DolceraWiki - User contributions [en]

Dolcera collaboration offering

2006-08-11T01:36:31Z

199.33.32.40:

== Interactive news ==
* An interactive news platform for sharing relevant news with colleagues
* Stories that are ranked highly by colleagues will help guide the research Dolcera performs
* Dolcera will actively seek out and provide additional information in highly rated areas

=== Interactive news process ===
[[Image:Interactive news - story.jpg]]

Main Page

2006-08-11T01:30:40Z

199.33.32.40:

= Dolcera Reports =

* [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System]]
* [[Alopecia - Hair Loss]]
* [[Supply Chain RFID Applications]]
* [[Quality of Service on CDMA platforms]]

= Dolcera Offerings =
* [[Dolcera Offerings]]
* [[Dolcera collaboration offering]]

Dolcera Offerings

2006-07-29T23:33:42Z

199.33.32.40: /* Dolcera offerings maps */

__NOTOC__
== Dolcera for your organization==
Dolcera's mission is to provide information integration and outsourced research services for decision support. Our services are targeted towards multiple types of '''knowledge workers''' within organizations including:
# [[#Researchers|Researchers, engineers and technologists]]
# [[#Patent Counsel|Patent counsel and attorneys]]
# [[#Knowledge managers|Knowledge managers]]
# [[#Marketers|Marketers and brand managers]]
# [[#Executives|Senior executives and strategists]]

The Dolcera team has deep '''[[#Expertise|expertise]]''' in medical devices, computer software, communications, pharmaceuticals, chemical and mechanical engineering.

__TOC__
<div id="Researchers">
[[Image:report_sample.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_-_Hair_Loss Alopecia report]]]
=== Dolcera for Researchers ===
Dolcera works with researchers, engineers and technologists, and provides them with very high-quality technology and market information through our '''[[#Technology reports | technology reports]]'''. Our technical team prepares technology reports on important areas of research and development. These reports comprehensively cover:
* Technology and research developments,
* Market factors, and
* Intellectual property aspects
</div>

<div id="Patent Counsel">
[[Image:Satellite_Antenna_IPMap.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]]]

=== Dolcera for Patent Counsel and Attorneys ===
Dolcera provides the intellectual property (IP) teams with a variety of services including:
* '''[http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Prior art]''', '''[http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/office_action_demo_2.html invalidation]''' and infringement searches ('''[[#IPMaps |Dolcera IPMaps]]''')
* Technical writing and patent drafting
* '''[[#Technology reports | Technology reports]]'''
* '''[[#Intellectual asset management services | IP asset management services]]'''
</div>

<div id="Knowledge managers">

[[Image:taxonomy.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Dolcera taxonomy tool]]

=== Dolcera for Knowledge Managers ===
Knowledge managers are faced with a rapidly changing environment that includes a plethora of new tools (blogs, wikis, the semantic web etc.) and many challenges to go with them (e.g. taxonomy organization). Dolcera provides a range of '''[[#Collaboration services |collaboration services]]''' for managers of knowledge-driven organizations. The collaboration services include:
* Wiki and other collaboration tools setup and management
* Taxonomy design and updates for large taxonomies
* Collaboration/knowledge processes design
* Ongoing updates with latest tools
</div>

<div id="Marketers">

[[Image:Brand_dashboard.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/brand%20manager%20dashboard.swf Brand Manager Dashboard]]]
=== Dolcera for Brand Managers ===
The '''[[#Brand dashboard |brand manager dashboard]]''' is a new Dolcera offering targeted towards marketing teams within consumer products, pharmaceutical and automotive companies that organize their product strategies around strong brands and monitor them relentlessly.

The dashboard:
# Identifies the impact of global and local events on client's and competitor's brands,
# Brings together data from a variety of data sources, and
# Includes data collected through sampling blogs, social networking sites and other non-traditional media sources.
</div>

[[Image:alopecia_dashboard_overview.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/alopecia_model.swf Alopecia dashboard]]]
<div id="Executives">

=== Dolcera for Strategists and Executives ===
Executives and strategists use the integrated '''[[#Executive dashboard|executive dashboards]]''' to obtain a comprehensive overview of market, research and IP trends. Other services from Dolcera include:
# [[#Business plans|Business plan development]]
# [[#Timelines|Timelines]]
# [[#Technology trends research|Technology trends research]]
</div>

<div id="Expertise">

=== Dolcera Expertise ===
The Dolcera team has expertise in:
* Technology analysis in the areas of chemistry, biotechnology, computer software, electronics, communication and mechanical engineering.
* Market research - primary and secondary - across multiple industries
* Information integration for large sets of structured and unstructured data
* Collaboration tools and technology including wikis, blogs and Web 2.0

{| class="wikitable" width="80%" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Medical devices
| [http://www.dolcera.com/images/invalidation_sample.jpg Surgical beds], Pulse oximetry, Stents, Devices for ischemic strokes, Implantable pressure sensors
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Pharmaceuticals
| [http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_-_Hair_Loss Alopecia (hair loss)], Ischemia, Coronary artery disease (CAD)
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Biotechnology
| Genomics, bioinformatics, biomedical engineering
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Communications
| [http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite antennas], [http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Quality_of_Service_on_CDMA_platforms Mobile communication] (GSM, CDMA, 3G), VoIP
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Software
| [http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid/ipmap.html RFID], Consumer applications, E-Learning, [http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Multimodality], Advanced user interfaces, Mobile applications, Location-based services, Advertising tracking
|-
|}
</div>

==== Computer Software and Services ====
Dolcera's clients include one of world's top 3 software companies, as well as many of the world's most reputed companies as well as law firms specializing in this area, both in US and Europe. We provide intellectual property (IP) and technology research services to our clients.

