of the feet.<br />
* Hair is basically a form of skin. <br />
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.<br />
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin. <br />
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm Source]<br />
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html Source]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]<br />
<br />
=== What causes hair loss? === <br />
* Decrease in growth of hair <br />
* Increase in shedding of hair <br />
* Breakage of hair <br />
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs <br />
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]<br />
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Types of alopecia===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia Areata (AA): Hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.<br />
* Alopecia Totalis (AT): Total loss of the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia Universalis (AU): Total loss of all hair on the body.<br />
* Alopecia Barbae: Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.<br />
* Alopecia Mucinosa: A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.<br />
* Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA): Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.<br />
* Traction Alopecia: Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles from developing and leads to permanent hair loss.<br />
* Anagen Effluvium: This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then leads to total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.<br />
* Scarring Alopecia: A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.<br />
* Telogen Effluvium: A form of hair loss where more than normal numbers of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. ([http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp Source])<br />
<br />
=== Androgenetic alopecia ===<br />
* Gradual onset<br />
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, non-pigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas<br />
* Characterized by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head<br />
<br />
'''Main causes'''<br />
* Genetic predisposition<br />
* Hormonal effect of androgen <br />
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle<br />
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells<br />
<br />
'''Some facts from Japan''' <br />
<br />
* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion<br />
* Number of products: more than 100<br />
<br />
(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)<br />
<br />
== IP activity over the years ==<br />
The graph indicates:<br />
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).<br />
* First solution proposed in 1973<br />
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.<br />
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]<br />
<br />
== Major players ==<br />
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]<br />
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br><br />
<br />
* '''Active assignees'''<br />
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005. <br />
* Warner with 9 patents,<br />
* Bristol with 6 and<br />
* Abbott with 5.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]<br />
<br />
== Taxonomy ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Alopecia toxonomy.jpg|thumb|center|800px]]<br />
<br />
== Interactive Taxonomy ==<br />
''Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the detailed taxonomy'' <br><br />
''Click on the red arrow on the side of a node name to view the content for that particular node in the dashboard <br />
''<br />
<mm>[[Map12.mm]]</mm><br />
<br />
== Treatment Approaches==<br />
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:<br />
<br />
* Anti-androgens (Finasteride) [http://www.emedicine.com/DERM/topic21.htm source]<br />
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil) [http://www.emedicine.com/DERM/topic21.htm source]<br />
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)<br />
* Hair matrix cells activator<br />
<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"<br />
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"<br />
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected<br />
<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway<br />
<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway<br />
<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator<br />
| <br />
* Wnt pathway<br />
* STAT pathway<br />
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway<br />
* FGF Pathway<br />
* MAPK Pathway<br />
* NOTCH Pathway<br />
* Hedgehog Pathway<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Anti-androgens ===<br />
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.<br />
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.<br />
<br />
'''What causes hair loss?'''<br />
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.<br />
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle. <br />
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.<br />
<br />
'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''<br />
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.<br />
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.<br />
<br />
==== Functions of Anti-androgen ==== <br />
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]<br />
<br />
==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"<br />
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''<br />
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''<br />
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition''' <br />
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[[US20060009430]] <br />
BLOTECH (2004)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone<br />
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.<br />
<br />
Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.<br />
<br />
Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]<br />
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulator and blocks formation of DHT.<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]<br />
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]<br />
APHIOS Corp (2003)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]<br />
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]<br />
PFIZER INC (2001)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]<br />
N/A (1995)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]<br />
KAO Corp (1987)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===<br />
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.<br />
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.<br />
<br />
'''What causes hair loss?'''<br />
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries line the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.<br />
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.<br />
<br />
'''How does Minoxidil treat hair loss?'''<br />
* Minoxidil is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.<br />
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro and in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells. ([http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php Source])<br />
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.<br />
<br />
==== Functions of Vasodilators ==== <br />
<br />
[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]<br />
<br />
==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"<br />
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''<br />
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''<br />
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''<br />
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''<br />
|- style="height:100px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]<br />
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers<br />
|- style="height:100px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]<br />
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===<br />
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.<br />
<br />
'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''<br />
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.<br />
* Anti-androgen only prevents binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.<br />
<br />
'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''<br />
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) do not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles. <br />
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilate blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT still gets produced in the body, enters the scalp and hair follicles causing hair loss.<br />
<br />
'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''<br />
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.<br />
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil cause vasodilation and therefore improve supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.<br />
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.<br />
<br />
==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== <br />
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]<br />
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]<br />
<br />
==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"<br />
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''<br />
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''<br />
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition''' <br />
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''<br />
|- style="height:100px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405] <br />
N/A(2000)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhancer and sunscreen<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp<br />
|- style="height:100px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577] <br />
L'OREAL(2000)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP<br />
|- style="height:100px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762] <br />
COLOMER GROUP(1999)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Hair matrix cell activator ===<br />
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.<br />
<br />
'''What causes hair loss?'''<br />
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.<br />
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.<br />
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.<br />
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''<br />
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.<br />
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.<br />
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.<br />
<br />
==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ====<br />
[http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]<br />
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]<br />
<br />
==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"<br />
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''<br />
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition''' <br />
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''<br />
|- style="height:50px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]<br />
SHISEIDO(1999) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect<br />
|- style="height:50px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]<br />
L'OREAL(1998) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slows down or inhibits the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surrounding the hair follicle) <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Technology mapping based on patents analyzed ==<br />
<br />
=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"<br />
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts''' <br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''<br />
|- style="height:10px"<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005 <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004 <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|}<br />
=== Focus of patents ===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"<br />
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''<br />
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''<br />
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Technology focus===<br />
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]<br />
=== Distribution of patents ===<br />
<br />
==== By patent types ====<br />
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==== By key ingredients ====<br />
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]<br />
<br />
==== By target disease ====<br />
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====<br />
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Target species ====<br />
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Mode of administration ====<br />
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Product type vs. Product form ====<br />
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]<br />
<br />
==== Patents by target diseases ====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"<br />
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''<br />
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''<br />
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders. <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Patents by application ====<br />
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]<br />
<br />
==== [[List of patents]] ====<br />
== Pathways and linkages ==<br />
<br />
=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===<br />
<br />
'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.<br />
<br />
* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.<br />
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.<br />
* '''STAT pathway'''<br />
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation<br />
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.<br />
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.<br />
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.<br />
<br />
=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===<br />
[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]<br />
==== Players of WNT inhibition Pathway ==== <br />
[[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"<br />
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''<br />
