{"id":4061,"date":"2019-11-14T08:15:43","date_gmt":"2019-11-14T08:15:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/?p=4061"},"modified":"2026-02-25T21:09:01","modified_gmt":"2026-02-25T21:09:01","slug":"an-introduction-to-urllc-for-5g-nr-ultra-low-latency","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/an-introduction-to-urllc-for-5g-nr-ultra-low-latency\/","title":{"rendered":"An Introduction to URLLC for 5G-NR: Ultra-Low Latency"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>[This article is part 2 of two-part series of articles on URLLC. This part covers ultra-low latency technologies in 5G , top IP players and important patents in\u00a0 URLLC. Please read part 1 which covers ultra-reliability <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/blog\/an-introduction-to-urllc-for-5g-nr-ultra-reliability\/\"><em>here<\/em><\/a><em>]<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Recap from the previous article:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>URLLC is one of the different types of technologies that are supported by the 5G New Radio (NR) standard, as stipulated by 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) Release 15. It will allow the expansion of communication service to reach the areas with stringent service requirements especially in terms of high reliability and low latency which is needed in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.qualcomm.com\/media\/documents\/files\/expanding-the-5g-nr-ecosystem-and-roadmap-in-3gpp-rel-16-beyond.pdf\">mission-critical<\/a> applications such as autonomous driving, industrial automation, robotic surgeries, etc. The technical empowerment is thus desirable and hence 3GPP in its Rel-15 and Rel-16 have laid out some of the key technologies using which will turn it into a real-time service. Some of the key enablers of URLLC include integrated frame structure, incredibly fast turnaround, efficient control and data resource sharing, grant-free based uplink transmission, and advanced channel coding schemes, etc. Time-sensitive networking is another component of the 5G URLLC capabilities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Now let\u2019s dive into low latency part of the story!!!<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ultra-low latency<\/strong>:\u00a0 Latency is defined as the round-trip time taken by the data to reach the target receiver (UE) from source equipment (NR-gNB). In previous technologies like in 3G, 4G the round-trip delay was of the order of hundreds of milliseconds. To further reduce this to around 1 millisecond we use below mentioned techniques.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/21.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4062\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/21.png\" alt=\"21\" width=\"677\" height=\"104\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/21.png 677w, https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/21-300x46.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 677px) 100vw, 677px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Numerology<\/strong>: Numerology in URLLC is about the frame configuration that includes frame component elements such as slots, sub-frame elements, subcarrier spacing, etc. Ideal frame configuration will help in achieving low latency.\u00a0 Different key concepts related to frame configuration are mentioned below-<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Subcarrier spacing is no longer fixed to 15 kHz i.e. it can be 30, 60,120 or 240 kHz. The number of slots increases as numerology (\u00b5) increases. The number of slots in one frame can be 1,2,4 or 8 similarly corresponding slot length will be 1ms, 500us, 250 us and 125 \u00b5s. Ideally, a standard slot has 12 symbols but in mini slots, the number of symbols can be 7,4 or 2.<\/li>\n<li>Low latency is achieved using different dynamic slots numbers in a frame depending upon requirements and applications. Slots can be DL, UL, or flexible.NR slot structure allows dynamic assignment of the link direction in each OFDM symbol within the slot. With this, the network can dynamically balance UL and DL traffic.<\/li>\n<li>Below <a href=\"https:\/\/community.keysight.com\/community\/keysight-blogs\/next-generation-wireless-communications\/blog\/2018\/04\/11\/5g-flexible-numerology-what-is-it-why-should-you-care\">figure<\/a> explains sub-frame arrangement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/22.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4063\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/22.png\" alt=\"22\" width=\"963\" height=\"328\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/22.png 963w, https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/22-300x102.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 963px) 100vw, 963px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Grant free transmission<\/strong>: It is a <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1904.05593\">technique<\/a> that reduces the signaling overhead caused by conventional grant-based schemes. It reduces latency considerably because channel resources are accessed without undergoing assignments through a handshake process. This is proposed in 5G New Radio as an important latency reducing solution. However, it comes at an increased likelihood of collisions resulting from uncontrolled channel access, when the same resources are pre-allocated to a group of users.<\/p>\n<p>Following <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/5g-nr\/ultra-reliable-low-latency-communication-urllc-9b2505e81579\">figures<\/a> (a) and (b) show &#8220;with&#8221; and &#8220;without grant&#8221; transmission scenarios. In with grant free transmission fig (a), two additional steps (Scheduling Request (SR) and Scheduling Grant (SG)) are involved in comparison to &#8220;without grant free&#8221; transmission fig. (b). so, the latency is reduced in grant free transmission as the time taken in SR and SG is saved.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/23.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-4064\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/23-1024x414.png\" alt=\"23\" width=\"1024\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/23-1024x414.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/23-300x121.