Our team has decades of collective experience in the software industry. We have covered a range of areas in this space, including:
* Consumer applications such as electronic payment technology, Web 2.0 technology, and mobile personal information management (PIM) applications
* Enterprise applications such as E-Learning, Multimodality, medical records management and advanced user interfaces
* Advanced applications such as location-based services, advertising tracking etc.
* Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): [http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid/ipmap.html IPMap] and [http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf dashboard]

<div id="Technology reports">

== Technology reports ==
Dolcera team prepares technology reports on important areas of research and development. These reports comprehensively cover:
* Technology and research developments,
* Market factors, and
* Intellectual property aspects

The unique aspects of Dolcera's technology reports are:
* High quality of technology and market analysis,
* Interactive development in partnership with client, and
* Continuous updates

[[Image:report_sample.jpg|thumb|500px|center|[http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_-_Hair_Loss Alopecia report]]]

==== Case study: Technology reports ====
{{CaseStudy
| topic = Technology reports
| client = A large medical device company
| goal = Create a technology report on one of the newest types of cardiac devices. Integrate data from a variety of data sources.
| duration = Intial preparation - 4 weeks
| result = The Dolcera report was shared between the research, marketing and legal groups within the client corporation. Dolcera also provides monthly updates for this report.
| customer_savings = Approximately 1/8th of the cost
| dolcera_advantage = Multi-disciplinary data integration, rapid results, low costs
| sample_links = (Confidential)
| quote = This is the perfect kind of thing for me.
}}
</div>

<div id="IPMaps">

== IPMaps ==
Dolcera IPMaps present the comprehensive view of intellectual property in a particular area. Prepared by highly-trained technical analysts, Dolcera IPMaps are:
* Comprehensive
* Interactive
* Visually clear-cut
* Database-driven

[[Image:Satellite_Antenna_IPMap.jpg|thumb|500px|center|[http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]]]
==== Case study: IPMaps ====
{{CaseStudy
| topic = IPMaps
| client = A Fortune 500 software company
| goal = Provide an overview of the company's patent portfolio in a key technology area.
| duration = 2 weeks
| result = The Dolcera IPMap integrated patent and competitive information from a variety of sources in one 'snapshot' IPMap that was used by the client for validating the market space and their own research strength.
| customer_savings = Approximately 1/5th of the cost
| dolcera_advantage = Data integration, technology expertise, speed, low costs
| sample_links = [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid/ipmap.html RFID IPMap], [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Multimodal applications IPMap]
| quote = You showed us how small this market is. We would not have entered this market if we had this information in advance.
}}
</div>

<div id="Timelines">

== Timelines ==
Certain fields of research progress at bewildering speeds. It is often impossible for researchers, technology experts and executives alike to keep track of the developments. Dolcera timelines are exactly what their name implies: interactive visual maps that show the development of a field over the course of time. Our timelines are used for a variety of purposes including:
* Understanding the development of a field of science/technology
* Determining the contributions of individuals/companies to
* Juxtaposing market and technology developments

[[Image:timeline_sample_2.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Sample timeline]]
==== Case study: Timelines ====
{{CaseStudy
| topic = Timelines
| client = A major N. American smartphone manufacturer
| goal = Determine inventorship of some of the most important cellular telephony standards by analyzing patent, standard and market data.
| duration = 4 weeks
| result = Dolcera timelines, based on research through several gigabytes of standards meetings minutes, specifications and patents, allowed the client to negotiate with their competitors.
| customer_savings = Approximately 1/10th of the cost
| dolcera_advantage = Powerful search tools, data integration from disparate sources, succinct presentation
| sample_links = [http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/taxonomy_timeline.htm Sample timeline]
| quote = I did not even have to lift a finger to understand the information... I used your presentation for my company's Board (of Directors).
}}

</div>
<div id="Business plans">

== Business plans ==
Dolcera works in partnership with research and development groups within companies to help them understand the business opportunities for their research. We develop full-strength business plans with:
* Commercialization possibilities for research
* Competitive landscape
* SWOT Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats

[[Image:swot_sample.jpg|thumb|250px|center|SWOT Analysis]]
==== Case study: Business plans ====
{{CaseStudy
| topic = Business plans
| client = A global software company
| goal = Create business case for a research project with several patent applications
| duration = 6 weeks
| result = Complete business plan including market research, financial plan, competitive analysis, product positioning, product and need characteristics
| customer_savings = Approximately 1/10th of the cost
| dolcera_advantage = Strong technology and business expertise to help researchers shorter innovation cycle
| sample_links = (Confidential)
| quote = Dolcera is an integral part of our research commercialization strategy.
}}
</div>

<div id="Executive dashboard">

== Executive dashboard ==
The Dolcera executive IP dashboard provides an integrated view of all the key performance indicators for your organization's intellectual property, including:
* Patent filings
* Patent licensing opportunities
* Patent threats
* Competitive position
* Key IP performance indicators

The interactive executive IP dashboard allows users to perform their own what-if analysis. Behind the scenes, the Dolcera team performs extensive research and market+competitive analysis to drive the executive dashboard and keep it up-to-date.

[[Image:alopecia_dashboard_overview.jpg|thumb|300px|left|[http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/alopecia_model.swf Alopecia dashboard]]]
[[Image:alopecia_dashboard_threats.jpg|thumb|320px|center|[http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/alopecia_model.swf Alopecia dashboard]]]

==== Case study: Executive dashboard ====
{{CaseStudy
| topic = Executive dashboard
| client = A US medical device major
| goal = Provide a central point of entry for all corporate IP performance indicators
| duration = Ongoing
| result = All patent information in one spot, and shared by all stakeholders within the organization.
| customer_savings = Greater overall visibility improves response time considerably
| dolcera_advantage = Correlating market movements with IP information and technology trends
| sample_links = (Confidential)
| quote = The dashboard helps our team think strategically.
}}
</div>
<div id="Brand dashboard">

== Brand dashboard ==
The brand manager dashboard is a new Dolcera offering targeted towards marketing teams within consumer products, pharmaceutical and automotive companies that organize their product strategies around strong brands and monitor them relentlessly.

The dashboard identifies the impact of global and local events on client's and competitor's brands. It brings together data from a variety of data sources. It also includes data collected through sampling blogs, social networking sites and other non-traditional media sources.