|- style="height:10px"<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds <br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds <br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds <br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, ß-catenin<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7 <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|ß-catenin, GSK3, Wnt<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|ß-catenin<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|a-catenin, ß-catenin<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|ß-catenin<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|ß-catenin<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====<br />
'''Pyrazole'''<br />
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.<br />
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of a,ß-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation <br />
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]<br />
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.<br />
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.<br />
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]<br />
<br />
==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====<br />
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"<br />
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]<br />
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]<br />
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247] <br />
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]<br />
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256] <br />
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein <br />
T is a valence bond and <br />
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring; <br />
<br />
R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and <br />
R2'= hydrogen; <br />
<br />
R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein <br />
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and <br />
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and <br />
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring<br />
<br />
|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length; <br />
<br />
R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02; <br />
<br />
R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and <br />
<br />
R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).<br />
<br />
|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;<br />
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====<br />
<br />
'''Patent Number''': US6989385<br />
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''<br />
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors<br />
<br />
'''Basic Structure''':<br />
<br />
[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]<br />
<br />
'''Patent Number''': US7008948 <br />
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated<br />
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors<br />
<br />
'''Basic Structure'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]<br />
<br />
'''Patent Number''': US6977262<br />
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation<br />
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof<br />
<br />
'''Basic Structure''':<br />
<br />
[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''Patent Number''': US6664247<br />
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated<br />
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''<br />
<br />
'''Basic Structure''': <br />
<br />
[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944<br />
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC<br />
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors<br />
<br />
'''Basic Structure''': <br />
<br />
[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]<br />
<br />
[[Other derivates for alopecia]]<br />
<br />
==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====<br />
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]<br />
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified. <br />
<br />
* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.<br />
<br />
* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.<br />
<br />
* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.<br />
<br />
'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''<br />
<br />
'''Key points'''<br />
<br />
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]<br />
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]<br />
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]<br />
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]<br />
<br />
'''GK3 Inhibition:''' <br />
<br />
* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.<br />
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]<br />
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]<br />
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]<br />
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]<br />
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.<br />
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP. <br />
<br />
[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation. <br />
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation. <br />
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom. <br />
<br />
'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''<br />
<br />
[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]<br />
<br />
* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.<br />
<br />
* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.<br />
<br />
* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.<br />
<br />
* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive. <br />
<br />
* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.<br />
<br />
* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]<br />
<br />
# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation<br />
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation<br />
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation<br />
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation<br />
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins<br />
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations<br />
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity<br />
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.<br />
<br />
'''Key Finding'''<br />
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]<br />
<br />
=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===<br />
<br />
* Dihydrotestosterone <br />
** Formed by peripheral conversion of testosterone by 5-alpha reductase<br />
** Binds to androgen receptor on susceptible hair follicles<br />
* Hormone-receptor complex activates genes responsible for gradual transformation of large terminal follicles to miniaturized (progressive diminution of hair shaft diameter and length in response to systemic androgens) follicles<br />
<br />
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]<br />
<br />
==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====<br />
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]<br />
<br />
=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodilators) ===<br />
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana, a Vasodilator, acts on the NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression.<br />
[[image:vasodiator-rev.jpg|800 px|center]]<br />
<br />
== Alopecia IPMap == <br />
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/d8r3/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Patent activity in China ==<br />
===Treatment approaches===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center"|'''Treatment approach'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Patent number'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Priority year'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Assignee/Inventor'''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan = "7"|Vasodilators<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN200510107497.8&leixin=fmzl&title=治疗瘀血阻滞型脱发的中草药汤剂及制备方法&ipc=A61K36/804(2006.01)I CN1772105]<br />
|2005<br />
|叶明伟<br />
|-<br />
|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=CN1772139&F=0 CN1772139]<br />
|2005<br />
|王亚杰<br />
|-<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN03139861.8&leixin=fmzl&title=一种可用于治疗脱发、白发的天然中草药提取组合物及应用&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1569080]<br />
|2003<br />
|谈汝标<br />
|-<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN02155404.8&leixin=fmzl&title=毛囊激活液&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1506103]<br />
|2002<br />
|赵章光<br />
|-<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN01127395.X&leixin=fmzl&title=一种止脱生发药物及其制备方法&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1403100]<br />
|2001<br />
|范希田<br />
|-<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN96116925.7&leixin=fmzl&title=免洗养发生发香波&ipc=C11D3/48 CN1165181]<br />
|1996<br />
|殷国健<br />
|-<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN88103853.9&leixin=fmzl&title=一种通络生发香波&ipc=A61K7/06 CN1031022]<br />
|1988<br />
|天津市轻工业化学研究所<br />
|-<br />
|Hair matrix activator<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN02111941.4&leixin=fmzl&title=一种含中西药复方的育发剂&ipc=A61K7/06 CN1463693]<br />
|2002<br />
|朱静建<br />
|-<br />
|Anti-androgen <nowiki>+</nowiki> Vasodilator<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN96109964.X&leixin=fmzl&title=一种治疗脂溢性脱发的高效低副作用外用药物&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1150043]<br />
|1996<br />
|梅晓春<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Details of treatment approaches===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" align="left"<br />
|align = "center"|'''Patent number'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Patent title'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Treatment approach'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Composition nature'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Composition'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Composition action'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN200510107497.8&leixin=fmzl&title=治疗瘀血阻滞型脱发的中草药汤剂及制备方法&ipc=A61K36/804(2006.01)I CN1772105]<br>YE MINGWEI (CN)<br>叶明伟 (2005)<br />
|align = "justify"|Chinese herbal medicine decoction for treating blood stasis obstruction type alopecia and its prepn<br>治疗瘀血阻滞型脱发的中草药汤剂及制备方法<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|align = "justify"|Herbal extract<br />
|align = "justify"|Astragalus root, prepared rhizome of rehmannia, white peony root, angelica, peach kernel and sufflower<br />
|align = "justify"|Promote blood circulation<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=CN1772139&F=0 CN1772139<br>]WANG YAJIE (CN)<br>王亚杰 2005<br />
|align = "justify"|Alopecia areata treating medicine<br>一种治疗斑秃的药物<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|align = "justify"|Herbal extract<br />
|align = "justify"|Pinellia tuber, fleeceflower root, arborvitae seed, chickení s gizzard membrane, prepared rhizome of rehmannia, Poris cocos, Codonopsis pilosula, etc<br />
|align = "justify"|Promote blood circulation<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN03139861.8&leixin=fmzl&title=一种可用于治疗脱发、白发的天然中草药提取组合物及应用&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1569080]<br>TAN RUBIAO (CN)<br>谈汝标 2003<br />
|align = "justify"|Natural Chinese herb composition for treating alopecia and leucotrichia and its application<br>一种可用于治疗脱发、白发的天然中草药提取组合物及应用<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|align = "justify"|Herbal extract<br />
|align = "justify"|Ginger, Cinnamomum cassia, myrrh, clove, mace nutmeg, Loranthus mulberry mistletoe, rhizoma dioscoreae, ligustrum japonicum, drynaria, fleece-flower root, and black sesame seeds<br />
|align = "justify"|Enhances the hair growth and healthier hairs<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN02111941.4&leixin=fmzl&title=一种含中西药复方的育发剂&ipc=A61K7/06 CN1463693]<br>朱静建 2002<br />
|Hair growing preparation containing compound of Chinese medicine and Western medicine<br>一种含中西药复方的育发剂<br />
|align = "justify"|Hair matrix activator<br />
|Mixture of Herbal extracts and western medicine<br />
|align = "justify"|Persimmon leaf, oriental arbor-vitae leaf, ginseng leaf, yellow qi, fruit of the glossy privet, polygonum multiflorum, Kudzu root, dry ginger; Plus:Minoxidil, Vitamins and derivative, cystine, serine, leucine.<br />
|align = "justify"|Better and faster hair growth<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN02155404.8&leixin=fmzl&title=毛囊激活液&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1506103]<br>赵章光2002<br />
|align = "justify"|Hair follice activating liquid<br>毛囊激活液<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|align = "justify"|Herbal extract<br />
|align = "justify"|Ginseng, twists the stock blue, the licorice, the Sophora flavescens and hot peppers<br />
|align = "justify"|Activates the hair-follicle and enhances the hair growth.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN01127395.X&leixin=fmzl&title=一种止脱生发药物及其制备方法&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1403100]<br>范希田 2001<br />
|align = "justify"|Trichogen and its prepn<br>一种止脱生发药物及其制备方法<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|align = "justify"|Herbal extract<br />
|align = "justify"|Ginseng, ganoderma lucidum, Chinese rhubarb, polygonum multiflorum, Chinese prickly ash, ginger, grass seed<br />
|align = "justify"|Promote blood circulation and enhance hair growth<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN96116925.7&leixin=fmzl&title=免洗养发生发香波&ipc=C11D3/48 CN1165181]<br>殷国健 1996<br />
|Washing free shampoo for nourishing and growing hair<br>免洗养发生发香波<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilator<br />
|Vitamin composition<br />
|align = "justify"|Vitamin P (Bioflavonoids), Vitamin B15, Vitamin B2, nicotinic acid, bromo—geramineum<br />
|align = "justify"|Stimulate hair growth<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN96109964.X&leixin=fmzl&title=一种治疗脂溢性脱发的高效低副作用外用药物&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1150043]<br>梅晓春 1996<br />
|Efficient low-side effect external use medicine for curing seborrheic baldness<br>一种治疗脂溢性脱发的高效低副作用外用药物<br />
|align = "justify"|Anti-androgen <nowiki>+</nowiki> Vasodilator<br />
|Mixture of Herbal extracts and organic compounds<br />
|align = "justify"|Polygonum multiflorum, Ligustrum lucidum, Morus alba, Rehmannia glutinosa, Eclipta prostrata, Saliva miltiorrhiza, Carthamus tinctorius, Cnidium monnieri, Sophora flavescens, Dictamnus dasycarpus, Kochia scoparia, and antioxidants<br />