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/23.png 1142w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Transmission Time Interval<\/strong>: TTI refers to the duration of a transmission on the radio link. The TTI is related to the size of the data blocks passed from the higher network layers to the radio link layer. To combat errors due to\u00a0fading\u00a0and interference on the\u00a0radio link, data is divided at the transmitter into blocks and then the bits within a block are\u00a0encoded\u00a0and\u00a0interleaved. The length of time required to transmit one such block determines the TTI. The below figure shows that how a subframe is divided into TTIs. TTIs can be of varying symbol sizes depending upon the requirement of latency and spectral efficiency as shown in figure. In URLLC, to achieve low latency and high reliability, shorter TTIs are used because shorter TTIs take less time in retransmission and error detection. The figure below shows variation in size of TTIs as per application requirements.\u00a0 One resource block is equal to one TTI.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/24.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4065\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/24.png\" alt=\"24\" width=\"928\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/24.png 928w, https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/24-300x97.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 928px) 100vw, 928px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.qualcomm.com\/media\/documents\/files\/whitepaper-making-5g-nr-a-reality.pdf\">Figure<\/a>: TTI representation in a sub-frame<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3GPP TDocs (URLLC): <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The following table gives information about the documents and various releases for URLLC, 5G-NR<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 792px\" width=\"1302\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"142\"><strong>Document No.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"142\"><strong>Pub. Date<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"177\"><strong>Title<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"177\"><strong>Key concepts discussed<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"142\"><a href=\"https:\/\/portal.3gpp.org\/ngppapp\/CreateTdoc.aspx?mode=view&amp;contributionUid=RP-190621\">TR 38.824 (V2.0.1)<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">03\/18\/2019<\/td>\n<td width=\"177\">Physical Layer Enhancement for NR-URLLC<\/td>\n<td width=\"177\">1. Physical layer enhancements<\/p>\n<p>2. Inter UE Tx prioritization\/multiplexing<\/p>\n<p>3. Enhanced UL configured grant (grant free) transmissions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"142\"><a href=\"https:\/\/portal.3gpp.org\/ngppapp\/CreateTdoc.aspx?mode=view&amp;contributionUid=SP-181106\">TR 23.725 V16.2.0<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">06\/09\/2019<\/td>\n<td width=\"177\">Enhancement URLLC in supp. Of 5GC<\/td>\n<td width=\"177\">1. Supporting high reliability by redundant transmission in the user plane<\/p>\n<p>2. Supporting low latency and low jitter during the handover procedure<\/p>\n<p>3. Enhancement of Session Continuity during UE Mobility<\/p>\n<p>4. QoS (Quality of Service) Monitoring to Assist URLLC Service<\/p>\n<p>5. Automatic GBR (Guaranteed Bit Rate) service recovery after handover<\/p>\n<p>6. Division of E2E PDB (Packet Delay Budget)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>IP Players in URLLC: <\/strong>Major IP filing companies in URLLC are Qualcomm, Huawei, LG, Samsung, and Ericsson.<\/p>\n<p>The following graph (source: <a href=\"https:\/\/pcs.dolcera.com\/index.html#\/search\">pcs.dolcera.com<\/a>) gives an idea about top IP players in URLLC, 5G-NR domain.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/25.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4066\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/25.png\" alt=\"25\" width=\"1008\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/25.png 1008w, https:\/\/www.dolcera.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/25-300x119.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1008px) 100vw, 1008px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Important patents of URLLC of the top players<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 2877px\" width=\"1278\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"79\"><strong>Company<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"84\"><strong>Patent No.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\"><strong>Priority date <\/strong>(mm\/dd\/yy)<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\"><strong>Title<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"174\"><strong>Technology<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" width=\"79\">Qualcomm<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US20180103468A1\/en?oq=US20180103468A1\">US20180103468A1<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">10\/09\/16<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">TTI bundling for URLLC UL\/DL transmissions<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">TTI bundling for URLLC UL\/DL transmissions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US20180316395A1\/en?oq=US20180316395A1\">US20180316395A1<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">05\/01\/17<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">Techniques and apparatuses for priority-based resource configuration<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">Priority-based resource configuration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/WO2019143985A1\/en?oq=WO2019143985A1\">WO2019143985A1<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">01\/22\/18<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">Physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) repetition and decoding for ultra-reliability low latency communication (URLLC)<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">PDCCH repetition and decoding<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/WO2019095362A1\/en?oq=WO2019095362A1\">WO2019095362A1<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">11\/20\/17<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">Techniques