[[Image:Brand_dashboard.jpg|thumb|500px|center|[http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/brand%20manager%20dashboard.swf Brand Manager Dashboard]]]

</div>
<div id="Collaboration services">

== Collaboration services ==
Dolcera provides a range of collaboration services for large organizations. The collaboration services include:
* Wiki and other collaboration tools setup
* Taxonomy design and updates
* Collaboration/knowledge processes design
* Ongoing updates with latest tools

[[Image:taxonomy.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dolcera taxonomy tool]]

==== Case study: Collaboration services ====
{{CaseStudy
| topic = Collaboration services
| client = Large pharmaceutical company
| goal = Provide a central Human Resources forms and document system for the corporate intranet.
| duration = 2 months
| result = We prepared the taxonomy and classification system for all documents and classified the documents initially. We also trained clients to update the documents on an ongoing basis.
| customer_savings = Approximately $300,000 for the project
| dolcera_advantage = Best-in-class technology and processes, ably supported by our technical team in India
| sample_links = (Confidential)
| quote = Our goal is to be a smarter organization, and Dolcera helped us achieve it.
}}

</div>
<div id="Intellectual asset management services">

== Intellectual asset management services==
Dolcera takes medium- to large-sized patent portfolios and:
# Creates a taxonomy to organize the patents
# Organizes the patents inside the taxonomy
# Identify and juxtapose the key competitive patent and non-patent documents
# Identify products and 'virtual products' related to different sets of patents
# Highlight the key strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats
</div>
<div id="Technology trends research">
== Technology trends research ==
Technology changes rapidly and it is often difficult to keep track of all the trends swirling on the Internet, all the ideas bubbling in academia, and the range of innovations you and your competitors are working on. Dolcera provides a sophisticated service to track technology trends, juxtaposing academic research, market data and patent filings information worldwide.

[[Image:future_trends.jpg|thumb|400px|center|RFID technology trends]]

==== Case study: Technology trends research ====
{{CaseStudy
| topic = Technology trends research
| client = Major technology company
| goal = Provide an overview of technology directions of an important technology topic.
| duration = 2 months
| result = We identified the key technology trends, the patent information worldwide and provided predictions for the 'next big thing'
| customer_savings = Potentially millions, with timely positioning of new offerings
| dolcera_advantage = Constant monitoring of technology trends
| sample_links = [http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Hybrid_Electric_Vehicle_Battery_System HEV Report]
| quote = We are swamped with information and are unable to digest it.
}}

</div>

== Dolcera offerings map ==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|- style="background:lightgrey"
! Offering !! Goal !! Client !! Role !! Demo
|-
! [[#Technology reports| Technology reports]]
| 360-degree view of technology and market data || Technology company || Researcher || [http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Hybrid_Electric_Vehicle_Battery_System HEV report]
|-
! [[#IPMaps | IPMaps]]
| Comprehensive view of a particular research area || Law firms, corporations || Researcher || [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]
|-
! [[#Timelines | Timelines]]
| Integrated timeline of technologies, standards and patents || Corporations || Executive || [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/taxonomy_timeline.htm Timeline view]
|-
! [[#Business plans | Business plans]]
| Integrated timeline of technologies, standards and patents || Corporations || Executive || [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/taxonomy_timeline.htm Timeline view]
|-
! [[#Executive dashboard| Executive dashboard]]
| Up-to-date snapshot of market+competitive data || Large corporation || Executive || [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf RFID dashboard]
|-
! [[#Brand dashboard | Brand dashboard]]
| Integrated market information for a brand || Consumer products company || Brand Manager || [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/brand%20manager%20dashboard.swf Brand dashboard]
|-
! [[#Collaboration services | Collaboration services]]
| Multi-way interaction platform for research, marketing and manufacturing groups || Medium and large companies || Knowledge worker ||[http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Interactive reports]
|-
! [[#Intellectual asset management services | Intellectual asset management services]]
| Comprehensive overview of all your and your competition's IP || Medium and large companies || Patent counsel || [http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html IP asset management]
|-
! [[#Technology trends research | Technology trends research]]
| Monitor technology, IP and market trends || Medium and large companies || Executive || [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf Technology trends report]
|}

== Questions Dolcera answers ==
We help you answer questions such as:
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" valign="top"
|-
|
* '''What’s hot'''
** What technology/approaches are the most promising?
** What technology/approaches have already been tried?
** What can I license?
** Is any empirical data available?
* '''Where should I focus my R&D investment'''
** Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?
* '''Any hints for research'''
** Are there any combinations I could develop?
|
* '''What should I do in this geography'''
** What are my competitors up to in this geography?
** What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?
* '''What’s my competition up to'''
** What’s my top competitor investing in?
** Are there any loopholes in their strategy?
** Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
** What are the crowded areas?
* '''How do I play defense'''
** What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?
|}

== Dolcera Expertise ==
The Dolcera team has expertise in:
* Technology analysis in the areas of chemistry, biotechnology, computer software, electronics, communication and mechanical engineering.
* Market research - primary and secondary - across multiple industries
* Information integration for large sets of structured and unstructured data
* Collaboration tools and technology including wikis, blogs and Web 2.0

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:49:37Z

199.33.32.40: /* Approach and Methodology */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".

=== Type of alopecia===

* Alopecia Areata (AA): Hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* Alopecia Totalis (AT): Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* Alopecia Universalis (AU): Total loss of all hair on the body.
* Alopecia Barbae: Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* Alopecia Mucinosa: A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA): Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* Traction Alopecia: Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* Anagen Effluvium: This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* Scarring Alopecia: A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* Telogen Effluvium: A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas
* Characterized by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== IP activity over the years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidil treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''Testosterone Pathway'''
[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodilators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana, a Vasodilator, acts on the NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression.
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:49:04Z

199.33.32.40: /* Goals */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".

=== Type of alopecia===

* Alopecia Areata (AA): Hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* Alopecia Totalis (AT): Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* Alopecia Universalis (AU): Total loss of all hair on the body.
* Alopecia Barbae: Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* Alopecia Mucinosa: A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA): Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* Traction Alopecia: Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* Anagen Effluvium: This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* Scarring Alopecia: A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* Telogen Effluvium: A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas
* Characterized by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== IP activity over the years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodology ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidil treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''Testosterone Pathway'''
[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodilators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana, a Vasodilator, acts on the NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression.
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:48:43Z

199.33.32.40: /* Androgenetic alopecia */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".

=== Type of alopecia===

* Alopecia Areata (AA): Hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* Alopecia Totalis (AT): Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* Alopecia Universalis (AU): Total loss of all hair on the body.
* Alopecia Barbae: Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* Alopecia Mucinosa: A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA): Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* Traction Alopecia: Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* Anagen Effluvium: This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* Scarring Alopecia: A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* Telogen Effluvium: A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas
* Characterized by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== Goals ==
The goal of this report is to:

* Summarize IP activity over the years
* Identify major players
* Conduct patent analysis
a) Composition
b) Nature
c) Action
* Technology mapping based on patent anlysis elements

== IP activity over the years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodology ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidil treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''Testosterone Pathway'''
[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodilators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana, a Vasodilator, acts on the NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression.
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:47:58Z

199.33.32.40: /* Type of alopecia */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".