|align = "justify"|Inhibit the excess secretion of the sebaceous glands, increase the blood circulation on scalp and enhance the hair growth<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN88103853.9&leixin=fmzl&title=一种通络生发香波&ipc=A61K7/06 CN1031022]<br>天津市轻工业化学研究所 1988<br />
|Channel-stimulating and hair-growing hair shampoo<br>一种通络生发香波<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|Herbal extract <nowiki>+</nowiki> detergent<br />
|align = "justify"|<font color="#454545">Herbal extracts, Penetration media, Detergents.</font><br />
|align = "justify"|Increases the blood circulation under the scalp, reduces the hair los<br />
|-<br />
|}<br clear="all"><br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.<br />
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.<br />
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.<br />
<br />
==Contact Dolcera==<br />
<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera<br />
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| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
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| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Carbon_Nanotubes_(CNT)&diff=7371Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)2010-03-22T21:39:15Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Application of Carbon nanotubes */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Nanotechnology ===<br />
Nanotechnology refers broadly to a field of applied science and technology whose unifying theme is the control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale, normally 1 to 100 nanometers, and the fabrication of devices with critical dimensions that lie within that size range.<br />
<br />
=== Run of Nanotechnology ===<br />
* '''December 29, 1959''': The first thought of Nanotechnology was given by Richard Feynman in "[http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom]" at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech.<br />
* '''September, 1981''': First technical paper published on molecular nanotechnology. The same year scanning tunneling microscope (STM) invented.<br />
* '''1982-1990''':Books and prizes on nanotechnology. Atomic force microscope invented in 1986.<br />
* '''1991''': Carbon Nanotubes (CNT's) discovered.<br />
* '''1997''': First company on nanotechnology founded, it's name is [http://www.zyvex.com/ Zyvex].<br />
* '''1998-2007''': Research, investment, conferences and meetings on nanotechnology.<br />
<br />
=== Applications of Nanotechnology ===<br />
It has or will have applications in almost all areas we can think of.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
!Environment and Energy || Medical and Health || Electronics and Computers || Space, Aircraft and Transportation || Materials and Manufacturing<br />
|-<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
* Clean Technology<br />
* Reducing Global Warming<br />
* Eco-friendly and Efficient Energy<br />
* Eco-friendly Coatings<br />
* Lotus-effect Surfaces<br />
* Self-cleaning Glass<br />
* Environmental Monitoring<br />
* Remediation of Soil<br />
* Remediation and Treatment of Water<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
* Lab-on-a-chip: The Analytical Revolution<br />
* Nanoparticles and Drug Delivery<br />
* Nanoparticles and Gene Therapy<br />
* Textured Surfaces for Tissue Regeneration<br />
* Nanorobot Therapeutics<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
* Desktop Manufacturing<br />
* Electronic Paper<br />
* Nanoelectronics and Computing<br />
* Assemblers and Self-replicators<br />
* Molecular Electronics<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
* Space and Aeronautics<br />
* Automobiles<br />
* Transportation Infrastructure<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
* New and Nanostructured Materials<br />
* Nano-engineered Advanced Materials<br />
* NanoGold: Carbon Nanotubes<br />
* Potential Industrial Applications<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
([http://www.nipne.ro/rjp/2004_49_9-10/0767_0776.pdf Source link])<br />
<br />
* '''Aerospace'''<br />
::* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3401/02.html Space Elevators]<br />
::* [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/16sep_rightstuff.htm Spaceship]<br />
::* [http://www.andybrain.com/extras/solar-sail.htm Solar Sails]<br />
::* [http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/library/meetings/annual/oct04/914Mavroidis.pdf Biorobots]<br />
* '''Medicine'''<br />
::* Identifying location of cancer cells. [http://www.physorg.com/news2850.html]<br />
::* Delivering chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer cells.[http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2006/April/11040601.asp]<br />
::* Nanoshells that concentrate the heat from infrared light to destroy cancer cells with minimal damage to surrounding healthy cells. [http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?language=english&type=24119&article_id=218392390&cat=3_all] <br />
::* Nanotubes used in broken bones to provide a structure for new bone material to grow.[http://www.physorg.com/news5003.html]<br />
::* Nanoparticles that can attach to cells infected with various diseases and allow a lab to identify, in a blood sample, the particular disease.[http://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi?story_id=16228]<br />
* '''Food Storage'''<br />
::* [http://www.nanocor.com/nanocomposites.asp Clay nanocomposites] are being used to provide an impermeable barrier to gasses such as oxygen or carbon dioxide in lightweight bottles, cartons and packaging films.<br />
::* Food storage bins are being produced with silver nanoparticles embedded in the plastic. The silver nanoparticles kill bacteria from any food that was previously stored in the bins, minimizing health risks from harmful bacteria.[http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1695]<br />
::* It is possible to use nanosensors in plastic packaging to detect gases given off by food when it spoils. The packaging itself changes color to alert you to food gone bad.<br />
* '''Agriculture'''<br />
::* Food will be more tastier and healthier using nanaotechnology.[http://nsrg.neu.edu/resources/regulatory_capacity/documents/NanoAgFood.pdf]<br />
::* Research is also being conducted to develop nanocapsules containing nutrients that would be released when nanosensors detect a vitamin deficiency in your body.<br />
::* Researchers are also working on pesticides encapsulated in nanoparticles; that only release pesticide within an insect’s stomach, minimizing the contamination of plants themselves.<br />
::* Another development being persued is a network of nanosensors and dispensers used throughout a food crop. The sensors recognize when a plant needs nutrients or water, before there is any sign that the plant is deficient. The dispensers then release fertilizer, nutrients, or water as needed, optimizing the growth of each plant in the field one by one.<br />
* '''Chemistry'''<br />
::* Nanoparticles can be used as catalyst for chemical reactions.<br />
::* Nanotechnology can enable sensors to detect very small amounts of chemical vapors.[http://people.nas.nasa.gov/~cwei/Publication/cnt_sensor.pdf]<br />
::* ZnO nanowires may lead to better chemical sensors, high-speed electronics.[http://www.physorg.com/news77303473.html]<br />
::* Palladium nanoparticle hydrogen sensor.[http://nano-proprietary.com/PDFs/Palladium%20Nanoparticle%20Hydrogen%20SensorMNPS.pdf]<br />
* '''Semiconductor devices'''<br />
::* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectromechanical_systems NEMS]<br />
::* [http://www.technologyreview.com/Nanotech/18591/ OLED]<br />
::* [http://www.zurich.ibm.com/st/storage/concept.html Memory chips]<br />
::* [http://www.motorola.com/content.jsp?globalObjectId=8206 Nanoemmissive display panel]<br />
::* [http://www.intel.com/technology/architecture-silicon/45nm-core2/index.htm 45 nm wide transistor gates]<br />
::* [http://www.voyle.net/Nano%20Electronics/Nano%20Electronics-2004-0040.htm Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM)]<br />
::* [http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/about/nanoelectronics.html Nanoscale integrated circuits]<br />
* '''Optics'''<br />
::* The first sunglasses using protective and antireflective ultrathin polymer coatings are on the market.<br />
::* Nanotechnology also offers scratch resistant surface coatings based on nanocomposites. <br />
::* Nano-optics could allow for an increase in precision of pupil repair and other types of laser eye surgery.<br />
* '''Textile'''<br />
::* The use of engineered nanofibers already makes clothes water- and stain-repellent or wrinkle-free. <br />
::* Textiles with a nanotechnological finish can be washed less frequently and at lower temperatures.<br />
::* Nanotechnology has been used to integrate tiny carbon particles membrane and guarantee full-surface protection from electrostatic charges for the wearer.<br />
* '''Consumer products'''<br />
::* Nanotechnology is now entered in almost all consumer products,for details see [http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/browse/]<br />
<br />
[[Image:report9.jpg|center|600 px|thumb|Number of products launched products launched vs categories]]<br />
<br />
[http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/analysis_draft/ Source link]<br />
<br />
== Carbon Nanotubes ==<br />
[[Image:carbonnanotubes.png|Right|200 px|thumb|3D model of three types of single-walled carbon nanotubes]]<br />
<br />
Carbon Nanotubes (CNT's) are cylindrical shaped allotrope of carbon with <br />
length to diameter ratio exceeding 1,000,000.<br />
<br />
Such cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties that make <br />
them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology, <br />
electronics, optics and other fields of materials science. They <br />
exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, <br />
and are efficient conductors of heat.<br />
<br />
=== Types ===<br />
[[Image:swcnt.jpg|right|200 px|thumb|Vectors representing orientation of three types of Single-walled CNT's]]<br />
[[Image:dwcnt.jpg|right|200 px|thumb|A Double-walled CNT formed by multiple Single-walled CNTs]]<br />
# '''[http://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/ntproperties/equilibriumstructure.html Single-walled CNT's]''': This type of nanotube can be formed by rolling Graphene sheet. Graphene is a single planar sheet of sp²-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. Types of Single-walled CNT's:<br />
#* Zig-zag(n,0) <br />
#* Armchair(n,n)<br />
#* Chiral(2n,n) <br />
# '''[http://www.nanotech-now.com/nanotube-buckyball-sites.htm Multi-walled]''': Multi-walled nanotubes(MWNT) consist of multiple layers of graphite rolled in on themselves to form a tube shape. <br />
# '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene Fullerite]''': Fullerites are the solid-state manifestation of fullerenes and related compounds and materials. Being highly incompressible nanotube forms, polymerized single-walled nanotubes (P-SWNT) are a class of fullerites and are comparable to diamond in terms of hardness.<br />
# '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus Torus]''': A nanotorus is a theoretically described carbon nanotube bent into a torus (doughnut shape). <br />
# '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanobud Nanobud]''': The material fullerene-like "buds" are covalently bonded to the outer sidewalls of the underlying carbon nanotube. This hybrid material has useful properties of both fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.<br />
<br />
=== Properties ===<br />
::* '''Physical Properties'''<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="65%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D9D9D9"|'''Material'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D9D9D9"|'''Young<nowiki>’</nowiki>s modulus''' (GPa)<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D9D9D9"|'''Tensile Strength''' (GPa)<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D9D9D9"|'''Density''' (g/cm3)<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Single wall nanotube<br />
|align = "center"|1054<br />
|align = "center"|150<br />
|align = "center"|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Multi wall nanotube<br />
|align = "center"|1200<br />
|align = "center"|150<br />
|align = "center"|2.6<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Steel<br />
|align = "center"|208<br />
|align = "center"|0.4<br />
|align = "center"|7.8<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Epoxy<br />
|align = "center"|3.5<br />
|align = "center"|0.005<br />
|align = "center"|1.25<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Wood<br />
|align = "center"|16<br />
|align = "center"|0.008<br />
|align = "center"|0.6<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
[http://www.applied-nanotech.com/cntproperties.htm Source link]<br />
::* '''Electrical Properties''': Because of the symmetry and unique electronic structure of graphene, the structure of a nanotube strongly affects its electrical properties. For a given (n,m) nanotube, if n − m is a multiple of 3, then the nanotube is metallic, otherwise the nanotube is a semiconductor. Thus all armchair (n=m) nanotubes are metallic, and nanotubes (5,0), (6,4), (9,1), etc. are semiconducting. In theory, metallic nanotubes can have an electrical current density more than 1,000 times greater than metals such as silver and copper.<br />
<br />
=== Method of fabrication ===<br />
::* '''[http://nanotube.msu.edu/synthesis/ca.html Arc discharge]''': It is the simplest and most commonly used method of producing Carbon nanotubes. This method creates CNTs through arc-vaporization of two carbon rods placed end to end, separated by approximately 1mm, in an enclosure that is usually filled with inert gas (helium, argon) at low pressure (between 50 and 700 mbar).<br />
::* '''[http://www.azonano.com/Details.asp?ArticleID=1561 Laser ablation]''': In 1996, a dual-pulsed laser vaporization technique was developed, which produced SWNTs in gram quantities and yields of >70wt% purity. Samples were prepared by laser vaporization of graphite rods with a 50:50 catalyst mixture of Co and Ni (particle size ~1um) at 1200oC in flowing argon, followed by heat treatment in a vacuum at 1000oC to remove the C60 and other fullerenes.<br />
::* '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)]''':Large amounts of CNTs can be formed by catalytic CVD of acetylene over Co and Fe catalysts supported on silica or zeolite.<br />