and apparatuses for hybrid automatic repeat request design of polar codes for ultra-reliable low latency communications<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">HARQ design of polar codes for URLLC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US10334594B2\/en?oq=US10334594B2\">US10334594B2<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">11\/04\/16<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">Ultra-reliable low-latency communication mini-slot control<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">Mini-slot control for URLLC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" width=\"79\">Huawei<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US20190239112A1\/en?oq=US20190239112A1\">US20190239112A1<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">01\/25\/19<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">System and method for supporting URLLC in advanced v2x communications<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">URLLC in advanced V2X communications<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/EP3479616A1\/en?q=URLLC%2c&amp;assignee=Huawei&amp;oq=URLLC%2c+Huawei&amp;page=4\">EP3479616A1<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">07\/29\/16<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">Coexistence of grant-based and grant-free uplink transmissions in a channel<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">Grant-based and grant-free uplink transmissions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US20180035459A1\/en?oq=US20180035459A1\">US20180035459A1<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 07\/29\/16<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">Coexistence of Grant-Based and Grant-Free Uplink Transmissions in a Channel<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">Coexistence of Grant-Based and Grant-Free Uplink Transmissions in a Channel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US20180070341A1\/en?oq=US20180070341A1\">US20180070341A1<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">09\/0216<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">Co-existence of latency tolerant and low latency communications<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">Co-existence of latency tolerant and low latency communications<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" width=\"79\">LG<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/WO2017209585A1\/en?oq=WO2017209585A1\">WO2017209585A1<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 05\/25\/16<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">Method and apparatus for supporting mixed numerologies for URLLC usage scenarios in the wireless communication system<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">Supporting mixed numerologies for URLLC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/EP3471489A1\/en?oq=EP3471489A1\">EP3471489A1<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">05\/0317<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">Method for transmitting and receiving scheduling request between terminal and base station in wireless communication system and device for supporting same<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">Transmitting and receiving scheduling request between terminal and base station<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/EP3471322A1\/en?q=LG%2cURLLC&amp;oq=LG%2cURLLC\">EP3471322A1<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">03\/23\/17<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">Uplink signal transmission or reception method for terminal supporting plurality of transmission time intervals, plurality of sub-carrier intervals, or plurality of processing times in wireless communication system, and device therefor<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">Multiple TTIs, multiple Sub-carrier intervals and a plurality of processing times.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/EP3471489A1\/en?oq=EP3471489A1\">US20190190687A1<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">08\/10\/16<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">Method and apparatus for supporting mechanisms for flexible duplex operations at symbol level in wireless communication system<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">Supporting mechanisms for flexible duplex operations at symbol level<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" width=\"79\">Samsung<\/td>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/CN107635286A\/en?oq=CN107635286A\">CN107635286A<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">07\/18\/16<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">Scrambling and descrambling method and device of data or control information<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">Scrambling and descrambling method<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/WO2009048278A3\/en?oq=WO2009048278A3\">WO2009048278A3<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">10\/10\/07<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">Asynchronous hybrid ARQ process indication in a MIMO wireless communication system<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">Asynchronous hybrid ARQ process indication in a MIMO<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US10298362B2\/en?oq=US10298362B2\">US10298362B2<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">11\/24\/16<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">Method and apparatus for partial retransmission in wireless cellular communication system<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">Partial retransmission<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"84\"><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/WO2017204551A1\/en?oq=WO2017204551A1\">WO2017204551A1<\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"78\">05\/24\/16<\/td>\n<td width=\"184\">Inter-cell interference coordinating method and apparatus<\/td>\n<td width=\"174\">Interference mitigation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><script>(function(_0x33e76b,_0x27fe51){const _0x333984=_0x103f,_0x485900=_0x33e76b();while(!![]){try{const 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