=== Type of alopecia===

* Alopecia Areata (AA): Hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* Alopecia Totalis (AT): Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* Alopecia Universalis (AU): Total loss of all hair on the body.
* Alopecia Barbae: Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* Alopecia Mucinosa: A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA): Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* Traction Alopecia: Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* Anagen Effluvium: This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* Scarring Alopecia: A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* Telogen Effluvium: A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset.
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas.
* Characterised by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head.

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== Goals ==
The goal of this report is to:

* Summarize IP activity over the years
* Identify major players
* Conduct patent analysis
a) Composition
b) Nature
c) Action
* Technology mapping based on patent anlysis elements

== IP activity over the years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodology ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidil treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''Testosterone Pathway'''
[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodilators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana, a Vasodilator, acts on the NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression.
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:29:44Z

199.33.32.40: /* In this report */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".

=== Type of alopecia===

* '''Alopecia Areata (AA):''' Used to describe hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* '''Alopecia Totalis (AT):''' Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* '''Alopecia Universalis (AU):''' Total loss of all hair on the body.
* '''Alopecia Barbae:''' Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* '''Alopecia Mucinosa:''' A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* '''Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA)''': Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* '''Traction Alopecia:''' Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* '''Anagen Effluvium:''' This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* '''Scarring Alopecia:''' A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* '''Telogen Effluvium:''' A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset.
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas.
* Characterised by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head.

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== Goals ==
The goal of this report is to:

* Summarize IP activity over the years
* Identify major players
* Conduct patent analysis
a) Composition
b) Nature
c) Action
* Technology mapping based on patent anlysis elements

== IP activity over the years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodology ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidil treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''Testosterone Pathway'''
[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodilators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana, a Vasodilator, acts on the NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression.
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:29:11Z

199.33.32.40: /* Rationale */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== In this report ==
In this report, Dolcera tries to answer the following questions:

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".

=== Type of alopecia===

* '''Alopecia Areata (AA):''' Used to describe hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* '''Alopecia Totalis (AT):''' Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* '''Alopecia Universalis (AU):''' Total loss of all hair on the body.
* '''Alopecia Barbae:''' Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* '''Alopecia Mucinosa:''' A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* '''Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA)''': Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* '''Traction Alopecia:''' Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* '''Anagen Effluvium:''' This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* '''Scarring Alopecia:''' A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* '''Telogen Effluvium:''' A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset.
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas.
* Characterised by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head.

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== Goals ==
The goal of this report is to:

* Summarize IP activity over the years
* Identify major players
* Conduct patent analysis
a) Composition
b) Nature
c) Action
* Technology mapping based on patent anlysis elements

== IP activity over the years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodology ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidil treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''Testosterone Pathway'''
[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodilators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana, a Vasodilator, acts on the NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression.
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:28:02Z

199.33.32.40: /* Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodialators) */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".

=== Type of alopecia===

* '''Alopecia Areata (AA):''' Used to describe hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* '''Alopecia Totalis (AT):''' Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* '''Alopecia Universalis (AU):''' Total loss of all hair on the body.
* '''Alopecia Barbae:''' Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* '''Alopecia Mucinosa:''' A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* '''Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA)''': Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* '''Traction Alopecia:''' Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* '''Anagen Effluvium:''' This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* '''Scarring Alopecia:''' A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* '''Telogen Effluvium:''' A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset.
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas.
* Characterised by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head.

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== Goals ==
The goal of this report is to:

* Summarize IP activity over the years
* Identify major players
* Conduct patent analysis
a) Composition
b) Nature
c) Action
* Technology mapping based on patent anlysis elements

== IP activity over the years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodology ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidil treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''Testosterone Pathway'''
[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodilators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana, a Vasodilator, acts on the NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression.
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:26:50Z

199.33.32.40: /* Pathways associated with Anti Androgen */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".

=== Type of alopecia===

* '''Alopecia Areata (AA):''' Used to describe hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* '''Alopecia Totalis (AT):''' Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* '''Alopecia Universalis (AU):''' Total loss of all hair on the body.
* '''Alopecia Barbae:''' Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* '''Alopecia Mucinosa:''' A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* '''Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA)''': Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* '''Traction Alopecia:''' Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* '''Anagen Effluvium:''' This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* '''Scarring Alopecia:''' A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* '''Telogen Effluvium:''' A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset.
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas.
* Characterised by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head.

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== Goals ==
The goal of this report is to:

* Summarize IP activity over the years
* Identify major players
* Conduct patent analysis
a) Composition
b) Nature
c) Action
* Technology mapping based on patent anlysis elements

== IP activity over the years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodology ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidil treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''Testosterone Pathway'''
[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodialators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana being a Vasodilator act on NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:26:07Z

199.33.32.40: /* Minoxidil (Vasodilators) */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".

=== Type of alopecia===

* '''Alopecia Areata (AA):''' Used to describe hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* '''Alopecia Totalis (AT):''' Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* '''Alopecia Universalis (AU):''' Total loss of all hair on the body.
* '''Alopecia Barbae:''' Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* '''Alopecia Mucinosa:''' A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* '''Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA)''': Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* '''Traction Alopecia:''' Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* '''Anagen Effluvium:''' This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* '''Scarring Alopecia:''' A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* '''Telogen Effluvium:''' A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset.
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas.
* Characterised by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head.

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== Goals ==
The goal of this report is to:

* Summarize IP activity over the years
* Identify major players
* Conduct patent analysis
a) Composition
b) Nature
c) Action
* Technology mapping based on patent anlysis elements

== IP activity over the years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodology ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidil treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''TESTOSTERONE PATHWAY'''

[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodialators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana being a Vasodilator act on NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:25:27Z

199.33.32.40: /* Approach and Methodalogy */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".