<br />
== Application of Carbon nanotubes ==<br />
::* '''Polymer Composites''': The first realized major commercial application of MWNTs is their use as electrically conducting components in polymer composites.Depending on the polymer matrix, conductivities of 0.01 to 0.1 S/cm can be obtained for 5% loading; much lower conductivity levels suffice for dissipating electrostatic charge. The low loading levels and the nanofiber morphology of the MWNTs allow electronic conductivity to be achieved while avoiding or minimizing degradation of other performance aspects, such as mechanical properties and the low melt flow viscosity needed for thin-wall molding applications.<br />
::* '''Electrochemical devices''': Because of the high electrochemically accessible surface area of porous nanotube arrays, combined with their high electronic conductivity and useful mechanical properties, these materials are attractive as electrodes for devices that use electrochemical double-layer charge injection.<br />
::* '''Hydrogen storage''': Nanotubes have been long heralded as potentially useful for hydrogen storage (for example, for fuel cells that power electric vehicles or laptop computers).<br />
::* '''Field emission devices''': Industrial and academic research activity on electronic devices has focused principally on using SWNTs and MWNTs as field emission electron sources for flat panel displays, lamps, gas discharge tubes providing surge protection, and x-ray and microwave generators.<br />
::* '''Nanometer-sized electronic devices''': <br />
::* '''Sensors and probes''': Possible chemical sensor applications of nonmetallic nanotubes are interesting, because nanotube electronic transport and thermopower (voltages between junctions caused by interjunction temperature differences) are very sensitive to substances that affect the amount of injected charge.The main advantages are the minute size of the nanotube sensing element and the correspondingly small amount of material required for a response.<br />
<br />
[http://www.eikos.com/articles/carbnano_routetoapp.pdf Source link]<br />
== Taxonomy for Carbon nanotubes ==<br />
[[Image:Carbon Nanotube1.jpg|700 px|center|thumb|Map categorization for CNT]]<br />
== Interactive taxonomy for Carbon nanotubes ==<br />
''Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the detailed taxonomy''<br><br />
''Click on the red arrow on the side of a node name to view the content for that particular node in the dashboard''<br />
<mm>[[map274.mm]]</mm><br />
<br />
== Top ongoing projects on CNT's ==<br />
::* The Ajayan group is using carbon nanotubes as templates and molds for fabricating nanowires, composites, and novel ceramic fibers.[http://www.rpi.edu/locker/38/001238/INDEX.HTM] <br />
::* Dai group discovered how to grow nanotubes in specific directions and orientations on substrates using a chemical vapor deposition process.[http://www.stanford.edu/dept/chemistry/faculty/dai/group/]<br />
::* Smalley group is developing methods of production, purification, derivitization, analysis, and assembly of nanotubes to solve real world problems. [http://smalley.rice.edu/]<br />
::* Sun Research group is researching on polymeric nanocomposite materials based on carbon nanotubes and semiconductor and metal nanoparticles. [http://www.ces.clemson.edu/lemt/research.htm]<br />
::* Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Helsinki is researching on Ion irradiation as a tool for studying and modifying properties of carbon nanotubes.[http://beam.acclab.helsinki.fi/nanotubes/]<br />
<br />
<br />
== IP Activity on carbon nanotubes ==<br />
<br />
* Number of patents filled on nanotubes are increasing exponentially by years.<br />
* Last year i.e 2007, around 1450 patents are filed in this field.<br />
<br />
[[Image:report11.jpg|700px|center|thumb|IP Activity by year]]<br />
<br />
* Major IPC classes with description is given. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:report3.jpg|700px|center|thumb|Top IPC]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|S. no.<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|IPC Classification<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Description<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|1<br />
|align = "center"|H01J<br />
|align = "center"|ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|2<br />
|align = "center"|C01B<br />
|align = "center"|NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|3<br />
|align = "center"|H01L<br />
|align = "center"|SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND ELECTRIC SOLID STATE DEVICES <br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|4<br />
|align = "center"|B82B<br />
|align = "center"|NANOTECHNOLOGY<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|5<br />
|align = "center"|H01M<br />
|align = "center"|BATTERIES OR FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|6<br />
|align = "center"|B01J<br />
|align = "center"|CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS, COLLOID CHEMISTRY AND THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|7<br />
|align = "center"|D01F<br />
|align = "center"|CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES, OR RIBBONS AND APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|8<br />
|align = "center"|G01N<br />
|align = "center"|INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|9<br />
|align = "center"|B32B<br />
|align = "center"|LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|10<br />
|align = "center"|C08K<br />
|align = "center"|USE OF INORGANIC OR NON-MACROMOLECULAR ORGANIC SUBSTANCES AS COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
* Hon Hai Precision Industry Company leads the number of patent filing by a great margin with their competitors.<br />
* Samsung Electronics and Samsung SDI Co. Ltd. together contributes 148 patents.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:report4.jpg|700px|center|thumb|Top Assignee]]<br />
<br />
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<br><br />
== Sample Analysis ==<br />
* Below is the link for sample spreadsheet analysis for Carbon nanotubes.<br />
<br />
[[Media:Sample taxomomy for carbon nano tubes.xls|Sample analysis on carbon nanotubes]]<br />
<br />
== Dashboard ==<br />
=== Dashboard Snapshots ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:dashboard1.jpg|center|800px]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:dashboard2.jpg|center|800px]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:dashboard3.jpg|center|800px]]<br />
<br />
=== Link to Dashboard ===<br />
[http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=274 Dashboard for CNTs]<br />
<br />
== Carbon nanotube in Electric discharge tubes and discharge lamps (IPC H01J) ==<br />
<br />
=== IP Map ===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Discharge lamps.jpg|500px|center|thumb|Map for electron emitter devices]]<br />
<br />
=== IP Activity on carbon nanotubes in Electric discharge tubes and discharge lamps ===<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:report6.jpg|500 px|center|thumb|IP activity by year]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:report5.jpg|500 px|center|thumb|Top Assignee]]<br />
<br />
=== Analysis ===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.no'''<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Patent/Publication No.'''<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Assignee / Applicant'''<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Title'''<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Description of the device'''<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Use of CNT in it'''<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Technology Area'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|1<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7336028.PN.&OS=PN/7336028&RS=PN/7336028 US7336028B2]<br />
|align = "justify"|Samsung SDI Co., Ltd.<br />
|align = "justify"|Electron emission device having multi-layered gate electrode structure<br />
|align = "justify"|A multilayered electron emission device is described with a predetermined gap between the electrodes.<br />
|align = "justify"|Electron emission sources can be made up of CNTs.<br />
|align = "justify"|Electron emission device<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|2<br />
|align = "justify"|US7315129B2<br />
|align = "justify"|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.<br />
|align = "justify"|Plasma producing apparatus and doping apparatus<br />
|align = "justify"|A plasma chamber anad plasma appratus is described with two electrodes and sustrate and CNTs.<br />
|align = "justify"|CNTs are on the surface of the cathode electrode.<br />
|align = "justify"|Plasma Appratus<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|3<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7307432.PN.&OS=PN/7307432&RS=PN/7307432 US7307432B2]<br />
|align = "justify"|Yokogawa Electric Corporation<br />
|align = "justify"|Electron beam generating apparatus and optical sampling apparatus using the same<br />
|align = "justify"|Optical sampling appratus with electrodes with deflection electrode and charge detection section.<br />
|align = "justify"|Cathode is comprising of carbon nanotubes.<br />
|align = "justify"|Optical sampling appratus.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|4<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7306503.PN.&OS=PN/7306503&RS=PN/7306503 US7306503B2]<br />
|align = "justify"|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha<br />
|align = "justify"|Method and apparatus of fixing carbon fibers on a substrate using an aerosol deposition process<br />
|align = "justify"|Appratus for manufacturing substate with carbon nanotubes in it.<br />
|align = "justify"|Arc dischage method is involved for producing CNTs and hence forming it on substrate.<br />
|align = "justify"|Manufacturing and Processing of CNT<nowiki>’</nowiki>s<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|5<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7259510.PN.&OS=PN/7259510&RS=PN/7259510 US7259510B1]<br />
|align = "justify"|Agere Systems Inc.<br />
|align = "justify"|On-chip vacuum tube device and process for making device<br />
|align = "justify"|Microwave vacuum tube is described with electrodes and CNTs.<br />
|align = "justify"|Cathode is comprising of carbon nanotubes.<br />
|align = "justify"|Electron emission device<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|6<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7232987.PN.&OS=PN/7232987&RS=PN/7232987 US7232987B2]<br />
|align = "justify"|None<br />
|align = "justify"|Instrument and method to measure available light energy for photosynthesis<br />
|align = "justify"|A device to calculate and filter amout of light required and available for photosynthesis of plants.<br />
|align = "justify"|Photovoltaic material is made up of carbon nanotubes.<br />
|align = "justify"|Optical Instrument<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|7<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7161148.PN.&OS=PN/7161148&RS=PN/7161148 US7161148B1]<br />
|align = "justify"|Crystals and Technologies, Ltd.<br />
|align = "justify"|Tip structures, devices on their basis, and methods for their preparation<br />
|align = "justify"| A tip structure for an electron emissive device or a scanning probe device is described.<br />
|align = "justify"|At least one link of the tip structure is made up of Carbon naotubes.<br />
|align = "justify"|Electron emission device<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|8<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7175494.PN.&OS=PN/7175494&RS=PN/7175494 US7175494B1]<br />
|align = "justify"|cDream Corporation<br />
|align = "justify"|Forming carbon nanotubes at lower temperatures suitable for an electron-emitting device<br />
|align = "justify"|An electron emission device is described comprising of carbon nanotubes.<br />
|align = "justify"|Carbon nanotubes are manufactured at 300° C. to 500° C which makes them compatible with the thermal stress of the underlying substrate.<br />
|align = "justify"|Electron emission device<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|9<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7161286.PN.&OS=PN/7161286&RS=PN/7161286 US7161286B2]<br />
|align = "justify"|Tsinghua University <nowiki>|</nowiki> Hon Hai Precision Ind. Co., Ltd.<br />
|align = "justify"|Carbon nanotube array and method for making same<br />
|align = "justify"|A carbon nanotube-based device is described which includes a substrate and number of catalytic nano-sized particles.<br />
|align = "justify"|Carbon nanotubes are manufactured on the substrate.<br />
|align = "justify"|Manufacturing and Processing of CNT<nowiki>’</nowiki>s<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|10<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7145528.PN.&OS=PN/7145528&RS=PN/7145528 US7145528B2]<br />
|align = "justify"|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha<br />
|align = "justify"|Display device and driving and controlling method therefor<br />
|align = "justify"|A display device with display panel is described and use of electron emitters.<br />
|align = "justify"|Cathode is comprising of carbon nanotubes.<br />
|align = "justify"|Electron emission device<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|11<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7115863.PN.&OS=PN/7115863&RS=PN/7115863 US7115863B1]<br />
|align = "justify"|Hitachi, Ltd.<br />
|align = "justify"|Probe for scanning probe lithography and making method thereof<br />
|align = "justify"|A probe of scanning probe lithography is described<br />
|align = "justify"|Shaft of the probe is made up of Carbon nanaotubes.<br />
|align = "justify"|Manufacturing and Processing of CNT<nowiki>’</nowiki>s<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Media:Analysis_electrical.xls|Sample Analysis on use of Carbon nanotubes in discharge tubes and discharge lamps]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Analysis1.jpg|600px|center|thumb|Sample Analysis for discharge tubes and discharge lamps patents(30 patents)]]<br />
<br />
== Key Players ==<br />
=== Universities ===<br />
* Universities play an important role in research and that's why it needs to be analyzed.<br />
* Only 245 patents are filled by the universities research division.<br />