=== Type of alopecia===

* '''Alopecia Areata (AA):''' Used to describe hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* '''Alopecia Totalis (AT):''' Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* '''Alopecia Universalis (AU):''' Total loss of all hair on the body.
* '''Alopecia Barbae:''' Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* '''Alopecia Mucinosa:''' A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* '''Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA)''': Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* '''Traction Alopecia:''' Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* '''Anagen Effluvium:''' This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* '''Scarring Alopecia:''' A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* '''Telogen Effluvium:''' A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset.
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas.
* Characterised by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head.

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== Goals ==
The goal of this report is to:

* Summarize IP activity over the years
* Identify major players
* Conduct patent analysis
a) Composition
b) Nature
c) Action
* Technology mapping based on patent anlysis elements

== IP activity over the years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodology ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidal treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''TESTOSTERONE PATHWAY'''

[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodialators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana being a Vasodilator act on NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:25:11Z

199.33.32.40: /* IP activity over years */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".

=== Type of alopecia===

* '''Alopecia Areata (AA):''' Used to describe hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* '''Alopecia Totalis (AT):''' Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* '''Alopecia Universalis (AU):''' Total loss of all hair on the body.
* '''Alopecia Barbae:''' Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* '''Alopecia Mucinosa:''' A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* '''Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA)''': Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* '''Traction Alopecia:''' Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* '''Anagen Effluvium:''' This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* '''Scarring Alopecia:''' A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* '''Telogen Effluvium:''' A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset.
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas.
* Characterised by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head.

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== Goals ==
The goal of this report is to:

* Summarize IP activity over the years
* Identify major players
* Conduct patent analysis
a) Composition
b) Nature
c) Action
* Technology mapping based on patent anlysis elements

== IP activity over the years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodalogy ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidal treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''TESTOSTERONE PATHWAY'''

[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodialators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana being a Vasodilator act on NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:23:24Z

199.33.32.40: /* Treatment Approaches */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".

=== Type of alopecia===

* '''Alopecia Areata (AA):''' Used to describe hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* '''Alopecia Totalis (AT):''' Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* '''Alopecia Universalis (AU):''' Total loss of all hair on the body.
* '''Alopecia Barbae:''' Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* '''Alopecia Mucinosa:''' A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* '''Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA)''': Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* '''Traction Alopecia:''' Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* '''Anagen Effluvium:''' This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* '''Scarring Alopecia:''' A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* '''Telogen Effluvium:''' A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset.
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas.
* Characterised by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head.

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== Goals ==
The goal of this report is to:

* Summarize IP activity over the years
* Identify major players
* Conduct patent analysis
a) Composition
b) Nature
c) Action
* Technology mapping based on patent anlysis elements

== IP activity over years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodalogy ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidal treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''TESTOSTERONE PATHWAY'''

[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodialators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana being a Vasodilator act on NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:21:58Z

199.33.32.40: /* Hair basics */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".

=== Type of alopecia===

* '''Alopecia Areata (AA):''' Used to describe hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* '''Alopecia Totalis (AT):''' Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* '''Alopecia Universalis (AU):''' Total loss of all hair on the body.
* '''Alopecia Barbae:''' Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* '''Alopecia Mucinosa:''' A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* '''Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA)''': Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* '''Traction Alopecia:''' Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* '''Anagen Effluvium:''' This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* '''Scarring Alopecia:''' A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* '''Telogen Effluvium:''' A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset.
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas.
* Characterised by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head.

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== Goals ==
The goal of this report is to:

* Summarize IP activity over the years
* Identify major players
* Conduct patent analysis
a) Composition
b) Nature
c) Action
* Technology mapping based on patent anlysis elements

== IP activity over years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodalogy ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approaches !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Androgen activity || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Constriction of blood vessels || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidal treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''TESTOSTERONE PATHWAY'''

[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodialators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana being a Vasodilator act on NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:21:36Z

199.33.32.40: /* What causes hair loss? */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".

=== Type of alopecia===

* '''Alopecia Areata (AA):''' Used to describe hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* '''Alopecia Totalis (AT):''' Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* '''Alopecia Universalis (AU):''' Total loss of all hair on the body.
* '''Alopecia Barbae:''' Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* '''Alopecia Mucinosa:''' A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* '''Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA)''': Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* '''Traction Alopecia:''' Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* '''Anagen Effluvium:''' This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* '''Scarring Alopecia:''' A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* '''Telogen Effluvium:''' A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset.
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas.
* Characterised by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head.

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== Goals ==
The goal of this report is to:

* Summarize IP activity over the years
* Identify major players
* Conduct patent analysis
a) Composition
b) Nature
c) Action
* Technology mapping based on patent anlysis elements

== IP activity over years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodalogy ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approaches !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Androgen activity || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Constriction of blood vessels || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidal treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''TESTOSTERONE PATHWAY'''

[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodialators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana being a Vasodilator act on NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:20:59Z

199.33.32.40: /* Treatment Approaches */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed '''“Male Pattern Baldness"''' or '''"Androgenetic Alopecia"'''.

=== Type of alopecia===

* '''Alopecia Areata (AA):''' Used to describe hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* '''Alopecia Totalis (AT):''' Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* '''Alopecia Universalis (AU):''' Total loss of all hair on the body.
* '''Alopecia Barbae:''' Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* '''Alopecia Mucinosa:''' A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* '''Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA)''': Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* '''Traction Alopecia:''' Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* '''Anagen Effluvium:''' This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* '''Scarring Alopecia:''' A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* '''Telogen Effluvium:''' A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset.
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas.
* Characterised by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head.

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== Goals ==
The goal of this report is to:

* Summarize IP activity over the years
* Identify major players
* Conduct patent analysis
a) Composition
b) Nature
c) Action
* Technology mapping based on patent anlysis elements

== IP activity over years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodalogy ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approaches !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Androgen activity || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Constriction of blood vessels || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidal treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''TESTOSTERONE PATHWAY'''

[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodialators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana being a Vasodilator act on NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:19:29Z

199.33.32.40: /* Treatment Approaches */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed '''“Male Pattern Baldness"''' or '''"Androgenetic Alopecia"'''.

=== Type of alopecia===

* '''Alopecia Areata (AA):''' Used to describe hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* '''Alopecia Totalis (AT):''' Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* '''Alopecia Universalis (AU):''' Total loss of all hair on the body.
* '''Alopecia Barbae:''' Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* '''Alopecia Mucinosa:''' A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* '''Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA)''': Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* '''Traction Alopecia:''' Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* '''Anagen Effluvium:''' This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* '''Scarring Alopecia:''' A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* '''Telogen Effluvium:''' A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset.
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas.
* Characterised by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head.