* But companies are dependent on them for research activities.<br />
* The analysis will give the insight of most involved university in terms of research on Carbon nanotubes.<br />
<br />
[[Image:report2.jpg|700 px|center|Top Universities|thumb|Number of patents by universities in Carbon nanotubes area]]<br />
<br />
=== Companies ===<br />
<br />
* Large number of companies are now moving into this area.<br />
* A sizeable number of startups too are coming into the picture.<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Top Companies<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|Number of patents filed<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|[http://www.foxconn.com/ Hon Hai Prec Ind Co]<br />
|align = "center"|118<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|[http://www.samsung.com Samsung Electronics]<br />
|align = "center"|77<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|[http://www.samsungsdi.com/contents/kr/main.jsp Samsung SDI Co. Ltd.]<br />
|align = "center"|71<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|[http://www.sony.com Sony Corp.]<br />
|align = "center"|70<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|[http://www.toray.com/ Toray Industry]<br />
|align = "center"|69<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|[http://www.fujitsu.com/global/ Fujitsu Ltd.]<br />
|align = "center"|68<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|[http://www.nec.com/ Nippon Electric Co.]<br />
|align = "center"|64<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|[http://www.itri.org.tw/eng/research/nano/index.jsp Ind Tech Res Inst]<br />
|align = "center"|62<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|[http://www.imm.ac.cn/en/index.html Nat Inst for Materia]<br />
|align = "center"|59<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Others<br />
|align = "center"|58<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Market Research ==<br />
=== Nanotechnology market ===<br />
* Nanotechnology is a growing market.<br />
* Lux Research (a market research company in nanotechnology) believes that market will reach from $13 billion in 2005 to $292 billion in 2010. <br />
* In 2015 market for nano materials will reach to $340 billion and electronics market will reach to $300 billion.<br />
* US nanotech funding has increased from $270 million to $850 million.<br />
<br />
[[Image:lux1.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Predictions of market by Lux research]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:lux3.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|US funding]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:lux2.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Market by different categories]]<br />
<br />
=== Carbon Nanotubes market ===<br />
<br />
<br />
* Market size will increase from $6 million in 2004 to $1,070 million in 2014.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:marketresearch.jpg|300 px|center|thumb|Carbon nanotubes market estimate]]<br />
<br />
== Published Papers ==<br />
* Academic papers published on carbon nanotubes have been on the rise and patent filings have been keeping up with this upswing, says a review in the journal Science.<br />
* According to the review, around 1,500 scientific papers were published in 2001 compared to about 1,100 in 2000 and around 700 in 1999. <br />
<br />
[http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2002/09/materials_nanot.html?t=archive Source]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== SWOT analysis on nanotechnology ==<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D99795"|'''Strength'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D99795"|'''Weakness'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|In nanomaterials research and development<br />
|align = "center"|Critical issues(ecological meltdown,poverty and disease)<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|In biomimetics research<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Lack of planet friendly scorecard for research <br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|In nanoelectronics and IT research including quantum computing<br />
|align = "center"|No clear technology transfer routes to the less developed world.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|In nanophotovoltaic research<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Fragmented research infrastructure<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|In nanosensors research and development<br />
|align = "center"|Nationally variable industry pull through<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|In strong industrial base in instrumentation<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Variable incentives/cultures for supporting start-ups<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|In nanomedicine<br />
|align = "center"|Funding slow and bureaucratic<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|In cultural differences resulting in imaginative approaches to results<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|No wide support for individual genius<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|In the ability to work in teams<br />
|align = "center"|Academic research often lags industry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Acceleration of new company formation underway<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Funding may be duplicated<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Openness in developing and adopting environmentally friendly techniques<br />
|align = "center"|Lack of fiscal incentives for environmentally friendly techniques;also lack of legal incentives<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Openness to developing technologies for the less developed regions<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Critically slow emergence of technology from the research base<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
|align = "center"|Lack of skilled staff<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D99795"|'''Opportunities'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#D99795"|'''Threats'''<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|The exploitation of planet and people friendly research<br />
|align = "center"|Brain drain in life sciences,electronics,software and engineering<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Development of widely available technologies(sensors,renewable energy,medicine etc.)<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Public backlash to nanotechnology<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Creation of new technologies(medical and non-medical)<br />
|align = "center"|Too little,too late, of the technologies that matter<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|Reduction animal experimentation through cell-base toxicity testing<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#DBEEF3"|&nbsp;<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"|Critical niche opportunities in areas such as lab-on-a-chip and sensor technology<br />
|align = "center"|&nbsp;<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Conferences ==<br />
<br />
* Major Conferences<br />
<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''S.no.'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Conference'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Location'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Date'''<br />
|align = "center" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|'''Email'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|1<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.nsti.org/Nanotech2008/ Nanotech 2008 - 11th Annual NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show]</u></font><br />
|Boston,USA<br />
|1-5June, 2008<br />
|bfr@nsti.org<br />
|-<br />
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|2<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.nanoeurope.com/ NanoEurope 2008]</u></font><br />
|St.Gallen, Switzerland<br />
|16-17 Sep, 2008<br />
|joerg.guettinger@ncb.ch<br />
|-<br />
|align = "right" bgcolor = "#C0C0C0"|3<br />
|<font color="#0000FF"><u>[http://www.nanotech.net/node/2 Nanotech Northern Europe 2008]</u></font><br />
|Copenhagen,Denmark<br />
|23-25 Sep, 2008<br />
|katriina.forsstrom@spinverse.com<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* Complete list of Nanotechnology Conferences<br />
http://www.allconferences.com/Science/Nanotechnology/<br />
<br />
<br />
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==Contact Dolcera==<br />
<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" | Samir Raiyani<br />
|-<br />
| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
|-<br />
| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Map274.mm&diff=7370File:Map274.mm2010-03-22T16:40:43Z<p>Ankitbiyani: Interactive mindmap for CNT</p>
<hr />
<div>Interactive mindmap for CNT</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_-_Hair_Loss&diff=7369Alopecia - Hair Loss2010-03-22T16:26:16Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Taxonomy */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCrightEx}}<br />
== Rationale ==<br />
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55 Source]<br />
* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/ Source]<br />
* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE= Source]<br><br><br />
<br />
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|-<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
=== Hair basics ===<br />
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.<br />
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.<br />
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of lips, eyelids, palms of the hands and soles of the feet.<br />
* Hair is basically a form of skin. <br />
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.<br />
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin. <br />
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm Source]<br />
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html Source]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]<br />
<br />
=== What causes hair loss? === <br />
* Decrease in growth of hair <br />
* Increase in shedding of hair <br />
* Breakage of hair <br />
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs <br />
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]<br />
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Types of alopecia===<br />
<br />
* Alopecia Areata (AA): Hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.<br />
* Alopecia Totalis (AT): Total loss of the hair on the scalp.<br />
* Alopecia Universalis (AU): Total loss of all hair on the body.<br />
* Alopecia Barbae: Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.<br />
* Alopecia Mucinosa: A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.<br />
* Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA): Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.<br />
* Traction Alopecia: Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles from developing and leads to permanent hair loss.<br />
* Anagen Effluvium: This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then leads to total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.<br />
* Scarring Alopecia: A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.<br />
* Telogen Effluvium: A form of hair loss where more than normal numbers of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. ([http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp Source])<br />
<br />
=== Androgenetic alopecia ===<br />
* Gradual onset<br />
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, non-pigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas<br />
* Characterized by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head<br />
<br />
'''Main causes'''<br />
* Genetic predisposition<br />
* Hormonal effect of androgen <br />
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle<br />
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells<br />
<br />
'''Some facts from Japan''' <br />
<br />
* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion<br />
* Number of products: more than 100<br />
<br />
(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)<br />
<br />
== IP activity over the years ==<br />
The graph indicates:<br />
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).<br />
* First solution proposed in 1973<br />
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.<br />
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]<br />
<br />
== Major players ==<br />
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]<br />
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br><br />
<br />
* '''Active assignees'''<br />
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005. <br />
* Warner with 9 patents,<br />
* Bristol with 6 and<br />
* Abbott with 5.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]<br />
<br />
== Taxonomy ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Alopecia toxonomy.jpg|thumb|center|800px]]<br />
<br />
== Interactive Taxonomy ==<br />
''Use the mouse(click and drag/scroll up or down/click on nodes) to explore nodes in the detailed taxonomy<br />
Click on the red arrow on the side of a node name to view the content for that particular node in the dashboard <br />
''<br />
<mm>[[Map12.mm]]</mm><br />
<br />
== Treatment Approaches==<br />
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:<br />
<br />
* Anti-androgens (Finasteride) [http://www.emedicine.com/DERM/topic21.htm source]<br />
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil) [http://www.emedicine.com/DERM/topic21.htm source]<br />
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)<br />
* Hair matrix cells activator<br />
<br />
{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"<br />
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"<br />
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected<br />
<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway<br />
<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway<br />
<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator<br />
| <br />
* Wnt pathway<br />
* STAT pathway<br />
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway<br />
* FGF Pathway<br />
* MAPK Pathway<br />
* NOTCH Pathway<br />
* Hedgehog Pathway<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Anti-androgens ===<br />
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.<br />
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.<br />
<br />
'''What causes hair loss?'''<br />
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.<br />
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle. <br />
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.<br />
<br />
'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''<br />
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.<br />
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.<br />
<br />
==== Functions of Anti-androgen ==== <br />
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]<br />
<br />
==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"<br />
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''<br />
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''<br />
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition''' <br />
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[[US20060009430]] <br />
BLOTECH (2004)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone<br />
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.<br />
<br />
Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.<br />
<br />
Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]<br />
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulator and blocks formation of DHT.<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]<br />
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]<br />
APHIOS Corp (2003)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]<br />
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]<br />
PFIZER INC (2001)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]<br />
N/A (1995)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor<br />
|- style="height:20px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]<br />
KAO Corp (1987)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===<br />
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.<br />
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.<br />
<br />
'''What causes hair loss?'''<br />
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries line the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.<br />
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.<br />
<br />
'''How does Minoxidil treat hair loss?'''<br />
* Minoxidil is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.<br />
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro and in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells. ([http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php Source])<br />
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.<br />
<br />
==== Functions of Vasodilators ==== <br />
<br />
[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]<br />
<br />
==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"<br />
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''<br />
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''<br />
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''<br />
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''<br />
|- style="height:100px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]<br />
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers<br />
|- style="height:100px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]<br />
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===<br />
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.<br />
<br />
'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''<br />
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.<br />
* Anti-androgen only prevents binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.<br />
<br />
'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''<br />
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) do not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles. <br />
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilate blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT still gets produced in the body, enters the scalp and hair follicles causing hair loss.<br />
<br />
'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''<br />
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.<br />
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil cause vasodilation and therefore improve supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.<br />
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.<br />
<br />
==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== <br />
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]<br />
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]<br />
<br />
==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"<br />
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''<br />
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''<br />
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition''' <br />
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''<br />
|- style="height:100px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405] <br />
N/A(2000)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhancer and sunscreen<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp<br />
|- style="height:100px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577] <br />
L'OREAL(2000)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP<br />
|- style="height:100px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762] <br />
COLOMER GROUP(1999)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Hair matrix cell activator ===<br />
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.<br />
<br />
'''What causes hair loss?'''<br />
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.<br />
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.<br />
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.<br />
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''<br />
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.<br />
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.<br />
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.<br />
<br />
==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ====<br />
[http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]<br />
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]<br />
<br />
==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"<br />
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''<br />
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition''' <br />
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''<br />
|- style="height:50px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]<br />
SHISEIDO(1999) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect<br />
|- style="height:50px" <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]<br />
L'OREAL(1998) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slows down or inhibits the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surrounding the hair follicle) <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Technology mapping based on patents analyzed ==<br />
<br />
=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"<br />
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts''' <br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''<br />
|- style="height:10px"<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005 <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004 <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1) <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|.... <br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....<br />
|}<br />
=== Focus of patents ===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"<br />
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''<br />
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''<br />
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Technology focus===<br />
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]<br />
=== Distribution of patents ===<br />
<br />
==== By patent types ====<br />
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==== By key ingredients ====<br />
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]<br />
<br />
==== By target disease ====<br />
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====<br />
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Target species ====<br />
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Mode of administration ====<br />
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==== Product type vs. Product form ====<br />
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]<br />
<br />
==== Patents by target diseases ====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"<br />
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''<br />
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''<br />
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders. <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Patents by application ====<br />
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]<br />
<br />
==== [[List of patents]] ====<br />
== Pathways and linkages ==<br />
<br />
=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===<br />
<br />
'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.<br />
<br />
* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.<br />
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.<br />
* '''STAT pathway'''<br />
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation<br />
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.<br />
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.<br />
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.<br />
<br />
=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===<br />
[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]<br />
==== Players of WNT inhibition Pathway ==== <br />
[[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"<br />
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''<br />
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''<br />
|- style="height:10px"<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds <br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds <br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]<br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds <br />
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, ß-catenin<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7 <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|ß-catenin, GSK3, Wnt<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|ß-catenin<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence <br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|a-catenin, ß-catenin<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|ß-catenin<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL<br />
|bgcolor=LightCyan|ß-catenin<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====<br />
'''Pyrazole'''<br />
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.<br />
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of a,ß-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation <br />
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]<br />
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.<br />
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.<br />
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]<br />
<br />
==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====<br />
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"<br />
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]<br />
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]<br />
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247] <br />
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]<br />
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256] <br />
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]<br />
|- <br />
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein <br />
T is a valence bond and <br />
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring; <br />
<br />
R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and <br />
R2'= hydrogen; <br />
<br />
R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein <br />
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and <br />
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and <br />
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring<br />
<br />
|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length; <br />
<br />
R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02; <br />
<br />
R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and <br />
<br />
R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).<br />
<br />
|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;<br />
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====<br />
<br />
'''Patent Number''': US6989385<br />
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''<br />
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors<br />
<br />
'''Basic Structure''':<br />
<br />
[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]<br />
<br />
'''Patent Number''': US7008948 <br />
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated<br />
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors<br />
<br />
'''Basic Structure'''<br />
<br />
[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]<br />
<br />
'''Patent Number''': US6977262<br />
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation<br />
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof<br />
<br />
'''Basic Structure''':<br />
<br />
[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''Patent Number''': US6664247<br />
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated<br />
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''<br />
<br />
'''Basic Structure''': <br />
<br />
[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944<br />
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC<br />
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors<br />
<br />
'''Basic Structure''': <br />
<br />
[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]<br />
<br />
[[Other derivates for alopecia]]<br />
<br />
==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====<br />
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]<br />
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified. <br />
<br />
* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.<br />
<br />
* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.<br />
<br />
* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.<br />
<br />
'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''<br />
<br />
'''Key points'''<br />