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== Goals ==
The goal of this report is to:

* Summarize IP activity over the years
* Identify major players
* Conduct patent analysis
a) Composition
b) Nature
c) Action
* Technology mapping based on patent anlysis elements

== IP activity over years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodalogy ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Treatment Approaches
! Pathway effected

|- valign="top"
| Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidal treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''TESTOSTERONE PATHWAY'''

[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodialators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana being a Vasodilator act on NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2006-07-29T20:17:59Z

199.33.32.40: /* Treatment Approaches */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of the lips, eyelids, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]
[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decreased growth of the hair
* Increased shedding of the hair
* Breakage of hairs
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed '''“Male Pattern Baldness"''' or '''"Androgenetic Alopecia"'''.

=== Type of alopecia===

* '''Alopecia Areata (AA):''' Used to describe hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* '''Alopecia Totalis (AT):''' Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* '''Alopecia Universalis (AU):''' Total loss of all hair on the body.
* '''Alopecia Barbae:''' Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* '''Alopecia Mucinosa:''' A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* '''Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA)''': Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* '''Traction Alopecia:''' Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles developing and lead to permanent hair loss.
* '''Anagen Effluvium:''' This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then becomes total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* '''Scarring Alopecia:''' A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* '''Telogen Effluvium:''' A form of hair loss where more than normal amounts of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. [http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp source]

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual Onset.
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, nonpigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas.
* Characterised by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head.

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== Goals ==
The goal of this report is to:

* Summarize IP activity over the years
* Identify major players
* Conduct patent analysis
a) Composition
b) Nature
c) Action
* Technology mapping based on patent anlysis elements

== IP activity over years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Approach and Methodalogy ==

* A broad search was conducted on hair loss patents.
* Patent information was sourced through SIP.
* A set of patents was selected for analysis.

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil)
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Treatment Approaches
! Pathway effected

|- valign="top"
! Anti-androgens
| Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
|style="font-weight:bold" Height="25.5" | Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil)
| NO/ cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
|style="font-weight:bold" Height="82.5" | Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulators and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibit synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries lines the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidal treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidal is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells.[http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php source]
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevent binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) does not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilates blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT is still being produced in the body and still getting into the scalp and hair follicles and causing eventual hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil causes vasodilation and therefore improves supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ==== [http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhance and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ==== [http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slow down or inhibit the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surround the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents anlyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Signaling Pathway and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
* '''TESTOSTERONE PATHWAY'''

[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ==== [[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===
[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodialators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana being a Vasodilator act on NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression
[[image:vasodiator.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Dolcera Offerings

2006-07-02T23:26:49Z

199.33.32.40: /* Brand dashboard */

== Dolcera for your organization: Technology, IP and Market Research ==
Dolcera's mission is to provide information integration and outsourced research services for decision support. Our services are targeted towards multiple types of '''knowledge workers''' within organizations including:
# [[#Researchers|Researchers, engineers and technologists]]
# [[#Patent Counsel|Patent counsel and attorneys]]
# [[#Knowledge managers|Knowledge managers]]
# [[#Marketers|Marketers and brand managers]]
# [[#Executives|Senior executives and strategists]]
<div id="Researchers">
[[Image:report_sample.jpg|thumb|225px|right|[http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_-_Hair_Loss Alopecia report]]]
=== Dolcera for Researchers ===
Dolcera works with researchers, engineers and technologists, and provides them with very high-quality technology and market information through our '''[[#Technology reports | technology reports]]'''. Our technical team prepares technology reports on important areas of research and development. These reports comprehensively cover:
* Technology and research developments,
* Market factors, and
* Intellectual property aspects
</div>

<div id="Patent Counsel">
=== Dolcera for Patent Counsel and Attorneys ===
Dolcera provides the intellectual property (IP) teams with a variety of services including:
* Prior art, invalidation and infringement searches ([[#IPMaps |Dolcera IPMaps]])
* Technical writing and patent drafting
* [[#Technology reports | Technology reports]]
* [[#Intellectual asset management services | IP asset management services]]
</div>

<div id="Knowledge managers">
=== Dolcera for Knowledge Managers ===
Knowledge managers are faced with a rapidly changing environment that includes a plethora of new tools (blogs, wikis, the semantic web etc.) and many challenges to go with them (e.g. taxonomy organization). Dolcera provides a range of '''[[#Collaboration services |collaboration services]]''' for managers of knowledge-driven organizations. The collaboration services include:
* Wiki and other collaboration tools setup and management
* Taxonomy design and updates for large taxonomies
* Collaboration/knowledge processes design
* Ongoing updates with latest tools
</div>

<div id="Marketers">
=== Dolcera for Brand Managers ===
The '''[[#Brand dashboard |brand manager dashboard]]''' is a new Dolcera offering targeted towards marketing teams within consumer products, pharmaceutical and automotive companies that organize their product strategies around strong brands and monitor them relentlessly.

The dashboard:
# Identifies the impact of global and local events on client's and competitor's brands,
# Brings together data from a variety of data sources, and
# Includes data collected through sampling blogs, social networking sites and other non-traditional media sources.
</div>

<div id="Executives">
=== Dolcera for Strategists and Executives ===
Executives and strategists use the integrated '''[[#Executive dashboard|executive dashboards]]''' to obtain a comprehensive overview of market, research and IP trends. Other services from Dolcera include:
# [[#Business plan|Business plan development]]
# [[#Timelines|Timelines]]
# [[#Technology trends research|Technology trends research]]
</div>

<div id="Technology reports">

== Technology reports ==
Dolcera team prepares technology reports on important areas of research and development. These reports comprehensively cover:
* Technology and research developments,
* Market factors, and
* Intellectual property aspects

The unique aspects of Dolcera's technology reports are:
* High quality of technology and market analysis,
* Interactive development in partnership with client, and
* Continuous updates

[[Image:report_sample.jpg|thumb|500px|center|[http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_-_Hair_Loss Alopecia report]]]