<br />
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]<br />
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]<br />
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]<br />
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]<br />
<br />
'''GK3 Inhibition:''' <br />
<br />
* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.<br />
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]<br />
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]<br />
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]<br />
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]<br />
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.<br />
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP. <br />
<br />
[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation. <br />
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation. <br />
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom. <br />
<br />
'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''<br />
<br />
[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]<br />
<br />
* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.<br />
<br />
* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.<br />
<br />
* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.<br />
<br />
* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive. <br />
<br />
* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.<br />
<br />
* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.<br />
<br />
'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]<br />
<br />
# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation<br />
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation<br />
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation<br />
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation<br />
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins<br />
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations<br />
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity<br />
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.<br />
<br />
'''Key Finding'''<br />
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]<br />
<br />
=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===<br />
<br />
* Dihydrotestosterone <br />
** Formed by peripheral conversion of testosterone by 5-alpha reductase<br />
** Binds to androgen receptor on susceptible hair follicles<br />
* Hormone-receptor complex activates genes responsible for gradual transformation of large terminal follicles to miniaturized (progressive diminution of hair shaft diameter and length in response to systemic androgens) follicles<br />
<br />
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]<br />
<br />
==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====<br />
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]<br />
<br />
=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodilators) ===<br />
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana, a Vasodilator, acts on the NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression.<br />
[[image:vasodiator-rev.jpg|800 px|center]]<br />
<br />
== Alopecia IPMap == <br />
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/d8r3/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Patent activity in China ==<br />
===Treatment approaches===<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%"<br />
|align = "center"|'''Treatment approach'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Patent number'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Priority year'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Assignee/Inventor'''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan = "7"|Vasodilators<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN200510107497.8&leixin=fmzl&title=治疗瘀血阻滞型脱发的中草药汤剂及制备方法&ipc=A61K36/804(2006.01)I CN1772105]<br />
|2005<br />
|叶明伟<br />
|-<br />
|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=CN1772139&F=0 CN1772139]<br />
|2005<br />
|王亚杰<br />
|-<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN03139861.8&leixin=fmzl&title=一种可用于治疗脱发、白发的天然中草药提取组合物及应用&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1569080]<br />
|2003<br />
|谈汝标<br />
|-<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN02155404.8&leixin=fmzl&title=毛囊激活液&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1506103]<br />
|2002<br />
|赵章光<br />
|-<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN01127395.X&leixin=fmzl&title=一种止脱生发药物及其制备方法&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1403100]<br />
|2001<br />
|范希田<br />
|-<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN96116925.7&leixin=fmzl&title=免洗养发生发香波&ipc=C11D3/48 CN1165181]<br />
|1996<br />
|殷国健<br />
|-<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN88103853.9&leixin=fmzl&title=一种通络生发香波&ipc=A61K7/06 CN1031022]<br />
|1988<br />
|天津市轻工业化学研究所<br />
|-<br />
|Hair matrix activator<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN02111941.4&leixin=fmzl&title=一种含中西药复方的育发剂&ipc=A61K7/06 CN1463693]<br />
|2002<br />
|朱静建<br />
|-<br />
|Anti-androgen <nowiki>+</nowiki> Vasodilator<br />
|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN96109964.X&leixin=fmzl&title=一种治疗脂溢性脱发的高效低副作用外用药物&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1150043]<br />
|1996<br />
|梅晓春<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Details of treatment approaches===<br />
<br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="100%" align="left"<br />
|align = "center"|'''Patent number'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Patent title'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Treatment approach'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Composition nature'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Composition'''<br />
|align = "center"|'''Composition action'''<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN200510107497.8&leixin=fmzl&title=治疗瘀血阻滞型脱发的中草药汤剂及制备方法&ipc=A61K36/804(2006.01)I CN1772105]<br>YE MINGWEI (CN)<br>叶明伟 (2005)<br />
|align = "justify"|Chinese herbal medicine decoction for treating blood stasis obstruction type alopecia and its prepn<br>治疗瘀血阻滞型脱发的中草药汤剂及制备方法<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|align = "justify"|Herbal extract<br />
|align = "justify"|Astragalus root, prepared rhizome of rehmannia, white peony root, angelica, peach kernel and sufflower<br />
|align = "justify"|Promote blood circulation<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=CN1772139&F=0 CN1772139<br>]WANG YAJIE (CN)<br>王亚杰 2005<br />
|align = "justify"|Alopecia areata treating medicine<br>一种治疗斑秃的药物<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|align = "justify"|Herbal extract<br />
|align = "justify"|Pinellia tuber, fleeceflower root, arborvitae seed, chickení s gizzard membrane, prepared rhizome of rehmannia, Poris cocos, Codonopsis pilosula, etc<br />
|align = "justify"|Promote blood circulation<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN03139861.8&leixin=fmzl&title=一种可用于治疗脱发、白发的天然中草药提取组合物及应用&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1569080]<br>TAN RUBIAO (CN)<br>谈汝标 2003<br />
|align = "justify"|Natural Chinese herb composition for treating alopecia and leucotrichia and its application<br>一种可用于治疗脱发、白发的天然中草药提取组合物及应用<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|align = "justify"|Herbal extract<br />
|align = "justify"|Ginger, Cinnamomum cassia, myrrh, clove, mace nutmeg, Loranthus mulberry mistletoe, rhizoma dioscoreae, ligustrum japonicum, drynaria, fleece-flower root, and black sesame seeds<br />
|align = "justify"|Enhances the hair growth and healthier hairs<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN02111941.4&leixin=fmzl&title=一种含中西药复方的育发剂&ipc=A61K7/06 CN1463693]<br>朱静建 2002<br />
|Hair growing preparation containing compound of Chinese medicine and Western medicine<br>一种含中西药复方的育发剂<br />
|align = "justify"|Hair matrix activator<br />
|Mixture of Herbal extracts and western medicine<br />
|align = "justify"|Persimmon leaf, oriental arbor-vitae leaf, ginseng leaf, yellow qi, fruit of the glossy privet, polygonum multiflorum, Kudzu root, dry ginger; Plus:Minoxidil, Vitamins and derivative, cystine, serine, leucine.<br />
|align = "justify"|Better and faster hair growth<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN02155404.8&leixin=fmzl&title=毛囊激活液&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1506103]<br>赵章光2002<br />
|align = "justify"|Hair follice activating liquid<br>毛囊激活液<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|align = "justify"|Herbal extract<br />
|align = "justify"|Ginseng, twists the stock blue, the licorice, the Sophora flavescens and hot peppers<br />
|align = "justify"|Activates the hair-follicle and enhances the hair growth.<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN01127395.X&leixin=fmzl&title=一种止脱生发药物及其制备方法&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1403100]<br>范希田 2001<br />
|align = "justify"|Trichogen and its prepn<br>一种止脱生发药物及其制备方法<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|align = "justify"|Herbal extract<br />
|align = "justify"|Ginseng, ganoderma lucidum, Chinese rhubarb, polygonum multiflorum, Chinese prickly ash, ginger, grass seed<br />
|align = "justify"|Promote blood circulation and enhance hair growth<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN96116925.7&leixin=fmzl&title=免洗养发生发香波&ipc=C11D3/48 CN1165181]<br>殷国健 1996<br />
|Washing free shampoo for nourishing and growing hair<br>免洗养发生发香波<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilator<br />
|Vitamin composition<br />
|align = "justify"|Vitamin P (Bioflavonoids), Vitamin B15, Vitamin B2, nicotinic acid, bromo—geramineum<br />
|align = "justify"|Stimulate hair growth<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN96109964.X&leixin=fmzl&title=一种治疗脂溢性脱发的高效低副作用外用药物&ipc=A61K35/78 CN1150043]<br>梅晓春 1996<br />
|Efficient low-side effect external use medicine for curing seborrheic baldness<br>一种治疗脂溢性脱发的高效低副作用外用药物<br />
|align = "justify"|Anti-androgen <nowiki>+</nowiki> Vasodilator<br />
|Mixture of Herbal extracts and organic compounds<br />
|align = "justify"|Polygonum multiflorum, Ligustrum lucidum, Morus alba, Rehmannia glutinosa, Eclipta prostrata, Saliva miltiorrhiza, Carthamus tinctorius, Cnidium monnieri, Sophora flavescens, Dictamnus dasycarpus, Kochia scoparia, and antioxidants<br />
|align = "justify"|Inhibit the excess secretion of the sebaceous glands, increase the blood circulation on scalp and enhance the hair growth<br />
|-<br />
|align = "justify"|[http://search.sipo.gov.cn/sipo/zljs/hyjs-yx-new.jsp?recid=CN88103853.9&leixin=fmzl&title=一种通络生发香波&ipc=A61K7/06 CN1031022]<br>天津市轻工业化学研究所 1988<br />
|Channel-stimulating and hair-growing hair shampoo<br>一种通络生发香波<br />
|align = "justify"|Vasodilators<br />
|Herbal extract <nowiki>+</nowiki> detergent<br />
|align = "justify"|<font color="#454545">Herbal extracts, Penetration media, Detergents.</font><br />
|align = "justify"|Increases the blood circulation under the scalp, reduces the hair los<br />
|-<br />
|}<br clear="all"><br />
<br />
<br />
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|-<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Search Services]<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/alerts-and-updates Patent Alerting Services]<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools Dolcera Tools]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Conclusions ==<br />
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.<br />
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.<br />
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.<br />
<br />
==Contact Dolcera==<br />
<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera<br />
|-<br />
| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
|-<br />
| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Map12.mm&diff=7368File:Map12.mm2010-03-22T16:21:11Z<p>Ankitbiyani: Alopecia interactive taxonomy</p>
<hr />
<div>Alopecia interactive taxonomy</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=7320Main Page2010-03-01T05:49:13Z<p>Ankitbiyani: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
===[[#Intellectual Property (IP) Services|Intellectual Property(IP) Services]]===<br />
===[[#Business & Information Research Services|Business and Information Research Services]]===<br />
===[[#Dolcera Technology Platforms|Dolcera Technology Platform]]===<br />
<br />
== Intellectual Property (IP) Services ==<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey;width:50%" valign = "top" | <br />
===Life Sciences and Chemistry===<br />
! style="background:lightgrey;width:50%" valign = "top" | <br />
===Technology===<br />
|-<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
=== Landscape reports ===<br />
* [[Alopecia - Hair Loss]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAIoyKuKQ6o Video])<br />
* [[Inflammation and cardiovascular drugs]]<br />
* [[RNA Interference]]<br />
* [[RNAi Database sample wiki]]<br />
* [[Choline Bitartarate]]<br />
* [[Non-wovens]]<br />
* [[Pressure sensitive adhesives]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plP3TzjYsiQ Video])<br />
* [[Ureteral Stent]]<br />
* [[Smart miniature drug delivery systems]]<br />
* [[Silicone Hydrogel contact lens]]<br />
* [[Biofuels database sample wiki]]<br />
* [[SC Johnson]]<br />
* [[Pinene: An off flavor in mango juice]]<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
<br />
=== Landscape Reports ===<br />
* [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System]]<br />
* [[Supply Chain RFID Applications]]<br />
* [[Insurance sector]]<br />
* [[CDMA Basics]]<br />
* [[Quality of Service on CDMA platforms]]<br />
* [[OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode]]<br />
* [[Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)]]<br />
* [[Metallic and Ceramic construction materials]]<br />
* [[Transactional memory]]<br />
* [[Invalidation Search on a patent in the semiconductors space|Invalidation Search]]<br />
* [[Golf Club Head Landscape]]<br />
* [[Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
<br />
===STN Search Reports===<br />
* [[Markush Search Report]]<br />
<br />
=== Dashboard ===<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard - live] <br />
** ([[Alopecia Areata Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]) <br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dna/main.html Sequence dashboard]<br />
* [[Legal Updates Demo|Legal updates dashboard]]<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=587 RNAi Dashboard]<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