==== Case study: Technology reports ====
{{CaseStudy
| topic = Technology reports
| client = A large medical device company
| goal = Create a technology report on one of the newest types of cardiac devices. Integrate data from a variety of data sources.
| duration = Intial preparation - 4 weeks
| result = The Dolcera report was shared between the research, marketing and legal groups within the client corporation. Dolcera also provides monthly updates for this report.
| customer_savings = Approximately 1/8th of the cost
| dolcera_advantage = Multi-disciplinary data integration, rapid results, low costs
| sample_links = [http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_-_Hair_Loss Alopecia report]
| quote = We can collaborate much more easily now.
}}
</div>

<div id="IPMaps">

== IPMaps ==
Dolcera IPMaps present the comprehensive view of intellectual property in a particular area. Prepared by highly-trained technical analysts, Dolcera IPMaps are:
* Comprehensive
* Interactive
* Visually clear-cut
* Database-driven

[[Image:Satellite_Antenna_IPMap.jpg|thumb|500px|center|[http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/impamp.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]]]
==== Case study: IPMaps ====
{{CaseStudy
| topic = IPMaps
| client = A Fortune 500 software company
| goal = Provide an overview of the company's patent portfolio in a key technology area.
| duration = 2 weeks
| result = The Dolcera IPMap integrated patent and competitive information from a variety of sources in one 'snapshot' IPMap that was used by the client for validating the market space and their own research strength.
| customer_savings = Approximately 1/5th of the cost
| dolcera_advantage = Data integration, technology expertise, speed, low costs
| sample_links = [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid/ipmap.html RFID IPMap], [http://www.dolcera.com/client/ds94x0s90akq9d7xb402fm/hairloss_map.htm Hair loss IPMap], [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/multimodal_apps/ipmap.html Multimodal applications IPMap]
| quote = You showed us how small this market is. We would not have entered this market if we had this information in advance.
}}
</div>

<div id="Timelines">
== Timelines ==
Certain fields of research progress at bewildering speeds. It is often impossible for researchers, technology experts and executives alike to keep track of the developments. Dolcera timelines are exactly what their name implies: interactive visual maps that show the development of a field over the course of time. Our timelines are used for a variety of purposes including:
* Understanding the development of a field of science/technology
* Determining the contributions of individuals/companies to
* Juxtaposing market and technology developments

[[Image:timeline_sample_2.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Sample timeline]]
==== Case study: Timelines ====
{{CaseStudy
| topic = Timelines
| client = A major N. American smartphone manufacturer
| goal = Determine inventorship of some of the most important cellular telephony standards by analyzing patent, standard and market data.
| duration = 4 weeks
| result = Dolcera timelines, based on research through several gigabytes of standards meetings minutes, specifications and patents, allowed the client to negotiate with their competitors.
| customer_savings = Approximately 1/10th of the cost
| dolcera_advantage = Powerful search tools, data integration from disparate sources, succinct presentation
| sample_links = [http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/taxonomy_timeline.htm Sample timeline]
| quote = I did not even have to lift a finger to understand the information... I used your presentation for my company's Board (of Directors).
}}

</div>
<div id="Business plans">

== Business plans ==
Dolcera works in partnership with research and development groups within companies to help them understand the business opportunities for their research. We develop full-strength business plans with:
* Commercialization possibilities for research
* Competitive landscape
* SWOT Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats

[[Image:swot_sample.jpg|thumb|250px|center|SWOT Analysis]]
==== Case study: Business plans ====
{{CaseStudy
| topic = Business plans
| client = A global software company
| goal = Create business case for a research project with several patent applications
| duration = 6 weeks
| result = Complete business plan including market research, financial plan, competitive analysis, product positioning, product and need characteristics
| customer_savings = Approximately 1/10th of the cost
| dolcera_advantage = Strong technology and business expertise to help researchers shorter innovation cycle
| sample_links = [http://dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Hybrid_Electric_Vehicle_Battery_System HEV Report]
| quote = Dolcera is an integral part of our research commercialization strategy.
}}
</div>

<div id="Executive dashboard">

== Executive dashboard ==
The Dolcera executive IP dashboard provides an integrated view of all the key performance indicators for your organization's intellectual property, including:
* Patent filings
* Patent licensing opportunities
* Patent threats
* Competitive position
* Key IP performance indicators

The interactive executive IP dashboard allows users to perform their own what-if analysis. Behind the scenes, the Dolcera team performs extensive research and market+competitive analysis to drive the executive dashboard and keep it up-to-date.

<gflash>600 600 http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf</gflash>

==== Case study: Executive dashboard ====
{{CaseStudy
| topic = Executive dashboard
| client = A US medical device major
| goal = Provide a central point of entry for all corporate IP performance indicators
| duration = Ongoing
| result = All patent information in one spot, and shared by all stakeholders within the organization.
| customer_savings = Greater overall visibility improves response time considerably
| dolcera_advantage = Correlating market movements with IP information and technology trends
| sample_links = [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/alopecia_model.swf Consumer products dashboard], [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf RFID Dashboard]
| quote = The dashboard helps our team think strategically.
}}
</div>
<div id="Brand dashboard">
== Brand dashboard ==
The brand manager dashboard is a new Dolcera offering targeted towards marketing teams within consumer products, pharmaceutical and automotive companies that organize their product strategies around strong brands and monitor them relentlessly.

The dashboard identifies the impact of global and local events on client's and competitor's brands. It brings together data from a variety of data sources. It also includes data collected through sampling blogs, social networking sites and other non-traditional media sources.

[[Image:Brand dashboard.jpg|thumb|500px|center|[http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/brand%20manager%20dashboard.swf|Brand Manager Dashboard]]]

</div>
<div id="Collaboration services">

== Collaboration services ==
Dolcera provides a range of collaboration services for large organizations. The collaboration services include:
* Wiki and other collaboration tools setup
* Taxonomy design and updates
* Collaboration/knowledge processes design
* Ongoing updates with latest tools

[[Image:taxonomy.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dolcera taxonomy tool]]

==== Case study: Collaboration services ====
{{CaseStudy
| topic = Collaboration services
| client = Large pharmaceutical company
| goal = Provide a central Human Resources forms and document system for the corporate intranet.
| duration = 2 months
| result = We prepared the taxonomy and classification system for all documents and classified the documents initially. We also trained clients to update the documents on an ongoing basis.
| customer_savings = Approximately $300,000 for the project
| dolcera_advantage = Best-in-class technology and processes, ably supported by our technical team in India
| sample_links = [http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html IPMap]
| quote = Our goal is to be a smarter organization, and Dolcera helped us achieve it.
}}

</div>
<div id="Intellectual asset management services">
== Intellectual asset management services==
Dolcera takes medium- to large-sized patent portfolios and:
# Creates a taxonomy to organize the patents
# Organizes the patents inside the taxonomy
# Identify and juxtapose the key competitive patent and non-patent documents
# Identify products and 'virtual products' related to different sets of patents
# Highlight the key strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats
</div>
<div id="Technology trends research">
== Technology trends research ==
Technology changes rapidly and it is often difficult to keep track of all the trends swirling on the Internet, all the ideas bubbling in academia, and the range of innovations you and your competitors are working on. Dolcera provides a sophisticated service to track technology trends, juxtaposing academic research, market data and patent filings information worldwide.

[[Image:future_trends.jpg|thumb|400px|center|RFID technology trends]]

==== Case study: Technology trends research ====
{{CaseStudy
| topic = Technology trends research
| client = Major technology company
| goal = Provide an overview of technology directions of an important technology topic.
| duration = 2 months
| result = We identified the key technology trends, the patent information worldwide and provided predictions for the 'next big thing'
| customer_savings = Potentially millions, with timely positioning of new offerings
| dolcera_advantage = Constant monitoring of technology trends
| sample_links = [http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Hybrid_Electric_Vehicle_Battery_System HEV Report]
| quote = We are swamped with information and are unable to digest it.
}}

</div>

== Dolcera offerings maps ==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:120%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|- style="background:lightgrey"
! Offering !! Goal !! Client !! Role !! Demo
|-
! [[#Technology reports| Technology reports]]
| 360-degree view of technology and market data || Technology company || Researcher || [http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Hybrid_Electric_Vehicle_Battery_System HEV report]
|-
! [[#IPMaps | IPMaps]]
| Comprehensive view of a particular research area || Law firms, corporations || Researcher || [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Satellite Antenna IPMap]
|-
! [[#Timelines | Timelines]]
| Integrated timeline of technologies, standards and patents || Corporations || Executive || [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/taxonomy_timeline.htm Timeline view]
|-
! [[#Business plans | Business plans]]
| Integrated timeline of technologies, standards and patents || Corporations || Executive || [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/taxonomy_timeline.htm Timeline view]
|-
! [[#Executive dashboard| Executive dashboard]]
| Up-to-date snapshot of market+competitive data || Large corporation || Executive || [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf RFID dashboard]
|-
! [[#Brand dashboard | Brand dashboard]]
| Integrated market information for a brand || Consumer products company || Brand Manager || [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/brand%20manager%20dashboard.swf Brand dashboard]
|-
! [[#Collaboration services | Collaboration services]]
| Multi-way interaction platform for research, marketing and manufacturing groups || Medium and large companies || Knowledge worker ||[http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html Interactive reports]
|-
! [[#Intellectual asset management services | Intellectual asset management services]]
| Comprehensive overview of all your and your competition's IP || Medium and large companies || Patent counsel || [http://dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/satellite_antenna/ipmap.html IP asset management]
|-
! [[#Technology trends research | Technology trends research]]
| Monitor technology, IP and market trends || Medium and large companies || Executive || [http://www.dolcera.com/ipmapdemo/rfid_model.swf Technology trends report]
|}

== Questions Dolcera answers ==
We help you answer questions such as:
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" valign="top"
|-
|
* '''What’s hot'''
** What technology/approaches are the most promising?
** What technology/approaches have already been tried?
** What can I license?
** Is any empirical data available?
* '''Where should I focus my R&D investment'''
** Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?
* '''Any hints for research'''
** Are there any combinations I could develop?
|
* '''What should I do in this geography'''
** What are my competitors up to in this geography?
** What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?
* '''What’s my competition up to'''
** What’s my top competitor investing in?
** Are there any loopholes in their strategy?
** Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
** What are the crowded areas?
* '''How do I play defense'''
** What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?
|}

== Dolcera Expertise ==
The Dolcera team has expertise in:
* Technology analysis in the areas of chemistry, biotechnology, computer software, electronics, communication and mechanical engineering.
* Market research - primary and secondary - across multiple industries
* Information integration for large sets of structured and unstructured data
* Collaboration tools and technology including wikis, blogs and Web 2.0

Supply Chain RFID Applications

2006-05-07T00:54:05Z

199.33.32.40:

== Executive Summary ==
IP activity in the area of RFID-based supply chain applications seems to have started in 1991, and peaked in 2004. Most of the action in the integration of electronic identification system (RFID) with software system in supply chain applications has taken place in the last ten years or so.

Around 423 patents have been published in the span of 4.2 years from 2000 till February 2005. The major market in RFID-based supply chain applications appears to be the United States.

Technology area focus of key players:
* Digital Data Processing
* Communication Techniques
* Computing, calculating, counting
* Recognition of data; Presentation of data
* Signaling Or Calling Systems

Some of the key players identified are:
* United Parcel Service
* G.E.
* Silverbrook
* Micron Technology
* NCR Corporation
* SAP AG
* Savi tech.

Various software applications cited in patents:
* Business applications
* UPS Supply Chain Solutions
* Anti-collision software
* Program for correlating the environmental condition data with the location data.
* Software applications (Web application" TagDetect")
* Software applications supporting a client-server system or n-tiered computer system.
* MW (Micro-warehouse) enterprise application
XML middleware such as Biz Talk.RTM. software.
ERP system, web ordering system
BeefLink.TM. Software (is a collection of components written primarily in VISUAL BASIC® 6.0 programming language and
ACTIVE X® programming methodologies.)
Source code, object code, or scripting code.

Key applications area identified:

Food and pharma industry
Semiconductors and High-value electronic items
Asset and materials management system
Commercial enterprise
Beef industry
Airport and shipyard

Key RFID Tracking Applications:

Assets
Equipment
Materials
Orders
Personnel
Processes
Products
Production
Quality
Resources

Supply Chain RFID Applications

2006-05-07T00:46:01Z

199.33.32.40:

Main Page

2006-05-07T00:39:22Z

199.33.32.40:

= Dolcera Reports =

* [[Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery System]]
* [[Alopecia - Hair Loss]]
* [[Supply Chain RFID Applications]]