<br />
=== Dashboard ===<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=27 Automotive dashboard - live]<br />
** [[Automotive Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=54 WiMAX dashboard - live] <br />
** [[WiMAX Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf RFID dashboard]<br />
<br />
<br />
=== IP Valuation ===<br />
<br />
[[Holographic Image Display]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
<br />
=== Prior Art / Invalidation / FTO Search ===<br />
* [http://dolcera.com/client/d8r3/hairloss_map.htm Alopecia/Hair loss IPMap]<br />
* [[Markush Structure Search Sample]]<br />
==== Study: In re Bilski Impact ====<br />
* [[In re Bilski Impact assessed from US PAIR Information]]<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
<br />
=== Prior Art / Invalidation / FTO Search ===<br />
* [[Prior Art Search Process]]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid/ipmap.html RFID IPMap]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Multimodal Applications IPMap]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/Invalidation_US4825448.htm Invalidation Claim Map Sample]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Clinical Trial Database===<br />
*[[Clinical Trial Database]]<br />
<br />
== Business & Information Research Services ==<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top width=50%| <br />
===Life Sciences and Chemistry===<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top width=50%|<br />
===Technology===<br />
|-<br />
| valign=top |<br />
* [[Diabetes products and services]]<br />
* [[Drug Metabolism]]<br />
* [[Toxicology]]<br />
* [[Osteoporosis]]<br />
* [[Oral Diabetes Drugs]]<br />
* [[Ureteral Stent]]<br />
* [[Premium Coffee Consumers Market Segmentation|Premium Coffee - Market Positioning]]<br />
* [[Dolcera's Poster on Industrial Biotechnology|Industrial biotechnology]]<br />
* [[OTC products for acne treatment]]<br />
* [[Botox - from Medical Procedure to Household Word]]<br />
| valign=top |<br />
* [[4G wireless technology developments]]<br />
* [[HDTV in the US]]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/innovation_explorer/innovation_explorer.html Household robotics Innovation Explorer]<br />
* [[Web video]]<br />
* [[OLED Mobile Phones Market Research and Analysis Report]] | ([http://www.viddler.com/explore/dolcera/videos/6/ Video])<br />
* [[Virtualization]]<br />
* [[Cloud Computing]]<br />
* [[Estimation of liquid carrying vehicles in USA]]<br />
* [[A market study on Hybrid vehicles and the concept of V2G]]<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top colspan=2 |<br />
<br />
===Finance===<br />
|-<br />
| valign=top colspan=2 |<br />
* [[Innovative personal finance products]]<br />
* [[Life Insurance Industry in US]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Dolcera Technology Platforms ==<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
| align = "top" |<br />
==== IP and Products dashboard ====<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard] <br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]<br />
* [[Legal Updates Demo|Legal updates dashboard]]<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=54 4G wireless product and patent dashboard]<br />
<br />
==== Patent-pathway mapping ====<br />
* [[Inflammation and cardiovascular drugs#Interactive signaling pathways and patents|Patent-pathway mapping]]<br />
==== Sequence dashboard ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dna/main.html Sequence dashboard]<br />
<br />
==== Design analysis ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dental/main.html Dental Implant Design Analysis]<br />
<br />
==== Innovation explorer ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/innovation_explorer/innovation_explorer.html Household robotics innovation explorer]<br />
==== KPort ====<br />
* [http://dolcera.com/website/demos/kport/main.html Collaboration Portal]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Dolcera Offerings summary ===<br />
* [[Dolcera Offerings|Dolcera offerings summary]]<br />
<br />
=== [[Technology Support]] ===<br />
<br />
==<span style="color:#C41E3A">Like any of these sample reports?</span>==<br />
<p align="center"> '''These are sample reports with brief analysis''' <br><br />
'''Dolcera can provide a comprehensive report customized to your needs'''</p><br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" "<br />
|style="background:lightgrey" align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''[mailto:info@dolcera.com <span style="color:#0047AB">Buy the customized report from Dolcera</span>]''' <br />
|-<br />
| align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services Patent Analytics Services]<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/business-research-services Market Research Services]<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools/patent-dashboard Purchase Patent Dashboard]<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Landscape Services]<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/research-processes Dolcera Processes]<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/industries Industry Focus]<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Search Services]<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/alerts-and-updates Patent Alerting Services]<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools Dolcera Tools]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
----<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" | Samir Raiyani<br />
|-<br />
| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
|-<br />
| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyanihttps://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=7235Main Page2009-12-23T11:14:16Z<p>Ankitbiyani: /* Landscape Reports */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
===1. [[#Intellectual Property (IP) Services|Intellectual Property(IP) Services]]===<br />
===2. [[#Business and Information Research Services|Business and Information Research Services]]===<br />
===3. [[#Dolcera Technology Platform|Dolcera Technology Platform]]===<br />
<br />
== Intellectual Property (IP) Services ==<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey;width:50%" valign = "top" | <br />
===Life Sciences and Chemistry===<br />
! style="background:lightgrey;width:50%" valign = "top" | <br />
===Technology===<br />
|-<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
=== Landscape reports ===<br />
* [[Alopecia - Hair Loss]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAIoyKuKQ6o Video])<br />
* [[Inflammation and cardiovascular drugs]]<br />
* [[RNA Interference]]<br />
* [[RNAi Database sample wiki]]<br />
* [[Choline Bitartarate]]<br />
* [[Non-wovens]]<br />
* [[Pressure sensitive adhesives]] | ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plP3TzjYsiQ Video])<br />
* [[Ureteral Stent]]<br />
* [[Smart miniature drug delivery systems]]<br />
* [[Silicone Hydrogel contact lens]]<br />
* [[Biofuels database sample wiki]]<br />
* [[SC Johnson]]<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
<br />
=== Landscape Reports ===<br />
* [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System]]<br />
* [[Supply Chain RFID Applications]]<br />
* [[Insurance sector]]<br />
* [[CDMA Basics]]<br />
* [[Quality of Service on CDMA platforms]]<br />
* [[OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode]]<br />
* [[Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)]]<br />
* [[Metallic and Ceramic construction materials]]<br />
* [[Transactional memory]]<br />
* [[Invalidation Search on a patent in the semiconductors space|Invalidation Search]]<br />
* [[Golf Club Head Landscape]]<br />
* [[Interferon For Treatment of Melanoma]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
<br />
===STN Search Reports===<br />
* [[Markush Search Report]]<br />
<br />
=== Dashboard ===<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard - live] <br />
** ([[Alopecia Areata Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]) <br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dna/main.html Sequence dashboard]<br />
* [[Legal Updates Demo|Legal updates dashboard]]<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=587 RNAi Dashboard]<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
<br />
=== Dashboard ===<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=27 Automotive dashboard - live]<br />
** [[Automotive Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=54 WiMAX dashboard - live] <br />
** [[WiMAX Dashboard Screenshots|Screenshots only]]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf RFID dashboard]<br />
<br />
<br />
=== IP Valuation ===<br />
<br />
[[Holographic Image Display]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
<br />
=== Prior Art / Invalidation / FTO Search ===<br />
* [http://dolcera.com/client/d8r3/hairloss_map.htm Alopecia/Hair loss IPMap]<br />
* [[Markush Structure Search Sample]]<br />
==== Study: In re Bilski Impact ====<br />
* [[In re Bilski Impact assessed from US PAIR Information]]<br />
| valign = "top" |<br />
<br />
=== Prior Art / Invalidation / FTO Search ===<br />
* [[Prior Art Search Process]]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid/ipmap.html RFID IPMap]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Multimodal Applications IPMap]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/Invalidation_US4825448.htm Invalidation Claim Map Sample]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Clinical Trial Database===<br />
*[[Clinical Trial Database]]<br />
<br />
== Business and Information Research Services ==<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top width=50%| <br />
===Life Sciences and Chemistry===<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top width=50%|<br />
===Technology===<br />
|-<br />
| valign=top |<br />
* [[Diabetes products and services]]<br />
* [[Drug Metabolism]]<br />
* [[Toxicology]]<br />
* [[Osteoporosis]]<br />
* [[Oral Diabetes Drugs]]<br />
* [[Ureteral Stent]]<br />
* [[Premium Coffee Consumers Market Segmentation|Premium Coffee - Market Positioning]]<br />
* [[Dolcera's Poster on Industrial Biotechnology|Industrial biotechnology]]<br />
* [[OTC products for acne treatment]]<br />
* [[Botox - from Medical Procedure to Household Word]]<br />
| valign=top |<br />
* [[4G wireless technology developments]]<br />
* [[HDTV in the US]]<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/innovation_explorer/innovation_explorer.html Household robotics Innovation Explorer]<br />
* [[Web video]]<br />
* [[OLED Mobile Phones Market Research and Analysis Report]] | ([http://www.viddler.com/explore/dolcera/videos/6/ Video])<br />
* [[Virtualization]]<br />
* [[Cloud Computing]]<br />
* [[Estimation of liquid carrying vehicles in USA]]<br />
* [[A market study on Hybrid vehicles and the concept of V2G]]<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" valign=top colspan=2 |<br />
<br />
===Finance===<br />
|-<br />
| valign=top colspan=2 |<br />
* [[Innovative personal finance products]]<br />
* [[Life Insurance Industry in US]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Dolcera Technology Platform ==<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9;width:100%" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
| align = "top" |<br />
==== IP and Products dashboard ====<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfilegroup_id=10 Alopecia areata dashboard] <br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/stent_model.swf Stent dashboard]<br />
* [[Legal Updates Demo|Legal updates dashboard]]<br />
* [http://client.dolcera.com/dashboard/dashboard.html?workfile_id=54 4G wireless product and patent dashboard]<br />
<br />
==== Patent-pathway mapping ====<br />
* [[Inflammation and cardiovascular drugs#Interactive signaling pathways and patents|Patent-pathway mapping]]<br />
==== Sequence dashboard ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dna/main.html Sequence dashboard]<br />
<br />
==== Design analysis ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/website/demos/dental/main.html Dental Implant Design Analysis]<br />
<br />
==== Innovation explorer ====<br />
* [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/innovation_explorer/innovation_explorer.html Household robotics innovation explorer]<br />
==== KPort ====<br />
* [http://dolcera.com/website/demos/kport/main.html Collaboration Portal]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Dolcera Offerings summary ===<br />
* [[Dolcera Offerings|Dolcera offerings summary]]<br />
<br />
=== [[Technology Support]] ===<br />
<br />
==<span style="color:#C41E3A">Like any of these sample reports?</span>==<br />
<p align="center"> '''These are sample reports with brief analysis''' <br><br />
'''Dolcera can provide a comprehensive report customized to your needs'''</p><br />
{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="center" "<br />
|style="background:lightgrey" align = "center" colspan = "3"|'''[mailto:info@dolcera.com <span style="color:#0047AB">Buy the customized report from Dolcera</span>]''' <br />
|-<br />
| align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services Patent Analytics Services]<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/business-research-services Market Research Services]<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools/patent-dashboard Purchase Patent Dashboard]<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Landscape Services]<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/research-processes Dolcera Processes]<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/industries Industry Focus]<br />
|-<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/patent-search/patent-landscapes Patent Search Services]<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/services/ip-patent-analytics-services/alerts-and-updates Patent Alerting Services]<br />
|align = "center"| [http://www.dolcera.com/website_prod/tools Dolcera Tools]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
----<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #AAA; background:#E9E9E9" align="center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" | Contact Dolcera<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgrey" | Samir Raiyani<br />
|-<br />
| '''Email''': [mailto:info@dolcera.com info@dolcera.com]<br />
|-<br />
| '''Phone''': +1-650-269-7952, +91-40-2355-3493<br />
|}</div>Ankitbiyani